Pharmacy Orientation

Lec. 1 (Introduction to the pharmacy

profession and the future of the
pharmacist)
By Dr. Tawfiq Ba Abbad
 Lecture Topics
• Definition of Pharmacy and Drug
• Scope of Pharmacy.
• Naming of Drugs.
• Pharmacist career.
• Pharmacy Education.
• Pharmacy Ethics
• Good Dispensing practice.
 1. Definition of Pharmacy
• Pharmacy: Derived from the Greek word
Pharmakon means medicine or drug.
• Pharmacy: Is the art and science of
preparing, dispensing and proper
utilization of medications and the
provision of drug-related information to
the public.
 Definition of Drug
• According to the FDA (Food and Drug
Administration), Drug is:
a substance intended for use in the diagnosis,
cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of
disease.
 Drug
• The material may be:
1. Natural in origin (plant-animal-minerals).
2. Synthetic drugs like Aspirin.
3. Semi synthetic like Ampicillines.
 PHARMACIST
A pharmacist is a professional scientist who
possesses the skills in all aspects relating to
the design, development, delivery, supply,
control and the usage of drugs.
The University is currently using an
integrated approach in teaching and
learning as pharmacists need to acquire a
broad range of scientific education
 2- Scope of Pharmacy
• It involves:
1. Interpretation of prescription orders
2. Compounding.
3. Labeling.
4. Dispensing of drugs and devices.
5. Drug product selection and drug utilization
reviews.
6. Patient monitoring and interventions.
7. Provision of information of medications and
devices.
 3- Naming of a drug
• Chemical name: The name indicating the
chemical structure of the drug.
• Generic name: The name given to the
compound during early investigation.
• Official name: The name given to the drug in
the pharmacopoeia.
• Brand name: Trade name of the drug in the
market.
 How do we name drugs?
• analgesic compound : O

OH NH C CH3

• Chemical name :N- acetyl- para- aminophenol

• Official name: B.P. 1998: paracetamol.
• USP XXII: acetaminophen.
• Brand name (Trade name):
– Abimol (Glaxo), Paramol (YEDCO)
– Ramol (saba),
 DEFINITIONS AND PHARMACY
EDUCATION
• Pharmacy: The health science which
deals with drug preparation and
dispensing
• Pharmacist (druggist): The person who is
licensed to prepare and dispense drug.
"Pharmacist is the drug
expert"
 Definitions
• Prescription: The order of medication written
by a physician, dentist or other medical
practitioner
• Clinical: Clinical means dealing with patients
• Clinical pharmacy: Clinical pharmacy is the
branch of pharmacy which provide patient
care that optimizes the use of medication and
promotes health, and disease prevention.
“Providing pharmaceutical care for patients”.
 Pharmacy Education
• Goal : Provide students with scientific
fundamentals and support attitudes to
adapt the pharmacists careers to give the
required pharmaceutical care and to do
changes in health care system
 Bachelors of pharmacy
• The degree is an undergraduate academic
degree in the field of pharmacy.
• • The degree is the basic prerequisite for
registration to practice as a pharmacist in
Yemen
• In some countries or universities, Doctor of
Pharmacy (PharmD) degrees is added as a
separate additional year.
 Doctor of Pharmacy (PHARM D)
• In USA, it is a first professional degree, and a
prerequisite for licensing to exercise the
profession of Pharmacist.
• The Doctor of Pharmacy degree is a
professional degree that prepares the
graduate for Clinical pharmacy practice
(Clinical pharmacist).
 Clinical Pharmacist Educational
Requirement
• Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.)
• Master of clinical pharmacy degree after
getting bachelor of pharmacy
• The Board of Pharmacy Specialties (BPS) by
APhA (American Pharmacists Association): ---
Board Certified Pharmacotherapy Specialist
Board Certified Oncology Pharmacist Board
Certified Nutrition Support Pharmacist Board
Certified Psychiatric Pharmacist
 4- Pharmacist Career
1. Community pharmacist
2. Hospital pharmacist
3. Clinical pharmacist
4. Industrial pharmacist
5. Medical representative pharmacist
6. Academic (research) pharmacist
7. Forensic chemistry , medicine
 Community Pharmacist
• Definition: Pharmacist working in public pharmacy.
• Qualifications: Pharmacists must have a bachelor or a
doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.), a 4-year professional
degree. They also must be licensed, which requires
passing many under graduate exams. Pharmacist also
must have a language proficiency levels.
• Job description:
1. dispense prescription medications to patients
2. offer expertise in the safe use of prescriptions.
3. provide advice on how to lead a healthy lifestyle,
conduct health and wellness screenings
4. provide immunizations
5. oversee the medications given to patients.
• Income
 Assignment
• THE SITUATION OF PHARMACY PROFESSION,
WHAT IS NEEDED TO BE PRACTISED BETTER?
• THE SITUATION OF MEDI. LABORATORY
PROFESSION, WHAT IS NEEDED TO BE
PRACTISED BETTER?
• THE SITUATION OF NURSING PROFESSION,
WHAT IS NEEDED TO BE PRACTISED BETTER?
• THE SITUATION OF YOUR FUTURE PROFESSION,
WHAT IS NEEDED TO BE PRACTISED BETTER?
 Presentation skills
• Sound
• Eye contact
• Organization
• Clear sound
• points
 Pharmacy Education
• All faculties of pharmacy adopt 5 Years Program to get
B.Sc. pharm or 6 years to get Pharm D. degree
• The courses of pharmacy education:
1. Pharmaceutics, biopharmaceutics and clinical pharmacy
2. Pharmacognosy
3. Organic chemistry
4. Analytical chemistry
5. Pharmaceutical chemistry
6. Biochemistry
7. Microbiology
8. public health
9. Pharmacology & toxicology
10.Clinical Pharmacy
• Complementary studies include: Mathematics,
management, pharmacy law
Types of education necessary for creating
a pharmacist
• Basic science (Chemistry, Biology, Physics)
• Clinical studies.
• Technical Skills
• Drug information and scientific knowledge
• Economic knowledge
• Psychological and sociological understanding
 Aims of Modern pharmaceutical
education
• Provide scientific background
• Provide professional skills and knowledge
• Provide business training
• Provide broad general education
 Pharmacy Profession
• Patient services Drug Services
Innovating new Drugs
Screening for effect and safety
Analysis
Direct Activities Indirect activities Formulation
- Hospital Pharmacy - Drug promotion In process quality control
Production
- Clinical Pharmacy - Family planning program
Final quality control
- Community Pharmacy - Dehydration treatment program Distribution
- Bio chemical analysis - National Screening
- Microbiological analysis - Preventive Measures
- Immunolgical analysis - For epidemic diseases
• Ensure drug quality: Good manufacture practice GMP validation and
quality assurance.
• The production: of all human dosage forms cosmetics, vaccines, blood
products, blood replacements, certain pesticides and veterinary drugs.
 PHARMACIST EDUCATION
• WHAT ARE THE MAIN SUBJECTS FIELDS
NEEDED TO BE STUDIED TO CREATE A
PHARMACIST?
 Pharmaceutical Chemistry
• emphasizes the application of the principles of
basic chemistry to the study of drugs, their
physico-chemical properties, structures and
their relationship to biological activities.
Analytical techniques for identification and
quality control of drugs and some aspects of
natural product chemistry are taught
 Physiology
• provides knowledge of the function of
the human body. It forms the basis for
the understanding of the action, uses of
drugs and pathophysiology of diseases
that are taught in pharmacology and
clinical pharmacy.
 Pharmacology
• provides knowledge concerning various types
of drugs that are used in the treatment of
diseases. Discussion related to absorption,
distribution, metabolism, excretion,
mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects
are the main content of this discipline.
 Pharmaceutical Technology
• provides the knowledge in pharmaceutical
formulation and preparation in various
dosages, new dosage designs, industrial
processes, quality control, microbiological
control besides biopharmacy and
pharmacokinetic aspects.
 Clinical Pharmacy
• introduces the students to disease states and
disorders and the rationale of drug choice in the
treatment and/or prevention of these illnesses.
• Clinical Pharmacy emphasizes on the integration
of all disciplines in pharmacy. To enable students
to understand and acquire detailed knowledge
pertaining to the role of a pharmacist in the
clinical situation, students are required to
participate in ward rounds at the Hospital and
community pharmacy
Pharmacognosy & phytochemistry
• Drugs of Natural sources and their chemistry
• Identification
• testing
• isolation and
• applications
 Microbiology
• Study of Micro organisms has a significance in
pharmacy because pharmacists design and
formulate the antibacterials and means to
overcome their resistance
• Also it is a basis for a knowledg
 Biochemistry
• Chemistry of life
 Code of Ethics
• Pharmacists are health professional who
assist individuals in making the best use of
medications
• This code states the principles
fundamental roles and responsibilities of
pharmacists
• The principles are:
– pharmacists respect relationship between the
patient and pharmacist and this occurs by:
• Pharmacist has to maintain knowledge
• Pharmacist asks for the consultation of colleagues
 Code of Ethics
• Pharmacist promotes the good of every patient
in a confidential manner by considering:
– Needs stated by the patient
– Needs defined by health science
• Pharmacist respect autonomy and dignity of
each patient.
– Autonomy: a pharmacist promotes the rights of self
determination by encouraging patient to participate in
decisions about their health.
– Dignity: in all cases. The pharmacist respects
personal and cultural differences among patients.
 Organizations:
• Pharmacist must maintain & develop good
pharmaceutical practice by working with national and
international organizations.
• International organizations:
– World Health Organization (W.H.O): It is responsible for health
care all over the world.
– Food and Drug Administration (F.D.A.): It is responsible for the
quality of food and drug in U.S.A
– United Nation Division of Narcotic Drugs (UNND) responsible for
the regulations concerning the use and abuse of narcotic drugs.
• Role of international organizations:
– Development of protocols and methodologies
– Development of materials and magazines
– Exchange of in formations and experiences
– Researches for evaluations of medications
 Organizations Cont…
• National organizations:
– YEMEN PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATION.
????!!!!!
KSA
• Issues a scientific Journal in pharmaceutical sciences.
• Hold conference every two years for pharmacists.
• Responsible for Continuing educations
– Saudi Society of Hospital Pharmacists: concerned with all
aspects of hospital and clinical pharmacists.
• National Pharmacopoeia Committee: Responsible for
reviewing and updating the pharmacopoeia.
Good Dispensing Practice
A) Proper labeling
 Good Dispensing Practice
B) Proper Storage
1- Use Amber glass bottles for light sensitive
drugs such as Acyclovir, Atenolol, Beperidil and
Claforan.
2- Use refrigerator for heat sensitive drugs such
as Thorazine, Cognitin and Desipramine.
3- Use air tight containers for oxygen sensitive
drugs such as Amiodarone, Bleomycin and
Cordaron.
4- Use adsorbents for hydrolysable drugs such
as Acetaminophen, Amiodarone,
Chlorpromazine and Clonidine.
 Good Dispensing Process
• Label it properly and check for expiry date.
• Clean and organize the working area.
• Proper recording of the drugs (inventory
control)
 Good Dispensing Environment
Dispensing environments must be clean,
because most medicinal products are for
internal use, making it important that they be
hygienic and uncontaminated. The environment
must also be organized so that dispensing can
be performed accurately and efficiently. The
dispensing environment includes:
• Staff
• Physical surroundings
• Shelving and storage areas
• Surfaces used during work
• Equipment and packaging materials
 Good Dispensing Person
The dispenser must be: Organized,
Knowledgeable, Trained, Honest and
Communicative.
 Pharmacy Technician Roles
• Assist pharmacists to provide
pharmaceutical care
• Perform routine tasks such as computer
entry, medication preparation/selection,
counting, and labeling
• Refer patient questions regarding
prescriptions, drug information, or related
health matters to the pharmacist
 Pharmacy Technician Role In
Ambulatory Pharmacy
• Create and maintain patient profiles
• Handle insurance and third-party billing
• Manage inventory
 Pharmacy Technician Role in
Health-System Pharmacy
• Review patient charts
• Prepare and deliver medications to
nursing stations
• Perform unit-dose packaging
• If trained/certified to do so, prepare sterile
materials such as IV antibiotics and
chemotherapy products
 Display a Professional Manner
and Image
• Patients, customers, co-workers, and
managers use personal image to evaluate
individual competence, character, and
commitment
• Attitude, attire, and grooming are the key
factors in personal image
Thank you