Ilovepdf Merged

With the increasing use of technology, individuals are spending long hours sitting at desks.
What
health issue might arise, and how can it be addressed?
Improved Posture Through Ergonomic C Encouraging Prolonged Sitting
Furniture
Ignoring the Issue D Decreasing Screen Breaks
A college is looking to address mental health issues among students. What initiative could be
implemented to promote mental well-being?
Reducing Study Breaks C Encouraging All-Nighters
Counseling Services D Increasing Exam Frequency
A government is focusing on preventive healthcare to reduce the burden on the healthcare

system. What initiative could they implement to encourage regular health check-ups?
Reducing Funding for Healthcare C Discouraging Physical Exercise
Implementing Vaccination Programs D Ignoring Health Education Campaigns
A school is aiming to improve the nutritional choices of its students. What strategy could be
effective in achieving this goal?
Introducing Junk Food Vending Machines C Encouraging Skip-a-Meal Days
Offering Nutritional Workshops and D Banning Fruits and Vegetables from
Classes School Cafeterias
A hospital is considering integrating AI into its diagnostic processes. What could be a key benefit
of using AI in healthcare?
Increasing Diagnostic Errors C Ignoring Patient Data Security
Enhancing Speed and Accuracy of D Introducing Unnecessary Complexity in
Diagnoses Healthcare Workflow
A research institution is exploring AI applications for human augmentation, such as enhancing

cognitive abilities. What ethical consideration should be prioritized in this field?
Ignoring Ethical Considerations for Human C Ensuring Ethical Use and Safeguards to
Augmentation Prevent Abuse
Prioritizing Unrestricted AI Enhancements D Experimenting on Humans Without
Informed Consent
An environmental organization is leveraging AI to monitor and protect endangered species. What
positive impact can AI have on wildlife conservation efforts?
Ignoring Conservation Measures C Increasing Harm to Wildlife
Enhancing Monitoring and Protection of D Implementing Deforestation Policies
Endangered Species
57-58. John, a 45-year-old man, has been experiencing high levels of stress due to work pressure
and personal issues. He often finds it challenging to relax and unwind.
Which mindfulness practice would you recommend to John to help manage his stress?
Deep breathing exercises C Watching TV for hours
Consuming energy drinks D Smoking
What potential health issues might John face if he continues to neglect stress management?
Improved mental well-being C Increased risk of cardiovascular diseases
Weight loss D Strong immune system
Lisa, a 28-year-old fitness enthusiast, is considering incorporating supplements into her routine
to enhance her performance and support her fitness goals.
What is a key consideration Lisa should keep in mind before adding any supplements to her
regimen?
The more, the better C Relying solely on supplements for nutrition
Consultation with a healthcare D Trying every trending supplement on the
professional market
Republic of the Philippines
University of Cabuyao
(Pamantasan ng Cabuyao)
College of Education
Katapatan Mutual Homes, Brgy. Banay-banay, City of Cabuyao, Laguna, Phillippines 4025
Course Code: ITE101

Course Title: Living in the IT Era
Learning Material for Week #: 14
Course Intended Learning Outcomes:

1. Define the different pros and cons in living in IT Era.
2. Familiarize the new trends and upcoming technologies.
3. Construct the possible future of information technology.
Learning Objectives:
1. Identify the coverage of intellectual property;
2. Examine strengths and limitations using copyrights. patents and trade secret to protect property
rights; and
3. Explain the essential between competitive intelligence and industrial espionage and how
intelligence gathered.
1. To understand and appreciate the role of AI;

2. To be familiar with AI terminologies; and
3. To compare AI with human intelligence and traditional information processing and discuss
its strengths and limitations.
Artificial Intelligence Trends and Issues
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science concerned in making computers

behave like humans do. It was still in the ancient times that they were dreaming to create
intelligent machines that can engage on behaviors that humans consider intelligent. It was only
in the later years that smart machines is becoming in reality. Many researchers now are creating
systems that mimic human thought, understand speech, and beat the best human chess player
and countless other feats never before possible.
Application of AI
Game playing refers to programming computers to play games such as chess and checkers. The
most common AI for game playing is chess. IBM had developed a computer chess player named
Deep Blue which won over the defending world champion Gary Kasparov in 1997.
Speech recognition is a technology where computers recognize human language to perform

such task. In later years, speech recognition reached a practical level for limited purposes. This
technology supposedly will replace the use of keyboard because you will just give instructions
to the computer. But human went back to the use of keyboard and mouse because of
convenience in using them.
Understanding natural language allows computers to understand natural human languages.

Research are still working in progress in d eveloping systems that converse in natural language,
perceive and respond to their surroundings, and encode and provide useful access to all human
knowledge and expertise. Natural-language processing offers the greatest potential rewards
because it would allow people to interact with computers without needing any specialized
knowledge. You could simply walk up to a computer and talk to it. Unfortunately, programming
computers to understand natural languages has proved to be more difficult than originally
thought of.
Computer vision makes useful decisions about real physical objects and scenes based on sensed
images. This is to make images and objects as real as it can be. At present, there are only limited
ways of representing three-dimensional information directly, and they are not as good as what
humans evidently use.
Expert systems refer to programming computers to make decisions in real life situations such
as helping doctors diagnose disease based on symptoms. In the early 1980s, expert systems
were believed to represent the future of artificial intelligence and of computers in general. To
date, however, they have not lived up to the expectations. Many expert systems help human
experts in such fields as medicine and engineering, but they are very expensive to produce and
are helpful only in special situations.
Heuristic classification is one of the most feasible kinds of expert system given the present
knowledge of AI. This will put some information in one of a fixed set of categories using several
sources of information. An example is advising whether to accept a proposed credit card
purchase. Information is available about the owner of the credit card, his record of payment
and the item he is buying and about the establishment from which he is buying it (e.g., about
whether there have been previous credit card frauds at this establishment).
AI History
Turing’s Test is a test which analyzes or examines whether a computer has a humanlike
intelligence. It was proposed by a British mathematician. The computer is said to pass the
Turing’s test if the panel believes that the entity possesses humanlike intelligence. Turing’s test
is sometimes referred to as behavioral tests for the presence of mind, or thought, or intelligence
in putatively minded entities.
It was in a 1951 paper that Alan Turing proposed a test called “The Imitation Game” which
he thought would settle the issue of machine intelligence. The first version of the game involved
no computer intelligence whatsoever. Imagine three rooms, each connected via computer
screen and keyboard. In one room sits a man, in the second a woman, and in the third sits a
person who will serve as the "judge" who will decide as to which of the two people talking to
him through the computer is the man. The man will attempt to help the judge, offering whatever
evidence he can (the computer terminals are used so that physical clues cannot be used) to
prove his man-hood. The woman's job is to trick the judge, so she will attempt to deceive him,
and counteract her opponent's claims, in hopes that the judge will erroneously identify her as
the male.
Later, Turing proposed a modification of the game. Instead of a man and a woman as
contestants, a human of either gender at one terminal, and/or a computer at the other terminal
will participate. Now, the judge's responsibility is to decide which of the contestants is human,
and which the machine is. Turing proposed that if, under these conditions, the judge was less
than 50% accurate – that is, if a judge is as likely to pick either human or computer – then the
computer must be a passable simulation of a human being and hence, intelligent. The game has
recently been modified so that there is only one contestant, and the judge's job is not to choose
between two contestants, but simply to decide whether the single contestant is human or
machine.
Web Technology
Internet refers to a collection of computers and cables forming a communications network, just
like telephones and cables forming the telephone system. The Internet is intended to carry
computer data, like telephone network which is intended to carry conversations. The Internet
carries various data including email, videoconferences, and instant messages. The Web page
contents are another type of data that is carried over the Internet. In other words, the Internet
is a network of all networks where a user at any computer, with permission, can access and get
information from any other computer.
The Internet was envisioned by the Advanced Researched Projects Agency (ARPA) of the US
Government where they called it as ARPANET then. They aim to create a network that would
allow users of a research computer at one university to be able to "talk to" research computers
at other universities. This is because they wanted to protect the messages that are being routed
or rerouted in the event of a military attack or from any other disaster that can destroy their
communication.
Intranet is a private network contained in an enterprise that includes connections through one
or more gateway computers to the outside Internet. Its purpose is to share company
information and computing resources among employees. It can also facilitate working in groups
and teleconferences. On the other hand, extranet is a private network that uses the Internet
technology and the public telecommunication system to securely share a part of a business's
information or operations with suppliers, vendors, partners, customers, or other businesses. An
extranet can be viewed as part of a company's intranet that is extended to users outside the
company. It has also been described as a "state of mind" in which the Internet is perceived to
do business with other companies as well as to sell products to customers.
In order to use Internet, you must have a web browser installed on your computer to access
different web pages and sites. A web browser is an application software allowing users to access
and view web pages. A web page is a page consisting of HTML documents stored on a web
server. In contrast, web sites are a collection of connected web pages stored on a web server.
The most popular web browsers nowadays are Microsoft Internet Explorer and Mozilla Firefox
which is downloadable for free. The appearance of a web page or site varies depending on the
versions of the web browsers. For higher versions of browsers, the animation and appearance
of the page and site are more enhanced because of their added support for animation, virtual
reality, and sound files.
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) are the two most
important elements of the Web. Both contain “hypertext” in their names. Hypertext is a key
concept for understanding the Web. The idea of hypertext originated much earlier than the
Web, or even the Internet. An article called “As we may think” written by an engineer named
Vannevar Bush, in 1945 described a microfilm-based machine called the Memex that could link
associated information or ideas through “trails”. The idea became known in the mid-1960s
when Harvard graduate, Ted Nelson, conceived the term “hypertext” to describe a computer
system that could store literary documents, link them according to logical relationships, and
permit readers to comment and annotate what they read.
Many areas of hypertext have become a reality on today’s Web. Every Web page is based on a
document stored in a file identified by a unique address, called a Uniform Resource Locator
(URL) or a web address. You can type the URL to the Address bar of a web browser to access
any documents. Another way is by clicking an underlined word or phrase called a hypertext link
(or simply “link” or “hyperlink”) to access related documents. An example of a URL is
http://www.google.com, while example of a link is http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink
HTTP and HTML are the two basic building blocks from which today’s Web-style hypertext is
crafted. You’ll have a better grasp of how the Web works and its potential for future
development if you have some background on these building blocks.
The two (2) major ingredients that define the Web are HTTP and HTML. You’ll have a pretty
complete list of the basic technologies that make the Web work.
A Web server stores one or more Web pages of a Web site. Each page is saved as an HTML
document. This document may be plain text, or ASCII, document with embedded HTML tags.
Some of these tags indicate how the document is to be displayed when viewed in a browser.
Other tags comprise links to related documents, sound files, and graphics that are also stored
on Web servers. Aside from storing these files, a Web server runs a Web server software that
carries reuests for specific Web pages.
Web client software called a browser is used to surf the Web (as defined above). If you type a
URL into the browser’s Address box, you are actually requesting an HTML document of the Web
page that you want to view. The browser forms a request for the specified file using a command
provided by the HTTP communications protocol.
Meanwhile, the Web server is “listening” for any HTTP requests. When the request arrives, the
Web server examines it, locates the HTML document that is being requested, and sends it back
to the computer. When the request is fulfilled, the server moves on to process other requests.
If in case additional components are needed for the Web page that the browser is displaying -
a graphic, for instance, the browser must issue a new request to the server for that component.
The Web is only one of the services that the Internet offers. They almost changed our ways of
communicating to others, such as through emails, discussion of certain topic, and the likes.
Many times, communications take place completely in writing – without the parties ever
meeting each other.
• Email, short for electronic mail, is the transmission of messages via a computer network.
It is the original service that the Internet offers. Before, only the scientists and researchers that
work for government- sponsored projects to communicate to their colleagues based on other
locations uses this service. Today, email is said to be the primary source of communication
whether for personal or business purposes. Email programs are used to create, send, received,
forward, store, print, and delete messages. Such programs include Outlook and Outlook Express
which are the popular among other email programs.
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is an Internet service that allows a user to upload and
download files from other computers on the Internet. Uploading refers to the process of
transferring a file to the Internet while downloading refers to the process of obtaining a file from
the Internet. The file refers to documents, graphics, and other objects from a computer server.
An FTP server is a computer that allows you to upload/download files. An FTP site is a collection
of files that reside in an FTP server.
• Newsgroups and Message Boards is an online area that allows a group of users to discuss
a particular topic. In such a discussion, one will send a message to a group then the other group
will read and respond to the message. Usenet is what they call the collection of tens of
thousands of newsgroup about multitude topics. Topics may include news, recreation, society,
business, science, and computers.
• Mailing Lists is another online service where email addresses are stored. All email
addresses stored in it receives the message when a user uses it. In essence, a mailing list is like
a distribution list usually used to group certain email addresses.
• Chat Rooms are a technology that consists of online and live communication over the
Internet. It is a location in the Internet server that allows users to have almost like a real-time
communication. Anyone in the chat room can participate in the conversation which usually is
specific to a particular topic. Before you can enter a chat room, you must be connected to a chat
server through a program called chat client which can also be downloaded from the web.
• Instant messaging is in essence a chat but you can choose certain users that you want to
communicate with. Not like chat rooms that talk about a particular topic, IM allows you to
communicate all the topics that you want. Many users make use of IM for personal purposes
but be sure to always observe “Netiquettes”.
• Internet Telephony, commonly known as Voice over IP (Internet Protocol), allows the user
to speak to other users over the Internet using computers, mobile computer, or mobile devices.
You will need a high- speed Internet connection, Internet telephone service, and a microphone
or telephone to be able to use this technology and place a call.
The following are various types of web sites to choose and search from.
• Portals are sites that offers you a variety of Internet services such as search engine/or
subject directory, news, sports and weather, free web publishing services, reference tools such
as yellow pages, stock quotes and maps, shopping malls and auctions, email and other forms of
online communication.
• News web sites provides you newsworthy material including stories and articles relating
to current events, life, money, sports, and weather. Most news that is uploaded on the Internet
is not included in the print because it is the most updated media. Newspapers, televisions, and
radios are the ones that maintain the news web sites.
• Informational web sites contain factual information. Many government agencies provide
information such as tax codes, loans you can mortgage from SSS. Other organizations provide
information such as public transportation schedules and published research findings.
• Business/Marketing web sites provide you marketing and business contents that
promotes and sells products and services. Up to date, most business and marketing companies
have their own web sites where you can place your orders online and simply browse in their
products.
• Educational web sites offer you exciting and challenging course in formal and informal
teaching and learning. There exist many educational web sites that allow online training for
employees and classes for colleges. Most instructors use these types of web sites to enhance
classroom teaching by publishing course materials, grades, and other related class information.
• Entertainment web sites offer users an interactive and engaging environment. Popular
entertainment web sites offer music, videos, sports, games, ongoing web episodes, and the
likes. Other complicated web sites tie up with other networks to allow users to vote in their polls
on television shows.
• Advocacy web sites provide contents that describe a cause, opinion, or idea. Its purpose
is to convince the reader of the validity of the cause, opinion, or idea. These web sites usually
present views of a particular group or association.
• Blog, short for web log, is a journal format regularly updated that reflect to the interests,
opinions, and personalities of the author and sometimes the site visitors. These consist of ideas
and collection of thoughts in an informal style of a single individual. Personal web sites are a
private individual’s site usually not associated in any organization. This is usually about
someone’s interest that may contain their own images, favorite music and videos, and the likes
for some personal reasons. Some intend for job hunting and so they post their resumes. Some
simply want to share life experiences with the world.
A search engine is a program that finds web sites and pages. It helps the user find particular
information about certain topics or locate particular web pages for which they do not know the
exact web address. There are thousands of search engines available, some are general and can
perform searches on any topic but some restricts to certain subjects like finding people, job
hunting, or locating real estate.
A search text box is available. It is where you enter a topic, a subject or a keyword which can be
a simple word or phrases that will define the item about which you want information. Search
engines respond with results that include thousands of links to web pages that answer in little
or no bearing on your research.
Google is the largest search engine in the web whose purpose is to organize the world’s
information and make it universally accessible and useful. Queries received by Google reaches
several hundred millions each day through its various services. As of February 2004, Google
received 2.5 billion queries.
Google uses an algorithm called PageRank that ranks web pages which matches a given search
string. The algorithm computes a recursive figure of merit for web pages based on the weighted
sum of the PageRanks of the pages linking to them. Aside from indexes and HTML that Google
caches, there are other 13 file types that it can search: PDF, Word documents, Excel
spreadsheets, Flash SWF, plain text files, among others.
Yahoo! is the first navigational portal to the web created by Jerry Yang and David Filo, both
electrical engineering graduates at Stanford University. They built this portal by creating and
organizing their own favorite web sites in 1994. The next year, Yang and Filo, together with
some fellow students named it Yahoo! and released it to the Internet community.
Yahoo! stands for Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle. What makes Yahoo! unique than
the others is that its staff members build the directory by assuming the role of a typical web
researcher.
Sources:
Reynold, G. Ethics in Information Technology. Thompson Learning.
Caoili-Tayuan, Ronina R.; Eleazar, Mia V.; .Living in the Information Technology Era 2019, C & E
Publishing Inc. Quezon City Philipppines
Vermaat, Misty E.;et.al.; Enhanced Discovering Computers 2017; Cengage Learning Publishing Co
Ilchenko, M., Uryvsky, L., & Globa, L. (2023). Progress in advanced information and communication
technology and systems: Advanced Approaches to Intelligent Data Processing and smart networking
(Vol. 548, Ser. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems). Springer.
Alshurideh, M., Hikmat Al Kurdi, B., Masa’deh, R., Alzoubi, H. M., & Salloum, S. (2023). The effect of
information technology on business and Marketing Intelligence Systems (Vol. 1056, Ser. Studies in
Computational Intelligence). Springer.
Ahmad, M., Uddin, M. S., & Jang, Y. M. (2023). Proceedings of International Conference on Information
and Communication Technology for Development: ICICTD 2022 (Ser. Studies in Autonomic, Data-driven
and Industrial Computing). Springer.
Barroso, J., Henriques, R., Huang, R. Y.-M., Jimoyiannis, A., Martins, P., & Reis, A. (2023). Technology and
innovation in learning, teaching and education third international conference, tech-edu 2022, Lisbon,
Portugal, August 31-September 2, 2022, revised selected papers (Vol. 1720, Ser. Communications in
Computer and Information Science). Springer International Publishing AG.
Ziemba, E., Chmielarz, W., & Wątróbski, J. (2023). Information Technology for Management: Approaches
to improving business and Society: AIST 2022 Track and 17th conference, ISM 2022, held as part of
fedcsis 2022, Sofia, Bulgaria, September 4-7, 2022, extended and revised selected papers (Vol. 471, Ser.
Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing). Springer.
Shen, Y., Yin, X., Jiang, Y., Kong, L., Li, S., & Zeng, H. (2023). Case studies of information technology
application in education: Utilising the internet, Big Data, artificial intelligence, and cloud in challenging
times (Ser. Lecture Notes in Educational Technology). Springer.
Noël, F., Nyffenegger, F., Rivest, L., & Bouras, A. (2023). Product Lifecycle Management. PLM in
transition times: The place of humans and transformative technologies: 19th IFIP WG 5.1 International
Conference, PLM 2022, Grenoble, France, July 10-13, 2022, revised selected papers (Vol. 667, Ser. IFIP
Advances in Information and Communication Technology). Springer.
Poudel, A. P. (2022). Information and Communication Technology in English language teaching: Some
opportunities and challenges. Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education, 14(4), 103–
116. https://doi.org/10.32674/jcihe.v14i4.3874
Eremie, I., & Agi, U. K. (2020). Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Utilization and Principal
Effective Administration of Secondary Schools, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3962905
Sareen, M. (2020). Computer Ethics and its related issues . International Journal of Creative Research
Thoughts (IJCRT), 8(9).
Course Code: ITE101

Learning Material for Week 15

1. To demonstrate an understanding of the foundations and importance of E-commerce.
2. To analyze the impact of E-commerce on business models and strategy.
3. To describe Internet trading relationships including Business to Consumer, Business-to-Business etc.
4. To identify the major categories and trends of e-commerce applications.
5. To identify the essential processes of an e-commerce system; and
6. To recognize and discuss global E-commerce issues.
E-Commerce Trends and Issues

Electronic commerce (EC) is a new trend in modern selling and merchandising technologies that
allows customers to engage in all stages of a purchase decision while completing those steps
electronically rather than over the phone with a printed catalog or in a physical shop. A client may view
product information, choose products to buy, make safe purchases, and have the transaction handled
financially through electronic commerce.
Kalakota and Whinston (1997) define EC from these perspectives:

• From the standpoint of communications, EC refers to the transmission of data, goods or services, or
financial transactions over telephone lines, computer networks, or other electronic channels.
• From a business standpoint, EC is the use of technology to automate workflow and commercial
transactions.
• From the standpoint of services, EC is a tool that responds to the demand of businesses, customers,
and management to reduce service costs while enhancing the quality of goods and speeding up
service delivery.
• From an online standpoint, EC offers the possibility to purchase and sell goods and data through the
Internet as well as other online services.
Electronic commerce applications started in the early 1970’s, with such innovation as electronic
fund transfers (EFT). However, only significant firms, financial institutions, and a few brave small
businesses were included in the applications. Then came EDI, which broadened the scope of transaction
processing from financial to other types and increased the number of participating businesses from
financial institutions to manufacturers, merchants, and services, among others. Then came a ton of more
uses, like stock trading and reservation systems for vacation. The phrase "electronic commerce" was
established with the early 1990s commercialization of the Internet and its quick expansion to millions of
prospective consumers. C applications also grew quickly at this time. The creation of networks, protocols,
software, and standards was one factor in the technology's quick development. The rise in competition
and other commercial pressures is the additional factor.
• Ubiquity - Internet/Web technology is accessible anywhere, anytime, via mobile devices, including at
work, at home, and elsewhere. The boundaries of the market are no longer applicable, and it is no
longer restricted by time or place. There is now a "marketspace" where people may shop. Both
customer convenience and shopping prices are improved.
• Global Reach - The technology is applicable everywhere on Earth, spanning national borders. Cross-
cultural and cross-national commerce is possible without hindrance or change. Potentially billions of
clients and millions of companies are included in the term "marketspace" globally
• Universal Standards – There is just one set of technological norms, and those are the Internet norms.
Around the world, there is just one set of technical media standards.
• Richness – It is possible to send text, audio, and video communications. Each of them is incorporated
into a single marketing message and consumer experience.
• Interactivity – Through user contact, the technology functions. Customers participate in a
conversation that dynamically adapts the experience to each person and involves them in the process
of getting products to market.
• Information Density - The technology improves information quality while lowering information
expenses. Costs associated with information processing, storage, and communication significantly
decrease, but the currency, accuracy, and timeliness significantly increase. Information becomes
accessible, affordable, and reliable.
• Personalization/customization - The technology enables the delivery of tailored communications to
both groups and individuals. Based on individual traits, products and services are customized and
marketing messages are personalized.
The benefits of ecommerce to merchants or organizations are as follows:

• National and international marketplaces are added to the marketplace via electronic commerce. A
firm may simply and rapidly find the greatest suppliers, the most suited business partners
internationally, and more clients with little investment in money.
• Paper-based information creation, processing, distribution, and retrieval costs are reduced by e-
commerce. Companies can reduce the administrative expenses associated with purchasing, for
instance, by using an electronic procurement system.
• The period between capital expenditure and the receiving of goods and services is shortened by e-
commerce.
• Additional advantages include a better image, better customer service, streamlined procedures,
enhanced output, and increased flexibility.
The benefits of ecommerce to consumers are as follows:

• Customers may conduct business through e-commerce from virtually anywhere, 24 hours a day,
365 days a year.
• Customers have more options thanks to e-commerce since they may choose from a wide variety of
sellers and items.
• Why Customers commonly find cheaper goods and services through e-commerce because it
enables them to search around and make rapid comparisons.
• Rather than waiting days or weeks for information, customers may now get it right away.
The disadvantages of ecommerce are as follows:

• Cost and justification - Building EC in-house may be quite expensive, and any errors brought on by
inexperience could cause delays. Although there are numerous prospects for outsourcing, it can be
difficult to know where and how to start.
• Security and privacy - These concerns are particularly significant in the business-to-consumer
sector, particularly security concerns that, when suitable encryption is employed, are believed to be
less serious than they actually are. Privacy protections are continually being enhanced. The EC
sector has a very lengthy and tough problem convincing clients that online transactions and privacy
are actually highly safe. However, the customers viewed these concerns to be very vital.
• Lack of trust and user resistance - Customers are reluctant to utilize electronic money, paperless
transactions, or unidentified, faceless sellers. So it could be challenging to convert from physical to
internet retailers.
• Other limiting factors – Online experiences are not tactile. Some buyers want to touch products,
such as clothing, in order to fully understand what they are purchasing.
Major types of ECommerce

Business-to-Consumers (B2C) is a kind of online trade that caters to direct customers. Purchasing
is the key activity here. There are retail sales to certain customers. For instance, a consumer or customer
is the type of shopper that often uses Amazon.com.
Benefits of B2C to Business

• Lower distribution costs
• New business opportunities
• More accurate and up-to-date consumer data (potentially anyway)
• Opportunity for added value services
• Better customer support

• Lower operating costs
Benefits of B2C to Consumers

• Convenience
• Information
• Ability to compare and choose among many offers
• Lower prices, at times but not always
• Personal Service
Business-to-Business (B2B) is a kind of e-commerce that benefits companies. Purchases are a

crucial B2B activity. Purchasing differs from purchasing in that departments rather than lone people are
engaged, official procedures are followed, significant sums of money may be exchanged, and intricate
discussions and contracts may be involved.
Advantages of B2B:
• Lower:
o purchasing costs
o sales costs
o marketing costs
• Reduced inventory
• Efficient logistics
• Lower cycle time
• Better customer support
B2B Electronic Commerce: Areas of Growth

• Goods
o computing and electronics
o motor vehicles
o petrochemicals
o utilities
• Services
o financial
o professional
o administration
o travel
o telecom
Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) is a sort of e-commerce where users sell to other customers directly.
Examples include people advertising in classified advertisements on websites like
www.buyandsell.com.ph and selling homes, vehicles, cell phones, and other items. Another example of
C2C is selling knowledge and skills and marketing personal services online. To promote goods for sale or
services, some auction sites operate intranets and other corporate internal networks.
Benefits of C2C:
• increased liquidity (products, services, advice)
• reduced search costs
Peer-to-Peer (P2P) is a kind of online commerce that connects people and enables them to share data
and resources without the usage of a central server. The difficulty with P2P companies is creating
workable, ethical business structures. P2P networks like Kazaa and Groove are examples.
Mobile Commerce is a subset of e-commerce that utilizes mobile phones and Palm devices for
transactions. This has mostly gained popularity in Japan and Europe, where it uses new wireless
technology to supplement established online business models. Phone-based 3G, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth
are the main technologies utilized in mobile commerce. Even if this technology is a letdown in the US, it
is always improving.
Sources:
Reynold, G. Ethics in Information Technology. Thompson Learning.
COVID-19 and E-Commerce | A Global Review
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yLH4rD9Zum4
E-commerce Boom during the Covid-19 Pandemic
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xKZ3vrAoXbU
E-commerce seen driving PH internet economy to $28 billion by 2025: Google | ANC
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k1eiyh8WB_c
Course Code: ITE101
Learning Material for Week #: 16-17
1. To identify the major emerging issues and trends currently facing school leaders and their potential
impact on society and schools
2. To analyze the influence of emerging issues and trends on school improvement initiatives
3. To describe the acceptable approaches to situations arising from emerging issues and trends
4. To develop a position on emerging issues and trends in education and prepare cogent arguments for
and against specific positions regarding those emerging issues.
Trends in Education
1. Online Education
Online education is a notion that can be offered much more easily than ever before because to
the broad adoption and influence of mobile devices. Students with transportation issues or working
adults can still access education without restrictions. Working adults who want to master new skills and
technologies are increasingly interested in online education. The digital world is slowly being embraced
by higher education as well. Executive management courses, supplementary credentials, professional
education, and online certifications are all growing in popularity. Many working people choose to enroll
in courses that they can easily learn while at work or at home.
In the Philippines, online education is a new frontier. This suggests a platform for offering
instruction to students in remote locations via videos and tutorials, where they may do so for a reasonable
price. Numerous schools around the country have chosen the Dynamic Learning Program (DLP) and
Learning Management System (LMS) as cutting-edge instructional frameworks. These can aid in learning
even if students are unable to attend class. In the Philippine educational system, the following are now
the norm:
• Internet allowed school operations
• teachers meet online with the students to stay connected with them
• school administration meets online to follow-up on tasks
• online classes to ensure that students continue to receive the intervention needed,
and to facilitate skills across different platforms and settings
• instructional materials were prepared in such a way that there would be lesser online meetings
and in consideration of the students who don’t have gadgets and have limited Internet access
Article
Printed materials, online classes 'most preferred' for distance learning – DepEd
By Michelle Abad
The Department of Education says the opening of classes on August 24 is pushing through, despite
criticism regarding the government’s readiness for implementing distance learning
PREPARATION. A teacher at the Mabini Elementary School in Baguio City prepares emergency kits for
students and disinfects the premises to prevent transmission of the coronavirus. Photo by Mau
Victa/Rappler
MANILA, Philippines – The most preferred options students chose for distance learning are printed
modules or online classes for the next school year, according to the Learner Enrollment and Survey Form
(LESF) conducted by the Department of Education (DepEd).
In a slide presented in a July 1 press briefing, the DepEd found around 2 million students want to learn
online, while 3.8 million students want printed materials as a mode of instruction (also called the
“modular” method).
Screenshot sourced by Rappler from the Department of Education

The LESF is filled out by all parents who enroll their children in school. While there were 16.6 million
enrollees at the time of the presentation on July 1, DepEd planning director Roger Masapol explained there
is a "lag" in encoding the answers for the LESF, and so the total respondents reflected on the survey were
10.9 million.
Masapol also said parents may choose to not answer every question, and those who did answer could
choose more than one answer for their preferred modes.
While the survey reflects the responses of a few million students, they still do not reflect the answers of all
16.6 million students who enrolled for school year 2020-2021 as of July 1. So far, this is also just roughly
59% of the turnout of 2019, with 27.7 million enrollees.
The department estimates an enrollment turnout this year of 80%.
The DepEd is shifting to a distance learning approach for the next school year to comply with President
Rodrigo Duterte’s directive to postpone face-to-face classes until there is an available coronavirus
vaccine. The school year is set to open on August 24.
Distance learning will be implemented in 3 different ways – online classes, printed modules, and
broadcasted lessons through television or radio. (FAST FACTS: DepEd’s distance learning)
As of Wednesday, July 1, the DepEd’s units are “busy preparing the self-learning modules for all subjects
and grade levels.” Meanwhile, regional offices are adjusting the distance learning programs to make
them more suitable to the situations on the ground.
2. Integrated Learning Solutions
It is not a practical idea for schools to wait until all learning is digital before introducing children to
it. The majority of schools now embrace the realities of integrated learning systems. They want to meet
the least amount of demands on the digital infrastructure while still using conventional textbooks as the
foundation. In actuality, it is unjust for certain students to continue to be ignorant of the advantages of
digital education due to connectivity and infrastructural problems. Learning results may be greatly
enhanced by using clever solutions, such as a print textbook linked to audio-visual information for a
smartboard and connected to an online evaluation system.
3. Personalized Learning
As students may learn without worrying about device, location, or scheduling restrictions, this will
be a noteworthy trend of the year. As a result, students may study without being constrained by their
comprehension level, learning style, or areas of strength or weakness. For children with exceptional
needs, this actually changes the game since they now have the flexibility or freedom to learn at their
own speed and be prepared at the conclusion of the academic year. For instance, dyslexic students are
being helped by applications like Dragon Speak to study through audiobooks in order to get over the
limits of textbook approaches.
4. Professional Development of Teachers
Of course, instructors are a crucial component of the learning ecology. In order for students to
experience the best of the current technology, it is crucial to acquaint them with the competences and
abilities of the current generation. This only serves to increase the demand for professional development
courses as they may improve their lateral thinking skills while also learning new teaching-learning
methodologies. To enable instructors of all grade levels have an influence on current learning patterns,
school officials are taking steps to arrange these programs and training. Surprisingly, the tendency is now
evident at educational institutions in the public and private sectors.
5. Formative assessment solutions
More emphasis will be placed on the value of learning outcomes, which is why formative
assessment strategies are employed. In this digital age, the traditional evaluation choices, such as simple
memory exams at the conclusion of a term, may be less effective. Learning has an influence through
formative assessments because they gauge student development, evaluate how well the curriculum is
being delivered, and examine personal and social skills. In fact, because these procedures are adaptive,
students will experience the results in a customized way. This is another reason why institutions
increasingly choose formative assessment over traditional cookie-cutter methods.
6. Cost Management in Education
Administrations will need in-depth planning as technology advances in the education sector to
guarantee appropriate investment. The control of costs in the education sector will significantly improve
with the right plan. To save operating costs, educational institutions are anticipated to spend more in
cloud technology in the upcoming years. Due to common services, it will also increase operational
efficiency in the education sector.
With the adoption of blockchain technology in the education industry, printing and paper costs
will go down. Every crucial document, including degrees, certificates, and other legal papers, will be
available online. This will also lower the cost of manpower, which is typically needed at institutes to
handle, store, and maintain a large amount of data. The cost of other sectors will decrease, but the
computational component will cost more money. Now, more and more classes are linked. Therefore, the
need for better computational resources is inevitable. This expense will improve operations. Sending
information, executing transactions, and many other tasks will move to digital formats and become easier.
7. The Changing Role of a Teacher
The 21st century has changed the concept of a teacher too. More than a data feeder, the teacher
has become someone who nurtures the learners adequately. This trend has become the crux of the
student-centered approach to learning. The teacher has become a person who guides his/ her class
through activities and sharing the wonder of discovery. Though involved in the activities, a teacher should
keep an eye on monitoring the personal progress of individuals and helping the ones who need special
attention and help.
Issues Regarding the Educational System

The colonial history of the Philippines, encompassing the Spanish, American, and Japanese
periods of authority and occupation, has had a significant impact on the country's educational system.
The most significant and enduring contributions to the country's educational system, though they were
made by all of its conquerors, emerged during the American occupation (1898); it was at this
aforementioned time that 1. English became the default language of instruction, and 2. First, a public
education system was developed, one that was explicitly modeled after the American educational system
and was further managed by the recently created Department of Instruction. The Philippines has a vast
and widely comprehensive educational system including elements like higher education, much like the
United States of America.
The current educational system in the Philippines firstly consists of six years of obligatory
schooling (from grades 1 to 6), which are loosely separated into two levels, each consisting of three years.
The Primary Level is the first level, while the Intermediate Level is the second level.
Although the Philippine educational system has long served as a model for other Southeast Asian
nations, this has changed in recent years, and the system has deteriorated. This is particularly evident and
true in the nation's more remote and impoverished regions.
The Philippines' educational system is plagued by a number of problems on a national level.
Quality of Education
The quality of education comes first. The results of the National Achievement Test (NAT) and the
National Career Assessment Examination (NCAE) for the year 2014 reveal a drop in the standard of
elementary and secondary education in the Philippines. Both the NAT and NCAE results from 2014
showed that student performance fell well short of the desired mean score. Having said that, the
comparison of graduation rates between the highly urbanized city of Metro Manila, which also happens
to be not only the country's capital but also the largest metropolitan area in the Philippines, and other
regions of the country like Mindanao and Eastern Visayas reveals the poor quality of the Philippine
educational system. While Eastern Visayas and Mindanao, two regions of the country, have primary
school completion rates of about 30% or even lower than Manila, which can boast a primary school
completion rate of almost 100%. This type of data comes as no surprise to the Philippine education
system because children from metropolitan regions in the country have the financial means to finish at
the very least their elementary school education.
Budget for Education
The money for education is the second problem the Philippine educational system is dealing
with. The Philippines still maintains one of the lowest budget allocations to education among ASEAN
nations, despite the Constitution of the Philippines mandating that the government devote the largest
share of its budget to education.
Affordability of Education
The third significant problem that the Philippine educational system consistently faces is the
cost of education (or the lack thereof). There is a significant accomplishment gap between various social
classes in terms of schooling. Students from low- and high-income, impoverished households who are
socioeconomically disadvantaged have much higher dropout rates in primary school. Additionally, the
majority of tertiary level freshman students come from quite wealthy backgrounds.
Drop-out Rate (Out-of-school youth)
The worrisome rate of out-of-school youngsters in the nation, according to France Castro,
secretary of the Alliance of Concerned Teachers (ACT). According to UNESCO data, there are 1.4 million
youngsters who are not enrolled in school nationwide. The Philippines is also the only ASEAN nation to
rank in the top 5 nations with the greatest proportion of young people who are not enrolled in school.
Primary school dropout rates in 2012 were 6.38% and secondary school dropout rates were 7.82%,
according to data from the Department of Education. According to Castro, "the rising cost of oil,
electricity, rice, water, and other basic commodities is further driving the poor into dire poverty and
contributing to the growing number of children who are not in school." Therefore, when more families
experience poverty, there are therefore more pupils enrolled in public schools, particularly at the high
school level. According to the Department of Education's 2013 estimate, there are 7,470 high schools
and 38, 503 primary schools.
Mismatch
The gap between educational preparation and employment opportunities is considerable. This
has the potential to be a significant problem at the tertiary level and is also the root of the continued
high rates of educated but jobless or underemployed persons. A Cornell-educated congressman from
the 1-Ang Edukasyon Party-list, Dean Salvador Belaro Jr., claims that there are around 600,000 educated
unemployed people in the United States each year. The "education gap" is the term he uses to describe
the problem.
Brain Drain
Due to the current phenomena of globalization, brain drain is a chronic issue that is seen in the
Philippine educational system. It is projected that 2.3 million Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) worked
overseas at any given time between April and September 2014. This continuous mass departure has
severe economic repercussions as well as an unprecedented brain drain. Furthermore, the Philippine
society has historically paid for the education of millions of people who go on to spend their most
productive years overseas. As a result, the Philippines' already subpar educational system indirectly funds
the rich economies that host the OFWs.
Social Divide
There is a troublesome and obvious socioeconomic divide in the nation with relation to
educational prospects. An equalizing influence on education has been observed in the majority of modern
cultures. Due to this gap in the social structure, education is now a part of the institutional framework
that separates the affluent from the poor.
Lack of Facilities and Teacher Shortage in Public Schools
Numerous infrastructure, including classrooms, teachers, desks and chairs, textbooks, and audio-
visual resources, are in limited supply in Philippine public schools. 2003 Department of Education data
According to Undersecretary Juan Miguel Luz, there are over 17 million students enrolled in public
schools in the Philippines, and with a 2.3% annual population growth rate, there are roughly 1.7 million
births each year. This means that in a few years, more people will claim ownership over their share of the
(limited) educational resources. In conclusion, there are too many pupils and not enough funding. Despite
the government's assertions that it is expanding the budgetary support for education, the public school
system frequently struggles with shortages. Additionally, public colleges and universities steadily raise
tuition in order to earn money for infrastructure, making postsecondary education difficult to attain or,
more frequently than not, unavailable to the poor. However, it is important to recognize what the Aquino
administration has accomplished with regard to classroom construction during its five years in office – the
number of classrooms created from 2005 to the first half of 2010 has quadrupled. Additionally, it was
reported that 86,478 classrooms were erected between the years of 2010 and February 2015, a figure
that was much higher than the 17,305 classrooms that were constructed between 2005 and 2010 and
sufficient to make up for the 66,800 classroom shortfall in the previous year.
President Aquino discussed the government's achievement of a zero backlog in classroom

supplies, desks and chairs, and textbooks in his fourth state of the nation address (SONA), noting that
56,085 new teachers were hired in 2013 to fill the gap left by the shortage of teaching materials.
However, according to information gathered by the Department of Education, there were 19, 579, 60
million textbook shortages, 2.5 million chair shortages, and 80, 937 shortages of water and sanitation
facilities during the start of classes (June 2013). Additionally, it was determined that 770 schools in
Metro Manila, Cebu, and Davao were overcrowded. The Department of Education also made statistics
available indicating that 5,425 appointments, or 91% of the 61,510 teacher vacancies, had been filled.
Issues regarding the K-12

Regarding the system's ability to deliver high-quality education, there is disagreement. The results
of the National Achievement Test (NAT) and the National Career Assessment Examination (NCAE) for the
year 2014 reveal a drop in the standard of elementary and secondary education in the Philippines. Both
the NAT and NCAE results from 2014 showed that student performance fell well short of the desired mean
score. Having said that, the comparison of graduation rates between the highly urbanized city of Metro
Manila, which also happens to be not only the country's capital but also the largest metropolitan area in
the Philippines, and other regions of the country like Mindanao and Eastern Visayas reveals the poor
quality of the Philippine educational system. The Department of Education also made statistics available
indicating that 5,425 appointments, or 91% of the 61,510 teacher vacancies, had been filled.
The money for education is the second problem the Philippine educational system is dealing with.
The Philippines still maintains one of the lowest budget allocations to education among ASEAN nations,
despite the Constitution of the Philippines mandating that the government devote the largest share of its
budget to education. The third significant problem that the Philippine educational system consistently
faces is the cost of education (or the lack thereof). There is a significant accomplishment gap between
various social classes in terms of schooling. Socioeconomically disadvantaged pupils, often known as
students from high- and low-income households who are impoverished, have much higher drop-out rates
at the primary school level. Additionally, the majority of tertiary level freshman students come from quite
wealthy backgrounds. Last but not least, there is a significant amount of mismatch, when there is a
significant amount of mismatch between training and real occupations. This has the potential to be a
significant problem at the tertiary level and is also the root of the continued high rates of educated but
jobless or underemployed persons.
References:
Abad. 2020. Printed materials, online classes 'most preferred' for distance learning – DepEd.
https://bit.ly/2C0UpX2; Retrieval Date: 02 Jul 2020
Lee. 2020. Major Issues in Education: 20 Hot Topics (From Grade School to College).
https://www.trade-schools.net/articles/issues-in-education; Retrieval Date: 02 Jul 2020
Macha. 2018. Education in the Philippines. https://wenr.wes.org/2018/03/education-in-the-
philippines; Retrieval Date: 02 Jul 2020
Malipot. 2019. Has change come to Philippine education? https://bit.ly/3eWIc4c; Retrieval Date: 02
Jul 2020
Vasquez. 2020. Online education during a pandemic. https://bit.ly/2VC4Rv1; Retrieval Date: 02 Jul
2020
5 Trends in Education to Watch out for in 2020. https://hospitalityinsights.ehl.edu/2020-education-
trends; Retrieval Date: 02 Jul 2020
Educational Trends and Issues. https://bit.ly/2VJEfbk; Retrieval Date: 02 Jul 2020
Issues Regarding the Educational System. https://bit.ly/2ZCasm4; Retrieval Date: 03 Jul 2020
Top 24 Educational Trends for 2020. https://www.edsys.in/educational-trends-for-2019/; Retrieval
Date: 02 Jul 2020

Ilovepdf Merged

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ilovepdf Merged

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

With the increasing use of technology, individuals are spending long hours sitting at desks.

A government is focusing on preventive healthcare to reduce the burden on the healthcare

A research institution is exploring AI applications for human augmentation, such as enhancing

Course Code: ITE101

Course Intended Learning Outcomes:

1. To understand and appreciate the role of AI;

Artificial Intelligence Trends and Issues

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science concerned in making computers

Speech recognition is a technology where computers recognize human language to perform

Understanding natural language allows computers to understand natural human languages.

Reynold, G. Ethics in Information Technology. Thompson Learning.

Course Code: ITE101

Course Intended Learning Outcomes:

E-Commerce Trends and Issues

Kalakota and Whinston (1997) define EC from these perspectives:

The benefits of ecommerce to merchants or organizations are as follows:

The benefits of ecommerce to consumers are as follows:

The disadvantages of ecommerce are as follows:

Major types of ECommerce

Benefits of B2C to Business

• Better customer support

Benefits of B2C to Consumers

Business-to-Business (B2B) is a kind of e-commerce that benefits companies. Purchases are a

B2B Electronic Commerce: Areas of Growth

Reynold, G. Ethics in Information Technology. Thompson Learning.

COVID-19 and E-Commerce | A Global Review

E-commerce Boom during the Covid-19 Pandemic

Course Code: ITE101

Course Title: Living in the IT Era

Learning Material for Week #: 16-17

Course Intended Learning Outcomes:

1. Define the different pros and cons in living in IT Era.

2. Familiarize the new trends and upcoming technologies.

3. Construct the possible future of information technology.

by higher education as well. Executive management courses, supplementary credentials, professional

in courses that they can easily learn while at work or at home.

• school administration meets online to follow-up on tasks

and to facilitate skills across different platforms and settings

Screenshot sourced by Rappler from the Department of Education

2. Integrated Learning Solutions

smartboard and connected to an online evaluation system.

limits of textbook approaches.

4. Professional Development of Teachers

evident at educational institutions in the public and private sectors.

5. Formative assessment solutions

increasingly choose formative assessment over traditional cookie-cutter methods.

6. Cost Management in Education

efficiency in the education sector.

7. The Changing Role of a Teacher

attention and help.

Issues Regarding the Educational System

The Philippines' educational system is plagued by a number of problems on a national level.

Budget for Education

Drop-out Rate (Out-of-school youth)

Lack of Facilities and Teacher Shortage in Public Schools

President Aquino discussed the government's achievement of a zero backlog in classroom

Issues regarding the K-12

You might also like