Selected Part 4 C11/15/17

C11T1S431

Ocean Biodiversity

Biodiversity hotspots
• areas containing many different species
• important for locating targets for 31 _________
• at first only identified on land

圈出每句话的 SVO 的中心词，理解相应的中文意思， 并分析空格处需要的词性。播放音频，听写出空格

处的单词，并同时反应出中文意思。订正完本页的内容之后再进下一页。
空格处只有一个单词（后面的所有题目都是这样）

I’ve been looking at ocean biodiversity, that's the _________ _________ _________ that live in the world's
_________. About 20 years ago biologists developed the idea of what they called biodiversity hotspots.
These are the areas which have the _________ mixture of species, so one example is Madagascar. These
hotspots are significant because they allow us to locate _________ _________ for focusing efforts at
_________. Biologists can identify hotspots on land, fairly easily, but until recently, very little was known
about species _________ and diversity in the oceans, and no one even knew if hotspots existed there.

I’ve been looking at ocean biodiversity, that's the diversity of species that live in the world's oceans. About
20 years ago biologists developed the idea of what they called biodiversity hotspots'. These are the areas
which have the greatest mixture of species, so one example is Madagascar. These hotspots are significant
because they allow us to locate key areas for. focusing efforts at conservation. Biologists can identify
hotspots on land, fairly easily, but until recently, very little was known about species distribution and diver-
sity in the oceans, and no one even knew if hotspots existed there.
C11T1S433

Ocean Biodiversity

Boris Worm, 2005

found that ocean hotspots:

- were not always rich in 32 _________

- had higher temperatures at the 33 _________
- had sufficient 34 _________ in the water

Lisa Ballance, 2007

- looked the hotspots for marine 35 _________

圈出每句话的 SVO 的中心词，理解相应的中文意思， 并分析空格处需要的词性。播放音频，听写出空格

处的单词，并同时反应出中文意思。订正完本页的内容之后再进下一页。
空格处只有一个单词（后面的所有题目都是这样）

Then a _________ biologist called Boris Worm did some research in 2005 on _________ on ocean species
that he got from the _________ _________. Worm located five hotspots for large ocean predators like
_________, and looked at what they had in common. The main thing he'd expected to find was that they
had very high _________ of food, but to his surprise that was only true for four of the hotspots - the re-
maining hotspot was quite badly off in that regard. But what he did find was that in all cases, the
_________ at the _________ of the ocean had relatively high _________, even when it was cool at greater
depths, so this seemed to be a factor in supporting a _________ _________ of these large predators. How-
ever, this wasn't enough on its own, because he also found that the water needed to have enough
_________ in it - so these two factors seemed necessary to support the high metabolic _________ of these
large fish.

A couple of years later, in 2007, a researcher called Lisa Ballance, who was working in California, also
started looking for ocean hotspots, but not for fish - what she was interested in was _________
_________, things like seals.

Then a Canadian biologist called Boris Worm did some research in 2005 on data on ocean species that he
got from the fishing industry. Worm located five hotspots for large ocean predators like sharks, and looked
at what they had in common. The main thing he'd expected to find was that they had very high concentra-
tions of food, but to his surprise that was only true for four of the hotspots - the remaining hotspot was
quite badly off in that regard. But what he did find was that in all cases, the water at the surface of the
ocean had relatively high temperatures, even when it was cool at greater depths, so this seemed to be a
factor in supporting a diverse range of these large predators. However, this wasn't enough on its own, be-
cause he also found that the water needed to have enough oxygen in it - so these two factors seemed nec-
essary to support the high metabolic rate of these large fish.
A couple of years later, in 2007, a researcher called Lisa Ballance, who was working in California, also
started looking for ocean hotspots, but not for fish - what she was interested in was marine mammals,
things like seals.
C15T1S431

The Eucalyptus Tree in Australia

Importance
• its provides 31 _________ and food for a wide range of species
• its leaves provide 32 _________ which is used to make a disinfectant

圈出每句话的 SVO 的中心词，理解相应的中文意思， 并分析空格处需要的词性。播放音频，听写出空格

处的单词，并同时反应出中文意思。订正完本页的内容之后再进下一页。
空格处只有一个单词（后面的所有题目都是这样）

Today I'm going to talk about the eucalyptus tree. This is a very common tree here in _________, where it's
also sometimes called the gum tree. First l'm going to talk about why it's important, then I'm going to de-
scribe some problems it faces at present.

Right, well the eucalyptus tree is an important tree for lots of reasons. For example, it gives _________ to
creatures like birds and _________, and these and other species also depend on it for food, particularly the
nectar from its _________. So it supports _________. It's useful to us humans too, because we can kill
_________ with a disinfectant made from _________ extracted from eucalyptus _________.

Today I'm going to talk about the eucalyptus tree. This is a very common tree here in Australia, where it's
also sometimes called the gum tree. First l'm going to talk about why it's important, then I'm going to de-
scribe some problems it faces at present.

Right, well the eucalyptus tree is an important tree for lots of reasons. For example, it gives shelter to crea-
tures like birds and bats, and these and other species also depend on it for food, particularly the nectar
from its flowers. So it supports biodiversity. It's useful to us humans too, because we can kill germs with a
disinfectant made from oil extracted from eucalyptus leaves.
C15T1S435

The Eucalyptus Tree in Australia

Reasons for present decline in number

Bushfires
William Jackson’s theory:
• high-frequency bushfires have impact on vegetation, resulting in the growth of 35 _________
• mid-frequency bushfires result in the growth of eucalyptus forests

圈出每句话的 SVO 的中心词，理解相应的中文意思， 并分析空格处需要的词性。播放音频，听写出空格

处的单词，并同时反应出中文意思。订正完本页的内容之后再进下一页。
空格处只有一个单词（后面的所有题目都是这样）

But experts say that trees can start looking sick before any sign of Bell-miner Associated Die-back. So it
looks as if the problem might have another _________. One possibility is that it's to do with the huge bush-
fires that we have in Australia. A theory proposed over 40 years ago by ecologist William Jackson is that the
frequency of bushfires in a particular region affects the type of _________ that grows there. If there are
very frequent bushfires in a region, this encourages _________ to grow afterwards, while if the bushfires
are rather less frequent, this results in the growth of eucalyptus _________.

But experts say that trees can start looking sick before any sign of Bell-miner Associated Die-back. So it
looks as if the problem might have another explanation. One possibility is that it's to do with the huge
bushfires that we have in Australia. A theory proposed over 40 years ago by ecologist William Jackson is
that the frequency of bushfires in a particular region affects the type of vegetation that grows there. If
there are very frequent bushfires in a region, this encourages grass to grow afterwards, while if the bush-
fires are rather less frequent, this results in the growth of eucalyptus forests.
C17T4S434
Maple Syrup

Early maple sugar producers

• made holes in the tree trunks
• used tree bark to make containers for collection
• used hot 34 _________ to heat the sap

圈出每句话的 SVO 的中心词，理解相应的中文意思， 并分析空格处需要的词性。播放音频，听写出空格

处的单词，并同时反应出中文意思。订正完本页的内容之后再进下一页。
空格处只有一个单词（后面的所有题目都是这样）

So how did maple syrup _________ begin? Well, long before Europeans settled in these parts of the world,
the indigenous communities had started producing maple _________. They bored _________ in the trunks
of maple trees and used _________ made of tree _________ to collect the liquid sap as it poured out. As
they were unable to keep the liquid for any length of time - they didn't have storage _________ in those
days - they boiled the liquid by placing _________ _________ _________ that had become scorching
_________ from the sun into the sap. They did this until it turned into sugar, and they were then able to
use this to sweeten their food and drinks. Since that time, _________ have been made to the _________,
but it has changed very little overall.

So how did maple syrup production begin? Well, long before Europeans settled in these parts of the world,
the indigenous communities had started producing maple sugar. They bored holes in the trunks of maple
trees and used containers made of tree bark to collect the liquid sap as it poured out. As they were unable
to keep the liquid for any length of time - they didn't have storage facilities in those days - they boiled the
liquid by placing pieces of rock that had become scorching hot from the sun into the sap. They did this until
it turned into sugar, and they were then able to use this to sweeten their food and drinks. Since that time,
improvements have been made to the process, but it has changed very little overall.
C17T4S436
Maple Syrup

The production

• A tap is drilled into the trunk and a 36 _________ carries the sap into a bucket.
• Large pans of sap called evaporators are heated by means of a 37 _________.
• A lot of 38 _________ is produced during the evaporation process.

圈出每句话的 SVO 的中心词，理解相应的中文意思， 并分析空格处需要的词性。播放音频，听写出空格

处的单词，并同时反应出中文意思。订正完本页的内容之后再进下一页。
空格处只有一个单词（后面的所有题目都是这样）

When the tree is ready, it can be tapped and this involves drilling a small _________ into the trunk and in-
serting a _________ into it that ends in a bucket. The trees can often take several taps, though the workers
take care not to cause any damage to the healthy growth of the tree itself. The sap that comes out of the
trees consists of 98 percent water and 2 percent sugar and other _________. It has to be boiled so that
much of that water _________, and this process has to take place immediately, using what are called evap-
orators. These are basically extremely large pans - the sap is poured into these, a _________ is built and the
pans are then heated until the sap boils. As it does this, the water evaporates, and the syrup begins to
form. The evaporation process creates large quantities of _________, and the sap becomes _________ and
denser, and, at just the right moment, when the sap is thick enough to be called maple syrup, the worker
removes it from the heat.

When the tree is ready, it can be tapped and this involves drilling a small hole into the trunk and inserting a
tube into it that ends in a bucket. The trees can often take several taps, though the workers take care not to
cause any damage to the healthy growth of the tree itself. The sap that comes out of the trees consists of
98 percent water and 2 percent sugar and other nutrients. It has to be boiled so that much of that water
evaporates, and this process has to take place immediately, using what are called evaporators. These are
basically extremely large pans - the sap is poured into these, a fire is built and the pans are then heated un-
til the sap boils. As it does this, the water evaporates, and the syrup begins to form. The evaporation
process creates large quantities of steam, and the sap becomes thicker and denser, and, at just the right
moment, when the sap is thick enough to be called maple syrup, the worker removes it from the heat.