SHOCK

By
Dr. Khalil Abdulqawi El-Aajam
PhD, M.Sc. B.Sc.
Definition

• The term shock has a variety of meanings.

• In medicine, it refers to a collapse of the body’s cardiovascular system

which includes an inadequate supply of blood to the body’s tissues.
When the normal blood flow in the body is upset, death can result.

• Early recognition and proper first aid may save the casualty’s life.
Causes and Effects
• There are three basic mechanisms associated with shock:-
1. The heart is damaged and fails to work as a pump.
2. Blood loss (heavy bleeding) causes the volume of fluid to be
insufficient.
3. The blood vessels dilate (open wider) so that the blood within the
system is insufficient to provide adequate circulation within the
body.
• Shock may be the result of a number of conditions:-
1. Dehydration. ( Hypovolemic)
2. Significant loss of blood. ( Hypovolemic)
3. Allergic reaction to foods, drugs, insect stings, and snakebites. (anaphylactic)
4. Decrease of blood sugar (hypoglycemic)
5. Reaction to the sight of a wound, blood, or other traumatic scene. (neurogenic)
such as:-
• Burns.
• Gunshot or shrapnel wounds.
• Crush injuries.
• Blows to the body (which can cause broken bones or damage to internal
organs).
• Head injuries.
• Penetrating wounds (such as from a knife, bayonet, or missile).
Signs and Symptoms of Shock
1) Sweaty but cool skin (clammy skin)
2) Weak and rapid pulse.
3) Paleness of skin
4) Restlessness, nervousness.
5) Thirst.
6) Confusion (or loss of awareness).
7) Faster-than-normal breathing rate.
8) Nausea and/or vomiting.
First Aid Measures for Shock
• Position the Casualty.
• (DO NOT move the casualty or his limbs if suspected
fractures have not been splinted)
• Elevate the casualty’s feet higher than the level of his heart.
• Loosen clothing at the neck, waist, or wherever it may be
binding.
• maintain body temperature and prevent chilling or
overheating.
• Calm the casualty.
• Seek medical aid.
• Food and/or Drink.
• When providing first aid for shock, DO NOT give the casualty any food
or drink. If you must leave the casualty or if he is unconscious, turn
his head to the side to prevent him from choking if he vomits