BIODIVERSITY

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VARNIKA AVNI EKTA TANVI PIYUSH

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 BIODIVERSITY
Biodiversity ensures that living things are able to
thrive here on Earth. Biodiversity loss is more than
just the extinction of rare species, an idea that may
sound remote and so removed from our everyday
lives. What many do not realise is that it directly
affects humans as well. Loss of biodiversity
disrupts the essential mechanisms needed for
food production, health maintenance, and climate
regulation.
CONCEPT OF BIODIVERSITY
Walter G. Rosen in 1986.
Greek word BIOS=LIFE and Latin word
DIVERSITAS = VARIETY or
DIFFERENCE.
VARIETY OF LIFE.
The number of plants, animals and
other organisms that exist in an
ecosystem
Depends on the climatic conditions and
area of the region
3.5 billion years of evolution
 TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY

GENETIC SPECIES ECOSYSTEM

BIODIVERSITY BIODIVERSITY BIODIVERSITY
GENETIC BIODIVERSITY
Genetic diversity: genetic variability or
diversity within a species
Amount of variation in genetic material
(DNA) within species.
The magnitude of variation in genes of a
species increases with increase in size
and environmental parameters of the
habitat
 SPECIES BIODIVERSITY
Species biodiversity: Diversity between
different species
• It describes the variety in the number and
abundance of the species within a region
• To accurately determine species diversity,
both the species richness, which is the
number of different species, and the relative
abundance, which is the number of individuals
within each species, must be considered
• The species richness depends largely on
climatic conditions.
 ECOSYSTEM BIODIVERSITY
Ecosystem diversity: diversity
between different region
• Interaction of spices living
together.
• Diversity within the ecosystem.
• For example, the landscapes like
grass lands, deserts, mountains etc.
show ecosystem diversity
BIODIVERSITY : DISTRIBUTION
Distributed all over the world
IMPORTANCE:-
Helps ecosystems function properly
Provides resources
Contributes to well-being.

Protecting biodiversity means safeguarding the web of

life that sustains us all.
• Depends on various factors like-temperature,
altitude, soils etc.
• Higher in the tropics and lower in polar regions.
• Terrestrial biodiversity is thought to be up to 25
times greater than ocean biodiversity.
Biodiversity & Balance of
Nature

Balance of Nature:
Natural harmony or equilibrium that exists in ecosystems when all
the different plants, animals, and other organisms interact with
each other.
This balance ensures that each species has what it needs to survive
and that no one species becomes too dominant or too scarce.

Biodiversity and Balance of Nature: Biodiversity is crucial for

maintaining the balance of nature. In a diverse forest, there are many
different kinds of plants and animals, each doing its own thing.
 Ecological Stability
Every species has a specific role in
an ecosystem. They capture and
store energy and also produce and
decompose organic matter. The
ecosystem supports the services
without which humans cannot
survive. A diverse ecosystem is more
productive and can withstand
environmental stress.
Economic Importance
Biodiversity is a reservoir of
resources for the manufacture of
food, cosmetic products
andpharmaceuticals.
Crops livestock, fishery, and forests
preserves different cultures
are a rich sources of food.
Wild plants such as Cinchona and
Foxglove plant are used for
medicinal purposes..
Ethical Importance
All species have a right to
exist. Humans should not
cause their voluntary
extinction. Biodiversity
and spiritual heritage.
Therefore, it is very
important to conserve
biodiversity.
 THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
Loss of Habitat
Destruction of habitats due to clearing of forests and
grasslands for agricultural lands, pastures, settlement
areas or project development lead to loss of habitat.
These factors are responsible for the disappearance of
thousands of species. According to the world Health
Organisation (WHO) estimates, about 80% of the
population of developing countries relies on traditional
medicines, mostly drugs from plants.

Poaching of wild life

The illegal commercial hunting is called poaching.
There are two types of hunting subsistence hunting
(killing animals for food) and sport hunting (killing
animals to sell their meat, fur, horns, tusks etc.).
 Man-Animal conflicts
Sometimes, wild animals threaten human beings. This
leads to conflict between wild life and man. For
example elephant in Sambalpur, Orissa killed 195
humans in 5 years. The villagers killed 98 elephants in
retaliation and injured 30 elephants

Extinction
Extinction is the global loss of a species. Five mass
extinctions have occurred in geological history, and
extinction rates were particular high during these
events. Earth is currently experiencing a sixth mass
extinction, which is driven by human activities.
CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY
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INDIA’S BIODIVERSITY
India is one of the recognized mega-
diverse countries of the world,
harbouring nearly 7-8% of the recorded
species of the world, and representing 4
of the 34 globally identified biodiversity
hotspots (Himalaya, Indo-Burma,
Western Ghats and Sri Lanka,
Sundaland).
Inventories of floral an India’s global
ranking is tenth in birds, with 69 species;
fifth in reptiles with 156 species; and
seventh in amphibians with 110 species
 India is blessed with rich fish diversity
that dwells in the inland waters. The
major rivers of India and their tributaries
traverse through varied geoclimatic
zones, displaying high diversity in their
biotic and abiotic characteristics
throughout their 28,000 km linear drift.
The current distribution of 783 species of
freshwater
BIODIVERSITYHOTSPOTS
India is known for its rich biodiversity
and has around 24.46% of its
geographical area covered by forests
and trees.
Biodiversity hotspots are regions
that contain a high level of species
diversity, many endemic species
(species not found anywhere else in
the world) and a significant number
of threatened or endangered species.
 There are major four biodiversity hotspots in India:

1. The Himalayas: Considered the highest in the world, the

Himalayas conprise North-East India, Bhutan,Central and
Eastern parts of Nepal.It covers nearly 750,000sq km.
2. Indo-Burma Region: It is stretched over a distance of
2,373,000 sq km.
3. The Western Ghats: They are present along the western edge
of peninsular India and cover most of the deciduous and rain
forests.
4. Sundaland: This region is famous for its rich terrestrial and
marine ecosystem..
 CONVENTIONS ON BIODIVERSITY

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), is

one of the three conventions agreed by
governments at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit.
It is probably the most encompassing
international agreement ever adopted.
It recognises that setting social and economic
goals for the use of biological resources and
the benefits derived from genetic resources is
central to the process of sustainable
developmen, and that this in turn will support
conservation.

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BIOME MAP
A biome can be defined as a large biological community or an ecosystem where different types of
living organisms including plants, animals, birds, insects, and humans are used to living in a certain
type of climate.

They are mainly based on the adaptations, range of temperature, weather, and climatic conditions.

The word “Biome” was suggested by an ecologist Frederic Edward Clements in the year 1916 which
referred to the word biotic community.

The biomes include- desserts, different types of forest, polar regions, national parks, bird
sanctuaries, zoos, aquatic life and a lot more.

Terrestrial Biomes or land biomes

The terrestrial or the land biomes are categorized and termed according to the climatic conditions
and the climax vegetation of the region in which they are found.
The types of terrestrial biomes in the world are:
• Tundra
• Desert
• Savana
• Mountains
• Grasslands
• Polar region

Aquatic biomes or Water biomes

Water is the most important and essential element among the
biological community. The total earth’s surface is covered by water
which is nearly 70 to 80 percent. Therefore, aquatic biomes are the
largest and widest biome in the world.
There are two types of aquatic biomes in the world are:
• Marine biomes
• Freshwater biomes
MICRO HABITAT
A habitat is an environment where an organism lives throughout the year or for shorter
periods of time to find a mate. The habitat contains all an animal needs to survive such as
food and shelter. A microhabitat is a small area which differs somehow from the
surrounding habitat. Its unique conditions may be home to unique species that may not be
found in the larger region. Unfortunately, some habitats are threatened by pollution,
extreme weather, or deforestation. This puts many of the species that live there in danger
and is causing many populations to decline
 HABITATS:
A habitat is an environment where an organism lives throughout the year or for shorter periods to find a
mate. The habitat contains all an animal needs to survive: food and shelter.

MEGABIODIVERSITY:
1. Megadiversity refers to the richness of different types of forms found in any area.
2. Megadiversity refers to a high level of biodiversity.
3. Endemism at the species, genus, and family levels is the primary requirement for megadiverse nations.
4. A megadiverse nation must have at least 5,000 indigenous plant species and must be bordered by
marine environments.

MEGADIVERSE COUNTRIES:
1. The phrase "megadiverse country" refers to a collection of countries that house the majority of the
world's species and many endemic species.
2. They account for 70% of the total biodiversity present on Earth. These include most of the tropical
rainforests, coral reefs, and other biodiversity-rich ecosystems. Although they only account for around
10% of the Earth's surface, including more than two-thirds of all non-fish vertebrae species and three-
quarters of all the higher plant species.
LIST OF MEGADIVERSE
COUNTRIES
THE WORLD CONSERVATION
MONITORING CENTRE (WCMC) OF
THE UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT
PROGRAM HAS IDENTIFIED A TOTAL
OF 17 MEGA-DIVERSE COUNTRIES:
AUSTRALIA, BRAZIL, CHINA,
COLOMBIA, ECUADOR, UNITED
STATES, PHILIPPINES, INDIA,
INDONESIA, MADAGASCAR, MALAYSIA,
MEXICO, PAPUA NEW GUINEA, PERU,
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO,
SOUTH AFRICA AND VENEZUELA.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
MEGADIVERSE COUNTRIES
In accordance with the World Conservation
Monitoring Centre, for a country to be
considered mega-diverse, it must:
• Have at least 5,000 endemic plants.
• Have marine ecosystems within its borders.
• according to the Group of Similar Mega-
diverse Countries, mega-diverse countries
contain one or more of the following
characteristics:
• Geographic position: most are in tropical
areas, where there is a large diversity of
species.
• Diversity of countries: the complexity of
mountain scenery brings forth the diversity of
atmospheres, soils and climates.
• Isolation: the progressive separation of
islands and continents has allowed the
development of unique flora and fauna
ACTIONS OF THE MEGADIVERSE
COUNTRIES

Presenting common positions in international

forums related to biological diversity.
Promoting the preservation of biological diversity
in the countries of origin and the development of
joint research projects
Ensuring that the goods, services and benefits of
conservation and the sustainable use of biological
diversity serve to support the development of
peoples.
Jointly exploring ways to exchange information
and to harmonise the respective national
legislations
Establishing regulatory frameworks that produce
incentives for the conservation and sustainable
use of biological resources.
Species diversity is defined as the number of species
present in an ecosystem and the relative abundance
of each species.”
Diversity is greatest when all the species present are
equally abundant in the area. There are two
constituents of species diversity:
Species richness: Number of different species
present in an ecosystem. Tropical areas have
greater species richness as the environment is
conducive to a large number of species
Species evenness: Relative abundance of
individuals of each of those species. Suppose the
number of individuals within a species is fairly
constant across communities. In that case, it is
said to have a high evenness and if the number of
individuals varies from species to species, it is
said to have low evenness. High evenness leads to
greater specific diversity
 IMPORTANCE OF
SPECIES DIVERSITY
iMore diverse ecosystem tend to be more productive.
Greater species richness and productivity makes an
ecosystem more sustainable and stable
More diverse the ecosystem, greater is the ability to
withstand environmental stresses like drought or invasive
infestations
Species richness makes an ecosystem able to respond to
any catastrophe
Rich diversity is important for the survival of mankind
Apart from these, there are other benefits such as
recreation and tourism, education and research
 BROAD CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIES:
Each species plays an important role in an ecosystem. The role that a species plays in its
ecosystem is known as its “ecological niche”. Species can be broadly divided into generalist
Generalist species: They
have broad niches. These
can live in many places and
can eat a variety of foods.
They can thrive in rapidly
changing environmental
conditions. E.g. cockroaches,
04 flies, white-tailed
rats, mice,
deer, raccoons, humans, etc.
and specialist species.
Specialist species: They have a Keystone species: They play
narrow niche, found in only one an important role in
type of 02
habitat and feed on a few maintaining species
types of food. They are more diversity and integrity of an
prone to disturbances in the
ecosystem. They have a
environmental condition and
high impact on the types
cannot tolerate the change and
and abundance of species
environmental
05 stress. . E.g. the
giant panda of China is
in 06
an ecosystem. These
species play several critical
endangered because of low
reproductive rate, disturbances in roles in helping certain
its habitat and specific diet mostly SPECIES
bamboo.
In-Situ conservation:
In-situ conservation refers to the preservation of species
within their natural habitats. This approach aims to
protect ecosystems and the biodiversity they contain by
maintaining the natural balance and processes within
these environments. In-situ conservation involves
establishing protected areas such as national parks,
wildlife reserves, and sanctuaries where species can live
and reproduce without direct human interference. This
method helps to safeguard genetic diversity, maintain
ecological functions, and ensure the long-term survival
of species within their native habitats.
 PROTECTED AREA
Protected areas are designated
spaces set aside to conserve
biodiversity and ecosystems. They
provide refuge for wildlife, support
research, offer recreation, and
contribute to sustainable
development by safeguarding
natural resources.
Biosphere reserves:
Biosphere reserves are protected areas that aim
to conserve biodiversity while promoting
sustainable development. They consist of three
interconnected zones: a core area for strict
conservation, a buffer zone where sustainable
activities are encouraged, and a transition area
where human settlement and economic
development occur. Biosphere reserves serve as
living laboratories for testing and demonstrating
sustainable practices, balancing conservation with
human needs.
Buffer zones:
The term "buffer" refers to something that acts as a protective barrier or cushion against external influences or
changes.In biodiversity conservation, a buffer zone is a transitional area surrounding a protected area, such as a
national park or nature reserve. It is managed in a way that helps mitigate human impacts and provides a buffer against
external threats to the core conservation area. Buffer zones often allow for sustainable land use practices, controlled
human activities, and habitat restoration efforts, while still supporting biodiversity conservation objectives.
Ex- situ conservation:

Ex-situ conservation is the preservation of biodiversity

outside of its natural habitat. This involves collecting
and maintaining samples of species, populations, or
genetic material in controlled environments such as
zoos, botanical gardens, seed banks, or laboratories.
Ex-situ conservation helps protect species from
threats such as habitat destruction, disease, or climate
change. It also allows for research, breeding programs,
and reintroduction efforts to support species
conservation and ecosystem health.
Botanical garden:

A botanical garden is a curated collection of plants, often

organized for scientific, educational, and conservation
purposes. These gardens typically feature a wide variety of
plant species, including trees, shrubs, flowers, and other
vegetation, arranged in thematic or geographic displays.
Botanical gardens serve as living museums, providing
opportunities for research, education, and public
enjoyment. They often include specialized collections such
as medicinal plants, rare or endangered species, or plants
from specific geographic regions
Zoological
garden:
Zoological gardens, commonly known as zoos, are facilities that house and
display a diverse range of animal species for public viewing, education,
conservation, and research purposes. Zoos aim to provide a safe and
enriching environment for animals while also offering educational
opportunities for visitors to learn about wildlife and conservation.
Modern zoos often prioritize animal welfare, conservation breeding
programs, research into animal behaviour and biology, and participation in
species conservation efforts in the wild.
 THE MAIN DIFFERENCE
*In-situ Conservation*: *Ex-situ Conservation

*Location*: In-situ conservation occurs within Location*: Ex-situ conservation takes place outside
the natural habitat of the species being the natural habitat of the species being conserved.
conserved. - *Approach*: It involves the preservation of
- *Approach*: It involves the protection, genetic diversity, species, or populations through
management, and restoration of ecosystems, techniques such as captive breeding, seed banking,
habitats, and populations in their native botanical gardens, and zoological parks.
environment. - *Examples*: Zoos, botanical gardens, seed
- *Examples*: National parks, wildlife banks, and captive breeding programs are
reserves, protected areas, and conservation examples of ex-situ conservation methods.
easements are examples of in-situ
conservation strategies.
SUMMARY
In summary, in-situ conservation focuses on
conserving species and habitats within their natural
environment, while ex-situ conservation involves
conserving biodiversity outside of its natural habitat
through various methods and facilities. Both
approaches are important and complementary in
efforts to conserve and protect biodiversity.
QUIZ TIME
THANK'S FOR
WATCHING