REVIEWER IN 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD

Third Quarter Examination

 The term “literature” came from the Latin word “literatura” which means “letters”.
 Before the Spaniards colonized the Philippines, the ancient Filipinos had already produced their own kind of
literature.
 The Spaniards introduced different dramas/plays that are mainly focused on Christian religion.
 The Spaniards believed that the Baybayin was a work of devil so they replaced it with Roman Alphabet.
 The Propaganda Movement and the Revolutionary Movement were the movements developed under the
Period of Enlightenment.
 During the first year of the American regime, the languages used in writing were Spanish and Tagalog.
 During the Japanese period, Philippine literature in English was stopped.
 The Japanese period was termed as the “Golden Age of Tagalog Literature.”
 Newspapers were used as a form of opposition during revolutions.
 Literature- It is a body of work, either written, oral, or visual, containing imaginative language that realistically
portrays the human condition's thoughts, emotions, and experiences.
 Non-fiction- Any publication or piece of media that strives to present information only about the real world.
 Pre-Colonial literature- The period before colonization of a region or territory.
 Literature during the pre-colonial period was handed down to us through word of mouth.
 Characteristics of Precolonial Texts:
a. Our unique geographic location is the reason or having rich and varied.
b. Most literary works in the pre-colonial period didn’t survive because they were written on
materials that easily perished, like the barks of trees, dried leaves and bamboo cylinders
c. Our forefathers already had their own literature before the Spaniards colonized the Philippines.
 Baybayin- earliest form of Filipino alphabet
 Chants- A literary genre which was used in enchantments and witchcraft
 Folksongs- A form of lyric which expresses the people’s hopes, aspirations, and lifestyles. It is usually repetitive
and sonorous, didactic and naïve in manner.
 Myths- This literary genre usually explains the creation of the world and mankind with the presence of
supernatural phenomenon and deities.
 Epic-It is a narrative poem that talks about the heroic deed of a character
 Proverbs- A statement of a particular culture’s codes of behavior and beliefs and intended to teach values
 Riddle- A guessing game of objects represented by other objects.
 Lullaby- These are sang to tack babies to sleep.
 The Spanish Period lasted for 333 years
 Korido- It is metrical tale written in octosyllabic quantrains. One of the best examples for this is Francisco
Baltazar’s Florante at Laura.
 Panunuluyan- This recreational play is focused on the search of the Virgin Mary and St. Joseph of an inn where
to deliver baby Jesus.
 Zarzuela- It is considered as the father of drama. It is a musical comedy which dealt with man’s passions and
emotions like love, hate, revenge, cruelty or some social or political problem.
 Cenaculo- This is a dramatic performance to commemorate the passion and death of Jesus Christ.
 Carillo- It is a shadow play and it is a form of entertainment on a moonless night during a town fiesta.
 Moro-moro- It is performed during town fiestas to entertain people and to remind them of their Christian
religion.
 Salubong- An easter play that dramatizes the meeting of the Risen Christ and his mother.
 Tibag- This ritual was brought here by Spaniards to remind the people about the search of St. Helena for the cross
on which Jesus died.
 Balagtasan- This replaced duplo. This is a poetic joust of skills in debate on a particular topic or issue and is held
in honor of Francisco Baltazar.
 Propaganda Movement- This movement aimed to seek changes and reforms and gave rise to Jose Rizal,
Marcelo H. Del Pilar and Graciano Lopez Jaena.
 Doctrina Cristiana- This was the first book printed in the Philippines in 1593 by Fr. Juan de Placencia. This
book contains collection of prayers.
 Jose Garcia Villa- He placed the Philippines on the literary map with the publication of his books in US.
 Justo Juliano- The author of Sursum Corda which was the first work published in English under the Period of
Re-orientation
 The dark period of Philippine Literature took place in Japanese Period.
 Haiku- This type of poem introduced in Japanese period is made up of 17 syllables divided into three lines (5-7-
5)
 Tanaga- This type of poem introduced in Japanese period has four lines and each line is composed of seven
syllables. It is short but it has measure and rhyme.
 During the Period of Activism, campus newspapers were written to show their protest.
 Liwayway Magazine- It is the oldest Tagalog magazine in the Philippines which was published in 1922.
 Characteristics of 21st Century literature:
a. A bulk of literature is made available via mass media including internet.
b. The new trends have been used and introduced to meet the need and taste of new generation.
c. New codes or lingos are used to add flavor in the literary pieces produced nowadays.
 Reader-response context- Key parts of the reader’s identity and significant life experiences can influence the
way they perceive the text.
 When literary works respond in some way to the society in which they were written, and most often (though not
always) that response takes the form of criticism, it is called Social Context.
 Question you should ask yourself when reading through biographical analysis: What were the circumstances
that happened to the author before the writing of the text?
 How a text has been shaped by significant events in the past is called Historical Context
 Cultural Context- Analyzing the traditions, norms, beliefs, nationality, and religion
 The question, “Who was in power at the time the text was produced?” is an example of Political Context