An

Assignment
On
“Different modes of conservation of biodiversity”

Submitted to Submitted By
Dr. Sanjeeva Nayaka Ragib Husain
Senior Principal Scientist Enrollment No. 10BB19J25009
PDSH, Division Ph.D. Scholar
CSIR-NBRI, Lucknow AcSIR, CSIR-NBRI, Lucknow
 Biodiversity refers to the variety of all forms of life on earth, including the different plants,
animals, micro-organisms, the genes they contain and the ecosystem they form. According to the
convention biological diversity (CBD), Biodiversity can be defined as “the variability among
living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and
the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between
species and ecosystems”.

Introduction:-A wide variety of living organisms including plants, animals and micro-
organisms with which we share this planet earth makes the world a beautiful place to live in.
Living organisms exist almost everywhere from mountain peaks to the ocean depths; from
deserts to the rainforests. They vary in their habit and behavior, shapes, sizes and color. The
remarkable diversity of living organisms form an inseparable and significant parts of our planet
so biodiversity refers to the comprehensive umbrella term for the degree of natures variety or
variation within the natural system; both in number and frequency. The manifestation of
biodiversity is the biological resources (genes, species, organisms, ecosystems) and ecological
processes of which they are part. Biodiversity is therefore considered at 3 major levels (Species
diversity, Genetic diversity and Ecological /ecosystem diversity). Relative to the variety of
habitats, biotic communities and ecological processes in the biosphere, biodiversity play role in a
number of ways including promoting the aesthetic value of the natural environment. Biodiversity
is the most precious gift of nature mankind is blessed with. As all the organisms in an ecosystem
are interlinked and interdependent, the value of biodiversity in the life of all the organisms
including humans is enormous. The role of biodiversity in providing ecosystem services is
twofold. Firstly, biodiversity is directly used as a source for food, fibre, fuel and other
extractable resources. Secondly, biodiversity plays an important role in ecosystem processes
providing the regulating, cultural and supporting services. For example, vegetation cover protects
the soil from erosion by binding soil particles and minimizing the effects of water runoff.
Likewise, cultivation of crops is to a large extent dependent on the availability of pollinating
insects. Biodiversity has a fundamental value to humans because we are so dependent on it for
our cultural, economic, and environmental well-being. Elements of biodiversity can contribute to
cultural identity, and many ecosystem characteristics are frequently incorporated into cultural
traditions. Other facts of human well-being, such as health and economic and political security,
can influence the value of biodiversity. Many arguments to increase efforts to conserve diversity
often emphasize the value of the “un-mined riches” that has yet to be discovered. These include
potential sources of new foods, medicines, and energy which can further fuel economic activity,
as well as a healthier population. Biodiversity has proven to hold enormous value when adapted
for use in health, agricultural, or industrial applications. In the field of medicine alone,
approximately 50% of current prescription medicines are derived from or modelled on natural
substances. The health and diversity of ecosystems can have a significant effect on the overall
stability of nearby communities. Biodiversity also is important for maintaining the integrity of
the environment through; maintaining CO2/O2 balance, regulation of biochemical cycles,
absorption and breakdown of pollutants and waste materials through decomposition,
determination and regulation of the natural world climate, protective services, e.g. by acting as
wind breaks and acting as indicators of environmental changes. Despite the benefits from
biodiversity, today’s threats to species and ecosystems are the greatest recorded in recent history
and virtually all of them are caused by human mismanagement of biological resources often
stimulated by misguided economic policies, pollution and faulty institutions in-addition to
climate change. To ensure intra and intergenerational equity, it is important to conserve
biodiversity. Some of the existing measures of biodiversity conservation include; zoological
gardens, botanical gardens/arboretums, seed banks and national parks and game Reserves
however, the ever increasing human population is posing serious threats to bio-diversity so
biodiversity conservation is impossible without the participation of everyone who impacts the
ecosystem from loggers who harvest forest timber, to consumers who buy food at the
supermarket, to city governments who put restrictions on building in ecologically sensitive areas.

IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY

Ethical and Moral Value:

It is based on the principle of ‘live and let others live’. Ethical values related to biodiversity
conservation are based on the importance of protecting all forms of life. All forms of life have
the right to exist on earth. Man is only a small part of the Earth’s great family of species. Don’t
plants and animals have an equal right to live and exist on our planet which is like an inhabited
spaceship? Morality and ethics teach us to preserve all forms of life and not to harm any
organism unnecessarily. Some people take pleasure in the hunting of animals. People also
sometimes degrade and pollute the environment by their unethical actions. Through proper
education and awareness, the people’s conscience against such practices must be raised.

Aesthetic Value:

The beauty of our planet is because of biodiversity, which otherwise would have resembled other
barren planets dotted around the universe. Biological diversity adds to the quality of life and
provides some of the most beautiful aspects of our existence. Biodiversity is responsible for the
beauty of a landscape. People go far off places to enjoy the natural surroundings and wildlife.
This type of tourism is referred to as eco-tourism, which has now become a major source of
income in many countries. In many societies, the diversity of flora and fauna has become a part
of the traditions and culture of the region and has added to the aesthetic values of the place.

Ecosystem Services:

These services also support human needs and activities such as intensely managed production
ecosystems.

Ecosystem service includes-

 The production of oxygen by land based plants and marine algae. The maintenance of
fresh water quality by vegetation slowing run off, trapping sediment and removing
nutrients and by soil organisms breaking down pollutants.

 The production and maintenance of fertile soil as a result of many interacting processes.

 The provision of foods such as fish, pastures for cattle and sheep, timber, fire wood and
harvested wildlife such as kangaroos and native cut flowers.

 The provision of native species and genes used in industry research and development, for
instance, in traditional breeding and biotechnology applications in agriculture, forestry,
horticulture, mariculture, pharmacy, chemicals production and bioremediation.
  Pollination of agricultural crops, forest trees and native flowering plants by native insects,
birds and other creatures.

 Pest control in agricultural land by beneficial native predators.

 Flood mitigation by vegetation slowing run off and trapping sediment; Breakdown of
pollutants by micro-organisms in soil and aquatic ecosystems and sequestration of heavy
metals in marine and fresh water sediments.

 Greenhouse gas reduction by, for instance, sequestering atmospheric carbon in wood and
marine calcium carbonate deposits.

 Maintenance of habitats for native plants and animals.

 Maintenance of habitats that are attractive to humans for recreation, tourism and cultural
activities and that has spiritual importance.

Consumptive use value:

This is related to natural products that are used directly for food, fodder, timber, fuel wood etc.
Humans use at least 40,000 species of plants and animals on a daily basis. Many people around
the world still depend on wild species for most of their needs like food, shelter and clothing. The
tribal people are completely dependent on the forests for their daily needs.

Productive Use Value:

This is assigned to products that are commercially harvested and marketed. Almost all the
present date agricultural crops have originated from wild varieties. The biotechnologists
continuously use the wild species of plants for developing new, better yielding and disease
resistant varieties. Biodiversity represents the original stock from which new varieties are being
developed.
Social Value:

The social value of biodiversity includes aesthetic, recreational, cultural and spiritual values. To
this can be added health benefits resulting from recreational and other activities. While
traditional societies which had a small population and required less resources had preserved their
biodiversity as a life supporting resource, modern man has rapidly depleted it even to the extent
of leading to the irrecoverable loss due to extinction of several species. Thus apart from the local
use or sale of products of biodiversity there is the social aspect in which more and more
resources are used by affluent societies. The biodiversity has to a great extent been preserved by
traditional societies that valued it as a resource and appreciated that its depletion would be a
great loss to their society.

Ecological values:
Biodiversity maintains the integrity of the environment through:

 Maintaining CO2/O2 balance. It is through biodiversity that sequential balance of

CO2 and O2 is maintained. The greenhouse effect is as a result of CO2
accumulation in the atmosphere, ozone layer depletion also occurs overtime
making the earth warmer and more prone to natural calamities.

 Regulation of biochemical cycles e.g. O2, hydrological cycles etc. Biological

resources are important media in biochemical cycles, without which the cycles are
not complete.

 Absorption and breakdown of pollutants and waste materials through

decomposition, e.g. in food webs and food chains where the flow of energy goes
through production consumption decomposition without which breakdown and
absorption of materials will not be complete. In an ecosystem there is no waste as
 decomposition will take place to purify our environment by transforming the
waste to other forms of biodiversity.

 Determination and regulation of the natural world climate whether local, regional
or micro through influencing temperature, precipitation and air turbulence.

 Acting as indicators of environmental changes e.g. the green house effect as a

result of global warming cause changes in weather seasonality and also affects
crops among others.

 Protective services, e.g. protection of human beings from harmful weather

conditions by acting as wind breaks, flood barriers among others.

LOSSES IN BIODIVERSITY
Today’s threats to species and ecosystems are the greatest recorded in recent history and virtually
all of them are caused by human mismanagement of biological resources often stimulated by
misguided economic policies and faulty institutions.

Principal threats to biodiversity

A thread can define as any process or event whether natural or human induced that is likely to
cause adverse effects upon the status or sustainable use of any component of biological diversity.
Some are as follows-

Habitat alteration / destruction

Increased insatiable demand for resources results to land use changes hence loss to genetic
diversity, species reduction and increased ecosystem changes such as random population
changes, disease outcrops, habitat fragmentation among others resulting in biodiversity losses.
Overharvesting / over-exploitation of biological resources
This results when individuals of a particular species are taken at a higher rate than can be
sustained by the natural reproductive capacity of the population being harvested. This can be
through hunting, fishing, trade, food gathering etc. Overharvesting will lead to extinction of
resources or the biological resources, eventually leading to loss of species. For species that are
protected by the law and overharvesting occurs, this is known as poaching, if the law allows for
harvesting of a resource, this is known as cropping.

Pollution
Chemical or thermal pollution is a threat to biodiversity. Species in habitats are increasingly
being harmed by industrial activities and pollution from excessive use of agro-chemicals such as
DDT, oil spills, acid precipitation etc.

Introduced species / biological invasions

This can be intentional or accidental. Species introduced in an ecosystem will cause changes in
the ecosystem. Introduced species are organisms arising in areas/ habitats in which they were
previously not native. Such introduced species are usually referred to as biological pollutants.
Some of the ecological impacts of the invasion include hybridization, out competition, disruption
of original ecosystem, plant pathogenic influences, disease transmission, disruption of foodwebs
and to some situations extinction. Species may be introduced intentionally for:
 Ornamental concerns
 Agriculture
 Hunting and spotting activities
 Biotechnology for scientific research
 Trade

Climatic changes
This is of great concern especially when global CO2 increases in the atmosphere resulting to
global warming. Most species originate within a very narrow physiological limit; hence nature
has a range of tolerance maintained for ecosystem stability. Changes may be gradual or abrupt
such that if the limit is exceeded the upper or lower species suffers extinction.
Population
As the human population is increasing, there exists insatiable demand for raw materials which is
bound to cause changes in biodiversity. It is therefore vital to control human population which
will result in biodiversity conservation.

BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
Conservation (sustainable use) is a process of managing the environment in a manner that does
not damage, exhaust or extinguish Biodiversity and enhancement of the components of
biological diversity, where:

Conservation - is the sustainable use of resources and encompasses protection as well as

exploitation.

Preservation - is an aspect of conservation meaning to keep something without altering or

changing it.

Sustainable development:-This refers to development that meets the needs of the current
generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

Convention on biological diversity (CBD):- Conservation of biological diversity and

sustainable use of its components came into the limelight in 1972 (United Nations Conference on
Human Environment; Stockholm). In 1973, UNEP identified conservation of biodiversity as a
priority area, hence there was need to get the legal mandate for conservation of world resources.
There were negotiations for a legally binding instrument to address biological diversity and its
loss to enhance fairness and equity in sharing of the benefits of biodiversity; this led to the
opening of the Convention on Biological Diversity in 1992; Rio de Janeiro under the United
Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)/ Earth Summit. The
convention was inspired by the growing concern all over the world for sustainable development.
The convention objectives were:

 Conservation of the biological diversity;

  Sustainable use of its components;
 A fair and equitable sharing of its benefits.
This was the first global comprehensive agreement that addressed all the aspects of biological
diversity; genetic resources, species diversity and ecosystem diversity.

Approaches of Biodiversity conservation

A. In situ (on site) conservation:

Conservation of species in their natural habitat
eg. Natural parks, Nature reserves etc.
B. Ex situ (off site) conservation:
Conserving species in isolation of their natural habitat
eg. Zoos, Botanical gardens, Seed banks, etc.

In situ (on site) conservation:-

In situ conservation is the Preservation and Protection of Ecosystems at their Original
Environment. In situ conservation is helps to recognize a particular biodiversity rich area and to
preserve it and allow the large number of species to grow simultaneously and flourish in their
natural environment in which they were growing since a long time.

The advantages of in situ conservation-

 The species will have all the resources that it is adapted too
 The species will continue to evolve in their environment
 The species have more space
 Bigger breeding populations can be kept
 It is cheaper to keep an organism in its natural habitat
 Biodiversity conservation

In-situ conservation Ex-situ

conservation

1. Seed Bank 1.Home

garden
2. Field gene bank 2.Sacred
plant
3. Cryopreservation

Protected areas

1. Botanical garden
National park Sanctuary Biosphere
reserve 2. Zoological park

3. Aquaria

4. Arboreta
Terrestrial Marine

Categories of In Situ conservation-

 Wildlife Sanctuaries
 National Parks
 Biosphere Reserves
  Reserve Forests
 Sacred Groves

Wildlife Sanctuaries: Wildlife Sanctuaries are protected areas where killing, hunting,
shooting or capturing of wild-life is prohibited except under the control of highest authority.
Private Ownership rights are permissible and forestry operations are also permitted to an extent
that does not affect the wildlife adversely. These wildlife sanctuaries are mostly created by state
forest department. India has over 441 Wildlife Sanctuaries.

Some important WLS in India

Name State in which located Animal/Bird protected

Keoladeo Ghana Bird Rajasthan (Bharatpur) Siberian crane, famous for birds
sanctuary
Manas WLS Assam Panther, Tiger& rhinoceros

Dachigam sanctuary J&K Kahsmiri stag Musk Leopard

Chilka lake Bird Odisha Water fowls Cranes Ducks

sanctuary
Periyar sanctury Elephant
Kerala
Madhumalai WLS Tamil Nadu Elephant four-horned antelope

Balmiki Nagar Bihar Tiger

Reserve
Nagarjunasagar AP Tiger Panther
Sanctuary

National Parks:-A National Park is an area dedicated for the conservation of wildlife along
with its environment. It is also meant for enjoyment through tourism but with without impairing
the environment. Each National Park usually aims at conservation specifically of some
particular species of wildlife along with others. In India ca. 166 national parks have been
authorized as Corbett National Park, Rajaji National Park etc. This requires surveys to collect
data on key species. Property may have to be expropriated. A legal framework may need to be
set up to control human activities in the area and in its immediate surroundings. Policing the
area may also be necessary.

Some important National Park in India

Name State in which located Notable Flora and Fauna

Ranthambore National Rajasrthan

Tigers, Leopords, Boars
Park
Carbett National Park Uttrakhand Tigers, Leopords, Elephants

Bandhavgarh National Madhya Pradesh Tigers, Leopords,Bears

Park
Periyar National park Kerala Nilgiri langur flying Dquirrel

Kaziranga National Rhinos, Elephant, Tigers

Assam
Park
Sunderbans National West Bengal Royal Bengal Tiger, Fishing
Park Cats
Kanha National Park Madhya Pradesh Tiger, Leopars, Elephant

Biosphere Reserves:-Biosphere reserves are the areas of terrestrial and coastal

ecosystems promoting solutions to reconcile the conservation of biodiversity with its
sustainable use. They are the internationally recognized, nominated national government and
remain under sovereign jurisdiction of the states where they are located.
Biosphere reserves serve as in many ways as “living laboratories” for testing out and
demonstrating integrated management of land water and biodiversity.
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and cultural organigation (UNSECO) was
creaded on NOVEMBER 16, 1945. Its main goal is to “contribute to peace and security by
promoting collaboration among nations through education, science and culture”. In 1968,
UNESCO organized Biosphere conference, which saw the beginning of the concept of a
“Biosphere Reserve”. This was the first intergovernmental conference examining how to
reconcile conservation and use of natural resources, thus foreshadowing present day nation of
sustainable development. This conference resulted in the launching of the UNESCO “Man
and the Biosphere” (MAB) programme in 1970. At present India has 18 Biosphere reserve.

Some important Biosphere reserve in India

Name of Biosphere reserve State in which located
Great Rann of Kutch Gujrat

Gulf of mannar Tamil Nadu

Sunderbans West Bengal

Cold Desert Himachal Pradesh

Nandadevi Uttrakhand

Nilgiri Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka

Pachmarhi Madhya Pradesh

Simlipal Odisha

Manas Assam

Nokrek Meghalaya
Sacred groves:-Sacred groves comprise of patches of forests or natural vegetation from a few
trees to forests of several acres – that are usually dedicated to local folk deities.
These spaces are protected by local communities because of their religious beliefs and traditional
rituals that run through several generations. In India over 14, 000 sacred groves are documented
Experts estimate is in the range of 100,000 – 150,000
Himachal Pradesh ………..5000
Karnataka ……….1424
Kerala ……….2000

Reserve Forests:-Conservation biodiversity at the smaller, regional, local scale, particularly

in wilderness areas is called reserve forest.  Unlike national parks of India or wildlife sanctuaries
of India, reserved forests and protected forests are declared by the respective state governments.
At present, reserved forests and protected forests differ in one important way: Rights to all
activities like hunting, grazing, etc. in reserved forests are banned unless specific orders are
issued otherwise. In protected areas, rights to activities like hunting and grazing are sometimes
given to communities living on the fringes of the forest, who sustain their livelihood partially or
wholly from forest resources or products.

Categories of Ex situ conservation

 Sacred plants
 Home Gardens

 Seed Banks

 Cryopreservation

 Botanical Gardens

 Arboretum

 Zoological Gardens

 Aquarium
Sacred plants:-It is mentioned that the worship of the tree is indeed an ancient Indian
practice. Tree worship continues to be an element from the Ancient Aryans to modern Indian
traditions. There are many trees which are considered Sacred. Some of the Sacred Trees are as
follows: 

 Ashoka Tree: It is one of the most sacred and legendary trees of India, this tree is revered
by the Hindus, Buddhists and Jains. 
 Peepal: It represents the Trimurti-the roots being Brahma, the trunk Vishnu and the leaves
Shiva.
 Banyan: Like the Peepal Tree, it also symbolizes the Trimurti-Lord Vishnu, Lord Shiva
and Lord Brahma.
 Bael Tree: In India, Bael tree is considered to be very sacred because it is associated with
Lord Shiva.
 Bamboo: The common names of Lord Krishna-Venugopal, Bansilal, Murali and
Muralidhar reflect his association with Bansuri or Venu, his constant companion which is
made up of Bamboo.
 Bhang Tree: It is considered an auspicious tree as it brings wealth and prosperity.
 Coconut: It is given a special place in most Hindu households and great care is taken to
nurture the tree and is used for all religious purposes.  
 Mango: It is another sacred tree of the Hindus.
 Neem: It is a manifestation of "Goddess Durga" or "Maa Kali". 
 Sandalwood: Sandalwood is commonly used for incense and religious ceremonies.
 Banana: It is a very sacred tree and all parts of the tree are used for some purpose.
 Lotus: In Hinduism many of the deities are pictured sitting upon a lotus or holding a lotus
flower. 
 Tulsi: Tulsi is always associated with purity and a highly revered and used for all religious
purposes among the Hindus.
Home Gardens:-Home gardens consist some of the endangered species of wild plants, trees
and plants. It can be seen in there easily. The main aim of preserving a Home Garden is to
preserve ritualistic beliefs and cultural identity of joint families. The preservation of home
gardens is strictly connected to family purposes. At the same time, home gardens are helpful to
raise the water table of nearby ponds and wells. Unknowingly, some families who preserve their
home gardens preserve nature and ecological balance.

Seed banks:-Seed bank stores seeds as a source for planting in case seed reserves elsewhere
are destroyed. It is a type of gene bank. The seeds stored may be food crops, or those of rare
species to protect biodiversity.Seeds can be maintained for decades or even centuries if the
conditions are controlled < 5% humidity and – 20°C. Seeds need to be regularly germinated to
renew stock or the seeds will eventually lose their viability. Seeds kept in seed banks do not
evolve with changes in the environment.

Some Important Seed Banks:-The following are among the important international seed
banking facilities:

The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources   (NBGPR), New Delhi, India: It has over
3.43 lakh samples of 2.47 lakh varieties of 1, 256 species, which include about 28,000 accessions of wild
relatives of various crops. 

Seed Banks of Global Network of Agricultural Research Institutions: Ten international

agricultural research institutions, co-ordinated by the Consultative Group on International
Agricultural Research (CGIAR), Washington, are focused on crops and have extensive seed
collections for such crops, tropical forage and fruits.  The collections in these seed banks are well
documented and the institutions are networked among themselves and with several other
institutions.
The Millennium Seed Bank Project (MSBP): MSBP at the Royal Botanic Garden, Kew,
England, is one of the largest conservation projects. It’s 47 partner organizations in 17 countries
intend to store 25% of the world's plant species by 2020. The Seed Information Database (SID)
at Kew is an ongoing compilation of seed characteristics and traits worldwide, targeted at
>24,000 species.
The Svalbard Global Seed Vault (SGSV): On Feb. 26, 2008, SGSV opened near
Longyearbyen (Norway), 600 miles from the North Pole. It is designed to hold 4.5 billion
batches of seeds of the world’s main crops.
Field Gene Banks:-Field gene bank is one of the techniques in the strategy for plant genetic
conservation. It is an ex situ method where genetic variation is maintained away from its original
location and samples of a species, subspecies or variety are transferred and conserved as living
collections. Field gene bank is the most common method of conserving genetic resources with
recalcitrant seeds and vegetatively propagated plants.
This is a method of planting plants for the conservation of gene. For this purpose
we construct ecosystem artificially. Through this method one can compare the difference among
plants of different species and can study it in detail. It needs more land, adequate soil, weather,
etc. Germplasm of important crops are conserved through this method. Eg.: 42,000 varieties of
rice are conserved in the Central Rice Research Institute in Odisa.

Cryopreservation:-Cryopreservation is a technique in which a seed or embryo is preserved

at very low temperatures, where cells or whole tissues are preserved by cooling to sub-
zero temperatures, typically at −196°C. At these cold temperatures, any biological activity,
including the biochemical reactions that would cause cell death, is effectively stopped. This is
helpful for the conservation of species facing extinction.

Botanical gardens:-A botanical garden (or botanic garden) is a well-tended area displaying a

wide range of plants labeled with their botanical names. It may contain specialist plant
collections from particular parts of the world, and so on; there may be green houses, shade
houses with special collections such as tropical plants, alpine plants or other exotic plants. These
are often run by universities or other scientific research organizations and often have
associated herbaria and research programmes in plant taxonomy or some other aspect of
botanical science. In principle their role is to maintain documented collections of living plants
for the purposes of scientific research, conservation, display and education, although this will
depend on the resources available and the special interests pursued at each particular garden.
Arboretum:-An arboretum (plural: arboreta) in a narrow sense is a collection of trees only.
More commonly, today, an arboretum is a botanical garden containing living collections of trees
and woody plants intended at least partly for scientific study.
Arboretum of CSIT-NBRI Botanic garden contains about 400 tree species.

Zoological gardens:-A zoological garden or zoological park or, zoo is a facility in which

animals are confined within enclosures, displayed to the public, and in which they may also be
bred.
Eg. The London Zoo is considered to the first ‘modern zoo’ of our age.
In India the list contains 355 Zoos since year 1800.

Aquarium:-An aquarium (plural: aquaria) is a vivarium consisting of at least one

transparent side in which water dwelling plants or animals are kept. Aquaria used to
keep fish, invertebrates, amphibians, marine mammals, turtles, and aquatic plants.

References
1. Spellerberg, I.F., and Hardes, S.R., 1992: Biological conservation. Cambridge University
Press, 123 pp.
2. Swanson, T.M. (ed.), 1995: The economics and ecology of biodiversity decline – The
forces driving global change. Cambridge University Press, 176 pp.

3. Tolba et al., 1992: The world environment 1972 – 1992: two decades of challenge.
Chapman and
4. Hall on behalf of the United Nations Environment Programme, 884 pp.
5. Wetangula, G., and Ajayi, J., 2002: Power development and nature conservation – two
scenarios.University of Iceland, Iceland and Olkaria Geothermal Power Project,
Naivasha, Kenya.
6. http:// www.yourarticlelibrary.com/biodiversity/8-main-values-of-biodiversity