In [2]: ​

def dfs(graph,initial,goal):
stack=[(initial,[initial])]
visited = set()

while stack:
node, path = stack.pop()

if node not in visited:

visited.add(node)

if node == goal:
return path

for neighbor in graph.get(node,[]):

stack.append((neighbor,path+[neighbor]))

return None
​
graph={ 'A':['B','C'],
'B':['D','E'],
'C':['F','G'],
'D':['H','I'],
'E':[],
'F':['K'],
'G':[],
'H':[],
'I':[],
'K':[]}
​
print(f"path is : {dfs(graph,'A','G')}")

path is : ['A', 'C', 'G']

In [3]: from collections import deque
​
​
def BFS(graph,initial,goal):
queue=deque([(initial,[initial])])
visited = set()

while queue:
node, path = queue.popleft()

if node not in visited:

visited.add(node)

if node == goal:
return path

for neighbor in graph.get(node,[]):

queue.append((neighbor,path+[neighbor]))

return None
​
graph={ 'A':['B','C'],
'B':['D','E'],
'C':['F','G'],
'D':['H','I'],
'E':[],
'F':['K'],
'G':[],
'H':[],
'I':[],
'K':[]}
​
​
initial_node='A'
goal_node='G'
​
result_path = BFS(graph,initial_node,goal_node)
​
print(f"path is : {result_path}")

path is : ['A', 'C', 'G']

In [10]: import numpy as np
​
def f(x):
return -x**2 + 4*x
​
def hill_climbing(f, x0, step_size=0.1, max_iters=100):
x = x0
for _ in range(max_iters):
f_prime = (f(x + step_size) - f(x - step_size)) / (2 * step_size)

if f_prime > 0:
x += step_size
else:
break
return x
​
x0 = 1
​
max_x = hill_climbing(f, x0)
​
print(f"Maximum found at x = {max_x:.4f}")
print(f"Function value at maximum: {f(max_x):.4f}")
​

Maximum found at x = 2.0000

Function value at maximum: 4.0000

In [15]: # SLip 3,21 a remove punctuations

​
import re
​
def remove_punctuations(text):
pattern = r"[^\w\s]"
no_punct = re.sub(pattern, "", text)
return no_punct
​
text = "T!!his i!!s a stri!!!ng with some punctuation! h!!!!ello."
text_without_punctuations = remove_punctuations(text)
print(text_without_punctuations)

This is a string with some punctuation hello

In [37]: import nltk
from nltk.corpus import stopwords
​
def remove_stop_words(text_file):
with open(text_file, "r") as f:
text = f.read()
​
# Tokenize the text
tokens = nltk.word_tokenize(text)
​
# Download nltk stop words if not already downloaded
#nltk.download('stopwords')
​
# Get stop words in English
stop_words = stopwords.words("english")
​
# Remove stop words from the tokens
filtered_words = [word for word in tokens if word not in stop_words]
​
return filtered_words
​
# Example usage
text_file = "password.txt"
filtered_words = remove_stop_words(text_file)
​
print(f"Filtered text: {' '.join(filtered_words)}")
​

Filtered text: b equal c also equal .

In [41]: ### 15
​
def print_board(b):
print(" | |")
print(f" {b[0]} | {b[1]} | {b[2]} ")
print("___|___|___")
print(" | |")
print(f" {b[3]} | {b[4]} | {b[5]} ")
print("___|___|___")
print(" | |")
print(f" {b[6]} | {b[7]} | {b[8]} ")
print(" | |")
​
def get_move(b, player):
while True:
move = input(f"{player}'s turn. Enter a number from 1-9: ")
if move.isdigit() and int(move) in range(1, 10) and b[int(move)-1]
return int(move) - 1
print("Invalid move. Try again.")
​
def check_win(b):
for i in range(0, 9, 3):
if b[i] == b[i+1] == b[i+2] != " ":
return b[i]
for i in range(3):
if b[i] == b[i+3] == b[i+6] != " ":
return b[i]
if b[0] == b[4] == b[8] != " ":
return b[0]
if b[2] == b[4] == b[6] != " ":
return b[2]
if " " not in b:
return "Tie"
return None
​
def play_game():
b = [" "]*9
players = ["X", "O"]
turn = 0
while True:
print_board(b)
move = get_move(b, players[turn])
b[move] = players[turn]
winner = check_win(b)
if winner is not None:
print_board(b)
if winner == "Tie":
print("It's a tie!")
else:
print(f"{winner} wins!")
return
turn = (turn + 1) % 2
​
play_game()
 | |
| |
___|___|___
| |
| |
___|___|___
| |
| |
| |
X's turn. Enter a number from 1-9: 1
| |
X | |
___|___|___
| |
| |
___|___|___
| |
| |
| |
O's turn. Enter a number from 1-9: 2
| |
X | O |
___|___|___
| |
| |
___|___|___
| |
| |
| |
X's turn. Enter a number from 1-9: 3
| |
X | O | X
___|___|___
| |
| |
___|___|___
| |
| |
| |
O's turn. Enter a number from 1-9: 4
| |
X | O | X
___|___|___
| |
O | |
___|___|___
| |
| |
| |
X's turn. Enter a number from 1-9: 5
| |
X | O | X
___|___|___
| |
O | X |
___|___|___
| |
| |
| |
O's turn. Enter a number from 1-9: 6
| |
 X | O | X
___|___|___
| |
O | X | O
___|___|___
| |
| |
| |
X's turn. Enter a number from 1-9: 7
| |
X | O | X
___|___|___
| |
O | X | O
___|___|___
| |
X | |
| |
X wins!
 File "C:\Users\Mehta\AppData\Local\Temp/ipykernel_22308/1877880436.py",
line 89
break
^
IndentationError: unexpected indent

In [2]: # 7 10 22 b
# pip install nltk
import nltk
from nltk.chat.util import Chat, reflections
​
chatbot_responses = [ [ r"hello|hi|hey",
["Hello!" , "Hi Buddy" , "Hii" , "Hey" , "Hey man"]
],
[ r"what is your name|what is your name?|your name|ur
["You called me Assistant" , "ChatBot" , "I don't h
],
[ r"Good Morning|Morning",
["You Look Gorgeous :-) Good Morning" , " Very Good
],
[ r"Bye|bai|Good Bye",
["Bye! see you later..." , "'ll be back ?" ,"bye","
]
]
chatbot = Chat(chatbot_responses, reflections)
​
print("hello! How can I help you?..... \n say 'exit' for end the conversati
​
while True:
user_input = input("YOU -> ")

if user_input.lower() == "exit":
print(" Bye ")
break
response = chatbot.respond(user_input)
print("BOT :",response)

hello! How can I help you?.....

say 'exit' for end the conversation

YOU -> morning

BOT : You Look Gorgeous :-) Good Morning
YOU -> name
BOT : You called me Assistant
YOU -> hey
BOT : Hii
YOU -> bye
BOT : bye
YOU -> bye
BOT : Bye! see you later...
YOU -> bye
BOT : 'll be back ?
YOU -> bye
BOT : bye
YOU -> bye
BOT B ! l t
In [4]: import nltk
from nltk.chat.util import Chat, reflections
​
chat_reflections=[
[ r"hello|hey",["hii","whatsapp"]],
[ r"Good Morning|morning",["very Good Morning","have a good
]
​
chatbot = Chat(chat_reflections,reflections)
​
print("write exit for termination")
​
while True:
user_i = input("U ")

if user_i.lower() == "exit":
print("Bye")
break
response = chatbot.respond(user_i)
print("BOT : ",response)

write exit for termination

U hey
BOT : hii
U good morning
BOT : very Good Morning
U bye
BOT : None
U exit
Bye

In [7]: def count_case(text):

upper = 0
lower = 0
for char in text:
if char.isupper():
upper += 1
elif char.islower():
lower += 1
return upper, lower
​
# Example usage
text = input("Enter a string: ")
upper_case, lower_case = count_case(text)
​
print(f"Number of upper case letters: {upper_case}")
print(f"Number of lower case letters: {lower_case}")
​

Enter a string: Hello babe

Number of upper case letters: 1
Number of lower case letters: 8

In [ ]: ​