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Course name: Pakistan Studies Level: BS Pakistan Studies

Course Code: 9374 Semester: Spring 2023
Assignment: 2 Due Date: 29-09-2023
Total Assignment: 2 Late Date: 29-09-2023

‫اجنےساتکںیبںیہنآریہںیہ۔وہہبلط مہاریرسوسکذرعیااسٹنمنئاوراحتمناتیکایتریکےیل‬
‫نجہبلطیکویوینریٹسیک ب‬
‫ے‬ ‫ٹٹ‬ ‫ے‬
‫یک ببرھگےھٹیباحلصرکتکسںیہ۔بتکیک ڈ‬
‫ادارککآرڈررکواتکسںیہ۔زیناہھتےس‬200‫رپنتمیقکالعوہمزیڈڈاکخزہچ‬
‫ئم ٹ‬
03096696159‫یھکلوہیئاورالیامیاسییکوسٹفااس نٹسآرڈررپدایتسبںیہ۔رصفواسٹانرپراہطبرکی‬
‫ٹ‬
03096696159‫اسالکسکالخہصنانانااسٹنمنئاحلصرکےنکےیلراہطبرکی۔رصفواسٹانرپراہطبرکی‬

Q.1 Highlight the important problems faced by Pakistan in the initial days of
her establishment. What was the role of Muhammad Ali Jinnah as the governor
general in this regard?

Answer:

Pakistan, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, was established on August 14, 1947.
Pakistan came into being after a long struggle of the Muslims of the subcontinent
under the dynamic and vibrant leadership of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah,
which was achieved after the partition of India. However, the creation of Pakistan was
not an easy task, as it brought along many challenges and problems that Pakistan had
to face in the initial days of its establishment.

Some of the significant problems faced by Pakistan in its early days were mainly due
to the aftermath of the partition of India, which included administrative, social,
political, and economic problems.

Administrative Problems

One of the most significant administrative problems faced by Pakistan at the time of its
inception was the inadequate administrative and bureaucratic infrastructure. The
Indian Civil Service was the primary source of administrative support in the Indian
subcontinent. However, after the partition of India, the Indian Civil Service was
divided into two groups, with most of the Muslim officers leaving to join Pakistan.
This led to a severe shortage of administrative expertise in Pakistan.
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Moreover, the administrative machinery of Pakistan lacked resources and facilities.

There was no proper system of governance, and the people lacked access to basic
necessities such as clean water, electricity, and healthcare. This lack of infrastructure
affected the delivery of services and resulted in poor governance.

Social Problems

The partition of India caused significant social unrest and violence, which led to
massive dislocation of people on both sides. Millions of people were displaced, and
thousands lost their lives, leaving deep scars on the social fabric of the region. This
created a massive influx of refugees on both sides of the border, leading to
overcrowding and inadequate living conditions.

Moreover, Pakistan inherited a society divided along linguistic, ethnic, and religious
lines. At the time of partition, the majority of Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India, and
the majority of Muslims migrated to Pakistan. This resulted in a divided society where
people of different ethnicities and cultures had to learn to live together. Pakistan had to
establish a national identity despite the diverse ethnicities and languages of its people.

Political Problems

Pakistan faced significant political problems in its initial days. The country lacked a
democratic system, and the absence of a constitution created a legal vacuum that made
it difficult to govern the country effectively. In addition, the political process was
further complicated by ethnic and linguistic divisions, as different communities vied
for political power.

Moreover, the absence of a strong political leadership further exacerbated the

situation. Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the only politician with a national stature who
was capable of leading the country. However, he died just a year after Pakistan's
creation, leaving a political vacuum that was not filled for several years.

Economic Problems

Pakistan inherited a weak economy from British India. The country lacked industries,
and the majority of the population was engaged in agriculture. The partition of India
also disrupted the economic structure of the region, leading to widespread poverty and
unemployment. Moreover, the division of resources between India and Pakistan
further weakened Pakistan's economy.

The Role of Muhammad Ali Jinnah as Governor-General

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Muhammad Ali Jinnah played a vital role as the governor-general of Pakistan in

addressing the problems faced by Pakistan in its initial days. Jinnah took immediate
steps to address the administrative problems faced by Pakistan. He set up an
administrative structure and appointed competent administrators to key positions. He
also encouraged the bureaucracy to work efficiently and effectively to serve the
people's needs.

Jinnah also played a significant role in addressing social problems. He emphasized

national unity and promoted a sense of belonging among the diverse ethnic groups and
religions. He persuaded the refugees to assimilate into the local communities and
encouraged them to rebuild their lives in Pakistan.

Jinnah also played a crucial role in shaping Pakistan's political structure. He

emphasized democracy and worked to establish a democratic system in Pakistan. He
pushed for the adoption of a constitution that would provide a legal framework for
governance. However, the political instability and ethnic divisions that plagued the
country made it difficult to achieve this goal.

In addition, Jinnah also recognized the importance of economic development to

Pakistan's success. He encouraged the development of industries and infrastructure and
sought to establish trade relations with other countries. Jinnah also recognized the
importance of education and pushed for the establishment of schools and universities
to promote literacy and education among the people.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Pakistan faced many challenges and problems in its initial days. The
country suffered from administrative, social, political, and economic problems.
However, Muhammad Ali Jinnah played a significant role in addressing these
challenges. He took immediate action to establish an administrative structure,
promoted national unity, emphasized democracy, and encouraged economic
development. Jinnah's vision and leadership helped to lay the foundation for Pakistan's
development and progress.

Q.2 Keeping in view the position of infrastructure in Pakistan, describe the

urban and rural issues of the country.

Answer:

Pakistan is a country that has seen significant changes in recent years. Extreme
weather conditions, a rising population, and increasing urbanization have put a strain
on the country's infrastructure. The country has a mixed economy and its infrastructure
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is not developed enough to meet the demands of its population. Pakistan is a country
with a vast rural area and a growing urban population, making it challenging to
balance the infrastructure needs of both regions.

Urban Issues:

Urbanization has been a significant issue in Pakistan over the past decade, with the
population of major cities growing at an alarming rate. The urban areas of the country
are congested and suffer from an inadequate infrastructure system. The country's roads
and highways are poorly constructed, causing traffic congestion and accidents.
Inadequate public transport facilities, including buses and trains, have led to the
uncontrolled use of private vehicles, which has further intensified the traffic.

The urban areas of the country also suffer from inadequate housing for a rapidly
growing population. The rise of slums and squatter settlements have contributed to an
increase in urban poverty, which makes it harder for the government to provide
sufficient infrastructure. The inadequate water supply, sewage, and waste management
systems have increased the risk of waterborne diseases and have made the urban areas
unhygienic and polluted.

Furthermore, the increasing use of private vehicles has led to air pollution, with the
urban areas frequently exceeding the World Health Organization's recommended air
pollution levels. The inadequate drainage system causes flooding during rain, causing
immense damage to the infrastructure.

Rural Issues:

Pakistan's rural areas have their own set of infrastructure issues, which are different
from the urban areas. Despite agriculture being the backbone of the country's
economy, the rural areas still suffer from inadequate development projects. The rural
roads and highways are poorly constructed, leading to difficulties in transporting
goods and services to and from villages. The inadequate water supply and sanitation
services have led to an increase in waterborne diseases, especially in the rural
population.

The rural areas of Pakistan also suffer from inadequate electricity supply, with many
villages still having no access to electricity. This has caused the education and health
sector of the country to suffer, with students unable to study or attend school in dark
hours.

Moreover, the country's rural areas also suffer from a lack of healthcare facilities,
including hospitals and clinics. The rural population is often unable to access medical
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facilities in times of need. The inadequate healthcare system has led to an increase in
maternal and infant mortality rates in the rural areas.

Infrastructure Challenges:

Pakistan faces considerable challenges in improving its infrastructure. The country's

infrastructure is in dire need of investment to meet the increasing demand of its
growing population. The following are the key challenges that need to be addressed to
improve Pakistan's infrastructure.

Limited Resources:

The government of Pakistan is unable to allocate adequate resources towards

infrastructure development, due to limited funds. The government chiefly depends on
foreign aid and debt to finance the country's infrastructure development projects. This
dependence on foreign aid often leads to high-interest rates on loans, which the
country struggles to repay.

Lack of Investment:

The investment in Pakistan's infrastructure has been very low in recent years. The
government, as well as the private sector, are not giving priority to infrastructure
investment. This lack of investment has caused the existing infrastructure to become
obsolete and unable to meet the needs of the growing population.

Lack of Coordination:

The lack of coordination between the various government departments has led to
ineffective infrastructure development projects. Fragmented activities often lead to
duplication of efforts, incomplete projects, and mismanagement of funds. The
coordination required between the federal and provincial governments is also lacking,
with many projects being left incomplete due to this lack of coordination.

Poor Governance:

Corruption and mismanagement are major issues in Pakistan's governance framework.

The country's governance system is often plagued by corruption, which has led to the
misallocation of funds for infrastructure development projects. The country's
bureaucratic red tape also hinders the smooth implementation of infrastructure
development projects.

Conclusion:
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Pakistan's infrastructure is crucial to its development, and its poor state has caused
many issues in the urban and rural areas. Inadequate infrastructure is a major
contributor to the country's economic and social challenges. Pakistan needs to
prioritize infrastructure development, with a focus on sustainable development. The
government needs to increase its investment and improve coordination between the
government departments, as well as work toward stopping corruption. The private
sector can also play a crucial role in infrastructure development by investing in public-
private partnerships. Addressing these infrastructure challenges will help improve the
quality of life and bring economic benefits to the country as a whole.

Q.3 Describe the role of fertilizer and automobile industry in Pakistan.

Answer:

The fertilizer industry plays a vital role in Pakistan's economy. It is a key sector in the
agricultural economy and contributes significantly to the country's GDP. Fertilizers are
used to increase crop production and help farmers to grow higher yields. In addition to
this, the fertilizer industry is also crucial for the growth of other industries such as food
processing and textile industries.

Fertilizer Industry in Pakistan:

Pakistan's fertilizer industry comprises of two main segments: nitrogenous and

phosphatic fertilizers. Nitrogenous fertilizers are used to supply nitrogen to crops,
while phosphatic fertilizers are used to supply phosphorus. The industry is dominated
by four major players, which include:

1. Engro Fertilizers Limited 2. Fauji Fertilizer Company Limited (FFCL)

3. Fatima Fertilizer Company Limited 4. Pakarab Fertilizers Limited

These companies together account for almost 80% of the total fertilizer production in
Pakistan.

The Role of Fertilizer Industry in Pakistan's Economy:

The fertilizer industry plays a significant role in Pakistan's economy as it is a key

sector in the agricultural economy. The major crops grown in Pakistan include wheat,
rice, cotton, sugarcane, and maize. These crops require a high amount of nutrients such
as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Fertilizers play a vital role in providing these
nutrients to crops.
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In addition to this, the fertilizer industry also contributes to the growth of other
industries such as food processing and textile industries. The food processing industry
is the largest manufacturing industry in Pakistan, and it relies on agriculture for raw
materials. Therefore, the growth of the fertilizer industry has a significant impact on
the growth of the food processing industry. Similarly, the textile industry is the largest
export industry in Pakistan, and it also relies on agriculture for the supply of raw
materials.

The growth of the fertilizer industry has also led to the development of the transport
and logistics sector in Pakistan. The fertilizer industry requires large quantities of raw
materials such as natural gas and phosphoric acid. Therefore, the transportation and
logistics sector plays a crucial role in the growth of the fertilizer industry.

Challenges Faced by the Fertilizer Industry in Pakistan:

The fertilizer industry in Pakistan faces several challenges that hinder its growth and
development. The major challenges faced by the industry include:

1. High Cost of Production:

The high cost of production is a significant challenge faced by the fertilizer industry in
Pakistan. The industry relies on natural gas as its primary source of energy, and the
prices of natural gas are volatile. Therefore, the high cost of natural gas affects the cost
of production of fertilizers.

2. Limited Raw Material Availability:

The fertilizer industry relies on raw materials such as natural gas, phosphoric acid, and
sulfur. The availability of these raw materials is limited in Pakistan, and the industry
has to rely on imports to meet its demand.

3. Inadequate Infrastructure:

The inadequate infrastructure is another challenge faced by the fertilizer industry in

Pakistan. The industry requires reliable and efficient transportation and logistics
systems to transport its raw materials and finished products. However, the transport
infrastructure in Pakistan is inadequate, which affects the industry's growth and
development.

4. Lack of Research and Development:

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The fertilizer industry in Pakistan lacks research and development activities. The
industry needs to invest in research and development to develop new and innovative
fertilizers that are more efficient and cost-effective.

Automobile Industry in Pakistan:

The automobile industry is one of the fastest-growing industries in Pakistan. The

industry has witnessed significant growth over the last few decades, and it has become
a major contributor to the country's economy.

The Automobile Industry in Pakistan:

The automobile industry in Pakistan comprises of two main segments: cars and
commercial vehicles. The car segment is dominated by three major players, which
include:

1. Pak Suzuki Motors

2. Indus Motor Company Limited (IMC)

3. Honda Atlas Cars Pakistan Limited

These companies together account for almost 90% of the total car production in
Pakistan. The commercial vehicle segment is dominated by two major players, which
include:

1. HinoPak Motors Limited

2. Master Motors Limited

The Role of the Automobile Industry in Pakistan's Economy:

The automobile industry plays a crucial role in Pakistan's economy. The industry
contributes significantly to the country's GDP and provides employment opportunities
to thousands of people. The industry is also crucial for the growth of other industries
such as the steel and rubber industries.

In addition to this, the automobile industry is also crucial for the development of the
transportation and logistics sector in Pakistan. The growth of the automobile industry
has led to the development of the transport and logistics sector, which is crucial for the
growth of other industries.

The Challenges Faced by the Automobile Industry in Pakistan:

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The automobile industry in Pakistan faces several challenges that hinder its growth and
development. The major challenges faced by the industry include:

1. High Taxes and Duties:

The high taxes and duties are a significant challenge faced by the automobile industry
in Pakistan. The government imposes high taxes and duties on the import of raw
materials and finished products, which increases the cost of production.

2. Inadequate Infrastructure:

The inadequate infrastructure is another challenge faced by the automobile industry in

Pakistan. The industry requires reliable and efficient transportation and logistics
systems to transport its raw materials and finished products. However, the transport
infrastructure in Pakistan is inadequate, which affects the industry's growth and
development.

3. Limited Access to Capital:

The automobile industry in Pakistan faces limited access to capital. The industry
requires significant investment to set up new manufacturing plants and develop new
products. However, the limited access to capital restricts the industry's growth and
development.

4. Low Localization:

The localization of the automobile industry in Pakistan is low. The industry relies
heavily on imports to meet its demand for raw materials and finished products. This
increases the cost of production and affects the industry's competitiveness.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the fertilizer and automobile industries play a vital role in Pakistan's
economy. The fertilizer industry is a key sector in the agricultural economy, while the
automobile industry is crucial for the growth of other industries. These industries face
several challenges that hinder their growth and development. Therefore, the
government needs to address these challenges and create a conducive environment for
the growth and development of these industries. By doing so, the government can
promote economic growth and create employment opportunities for the people of
Pakistan.

Q.4 “China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is the largest investment

project between Pakistan and China”. Discuss the statement.
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Answer:

China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a colossal project that has been initiated
by both Pakistan and China. CPEC is a part of China's ambitious One Belt, One Road
initiative (OBOR) which aims to revive the ancient Silk Road by establishing a
network of trade and transportation infrastructure connecting China to Europe, Asia,
and Africa. CPEC is the flagship project of OBOR and is widely regarded as a game-
changer for Pakistan and the region. The project is touted as the largest investment
project between Pakistan and China, and rightly so.

The Motives behind CPEC

China and Pakistan have enjoyed a long-standing, all-weather friendship. The two
countries have cooperated in the fields of defense, technology, and trade for decades.
CPEC is a product of this long-standing friendship and aims to take it to the next level.
However, there are other motives behind the project as well.

For China, CPEC is an important part of its OBOR initiative. China believes that
OBOR will help it to overcome the challenges of sluggish domestic growth and
achieve its goal of becoming a global superpower. China sees Pakistan as a strategic
partner in this endeavor. Pakistan provides China with a gateway to the Middle East,
Africa, and Europe. China wants to expand its influence in these regions, and CPEC
provides the perfect opportunity.

Pakistan, on the other hand, sees CPEC as a game-changer for its economy. Pakistan is
a developing country with a troubled economy. It has struggled to attract foreign
investment due to its reputation as an unstable and insecure country. CPEC provides
Pakistan with a unique opportunity to revamp its economy. The project promises to
create thousands of jobs, boost economic growth, and improve the country's
infrastructure. In addition, CPEC also promises to address Pakistan's energy crisis by
adding 10,000 MW of electricity to the national grid.

The Significance of CPEC

CPEC is a strategic project that promises to bring significant benefits to both Pakistan
and China. The project has the potential to transform the region by boosting economic
growth, encouraging regional integration, and improving transportation infrastructure.

Economic Growth: CPEC is expected to generate billions of dollars in investment and

trade opportunities. The project has the potential to transform Pakistan's economy by
creating jobs, boosting foreign investment, and improving infrastructure. The project
aims to create employment opportunities for up to 2 million people in Pakistan. In
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addition, CPEC will provide access to new markets, which will encourage trade and
investment between Pakistan and China. CPEC is also expected to boost Pakistan's
GDP by 2-3%.

Regional Integration: CPEC aims to promote regional integration by improving

transportation infrastructure. The project will connect China to the Middle East,
Africa, and Europe, providing a gateway for trade and transportation. CPEC will also
help Pakistan to establish itself as a regional hub for trade and commerce.

Infrastructure: CPEC promises to improve Pakistan's infrastructure significantly. The

project includes the construction of highways, railways, airports, and fiber optic
networks. The project aims to improve transportation infrastructure in Pakistan, which
will facilitate trade and commerce.

Progress Made So Far

CPEC was officially launched in 2015 and has made significant progress in the last
few years. Some of the major projects that have been completed or are under
construction include:

1. Gwadar Port: Gwadar Port is a key component of CPEC. The port has been
upgraded, and new terminals have been constructed to improve its capacity.

2. Energy Projects: Several energy projects have been completed or are under
construction. These projects aim to address Pakistan's energy crisis by adding 10,000
MW of electricity to the national grid.

3. Road and Rail Projects: Several road and rail projects have been initiated under
CPEC. The most significant one is the construction of a new highway that will connect
Gwadar to Karachi.

4. Fiber Optic Network: A fiber optic network is being laid under CPEC to improve
Pakistan's connectivity with China and the rest of the world.

5. Industrial Parks: Several industrial parks are being constructed along the CPEC
route to promote investment and boost economic growth.

Challenges Ahead

Despite the progress made so far, CPEC still faces several challenges. Some of the
major challenges include:
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Security: The security situation in Pakistan is a major challenge for CPEC. The
project passes through areas that are prone to terrorist attacks, which poses a
significant risk to the project.

Cost: The cost of the project is another challenge for CPEC. The project is estimated
to cost over $62 billion, which is a significant amount for both Pakistan and China.

Political Instability: Political instability in Pakistan is also a challenge for CPEC. The
project requires political stability to ensure its success.

Conclusion

CPEC is a landmark project that promises to transform Pakistan's economy and boost
regional integration. The project is the largest investment project between Pakistan and
China and has the potential to bring significant benefits to both countries. The project
has made significant progress so far, but it still faces some challenges. The success of
CPEC will depend on how well these challenges are tackled by both Pakistan and
China.

Q.5 Highlight the relations between Pakistan and former USSR/ Russia.

Answer:

Pakistan and the former Soviet Union/Russia are two countries that have a complicated
relationship. The relationship has seen several ups and downs, starting from the
inception of Pakistan in 1947. Pakistan and the Soviet Union/Russia have both strived
to maintain stable relations despite the challenges they have faced over the years.

Background

Pakistan was created in 1947 when the British Raj was partitioned into two separate
states; India and Pakistan. The Soviet Union was one of the first countries to recognize
Pakistan's independence and established diplomatic relations with Pakistan in 1948.
However, relations between the two countries remained cool as Pakistan aligned itself
with the United States during the Cold War.

During the Cold War, the Soviet Union was a leading communist superpower while
the United States was a leading capitalist superpower. Therefore, Pakistan and the
Soviet Union were on opposite sides of the conflict. Pakistan's close ties with the
United States resulted in a mistrust between Pakistan and the Soviet Union, which
lasted for several decades.

The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

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The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 marked a turning point in Pakistan and
Soviet Union relations. The Soviet Union's aggression in Afghanistan was viewed as a
direct threat to Pakistan's security and led to a significant shift in Pakistan's foreign
policy. Pakistan became a key player in the fight against the Soviet Union in
Afghanistan. Pakistan provided the United States and other Western countries with
logistic and military support.

During the Soviet Union's war in Afghanistan, the United States provided Pakistan
with billions of dollars in aid and weapons. Pakistan became a crucial staging ground
for the United States to funnel weapons and money to Afghan rebels, who were
fighting against the Soviet Union. Pakistan provided the Afghan rebels with training,
weapons, and other types of support.

The Soviet Union's withdrawal from Afghanistan in 1989 marked the end of the Cold
War and the beginning of a new era of relations between Pakistan and Russia. The
Soviet Union's disintegration in 1991 led to the emergence of a new Russian
federation, which inherited the Soviet Union's foreign policy and objectives.

Post-Soviet Era Relations

The post-Soviet era marked a shift in Pakistan's foreign policy towards Russia.
Pakistan's foreign policy objective changed from containing Soviet expansionism to
building economic and political relations with post-Soviet Russia. Pakistan and Russia
began to explore ways of improving their bilateral relations. In 1999, Russian
President Boris Yeltsin visited Pakistan, which marked the first official visit by a
Russian head of state to Pakistan.

Despite the changes in Pakistan's foreign policy objectives, relations between Pakistan
and Russia remained cool until the early 2000s. The two countries had different
priorities, with Russia focusing on rebuilding its economy and asserting itself as a
major power while Pakistan was focused on its own domestic issues, including the
War on Terror.

The War on Terror

The War on Terror marked a significant shift in Pakistan and Russia's relations. Both
countries became united in their fight against terrorism, which was viewed as a global
threat. After the 9/11 attacks, Russia provided Pakistan with diplomatic and military
support in the fight against terrorism. Russia's support for Pakistan was crucial for
Pakistan's efforts to combat terrorism.
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Pakistan and Russia also collaborated in areas of economic and military cooperation.
In 2004, Pakistan and Russia signed a military cooperation agreement, which allowed
for the sale of Russian arms to Pakistan. Russia supplied Pakistan with helicopters,
fighter jets, and other military equipment that Pakistan needed to fight terrorism.

In 2010, Russia and Pakistan signed a strategic partnership agreement, which aimed to
enhance cooperation in areas of countering terrorism, trade, and energy. The
agreement marked a significant milestone in Pakistan and Russia's relations, which
had been strained for several decades.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Pakistan and former USSR/Russia's relations have been complicated,

marked by mistrust, and a lack of cooperation. Pakistan's close ties with the United
States during the Cold War resulted in a mistrust between Pakistan and the Soviet
Union, which lasted for several decades. However, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
in 1979 marked a turning point in Pakistan and Soviet Union relations. Pakistan
became a key player in the fight against the Soviet Union in Afghanistan, which led to
a significant shift in Pakistan's foreign policy.

The post-Soviet era marked a shift in Pakistan's foreign policy towards Russia.
Pakistan's foreign policy objective changed from containing Soviet expansionism to
building economic and political relations with post-Soviet Russia. Pakistan and Russia
began to explore ways of improving their bilateral relations. However, relations
between Pakistan and Russia remained cool until the early 2000s.

The War on Terror marked a significant shift in Pakistan and Russia's relations. Both
countries became united in their fight against terrorism, which was viewed as a global
threat. Pakistan and Russia collaborated in areas of economic and military cooperation,
which marked a significant milestone in Pakistan and Russia's relations that had been
strained for several decades. Despite the challenges, both countries continue to explore
ways of improving their bilateral relations and enhancing cooperation in areas of
mutual interest.