The development of the modern presidency in the United States began with Andrew

Jackson, who swept to power in 1829 as the head of the Democratic Party and served until 1837.
During his administration, he immeasurably enlarged the power of the presidency. “The
President is the direct representative of the American people,” he lectured the Senate when it
opposed him. “He was elected by the people and is responsible to them.” With this declaration,
Jackson redefined the character of the presidential office and its relationship with the people.

During Jackson’s second term, his opponents gradually formed the Whig Party. Whigs
and Democrats held different attitudes toward the changes the market, banks, and commerce
brought about. The Democrats viewed society as a continuing conflict between “the people”—
farmers, planters, and workers—and a set of greedy aristocrats. This “paper money aristocracy”
of bankers and investors manipulated the banking system for profit; Democrats claimed and
sapped the nation’s virtue by encouraging speculation and the desire for sudden, unearned
wealth. The Democrats wanted the rewards of the market without sacrificing the features of a
simple agrarian republic. They wanted the wealth that the market offered without the
competitive, changing society; the complex dealing; the dominance of urban centers; and the loss
of independence that came with it. Whigs, on the other hand, were more comfortable with the
market. For them, commerce and economic development were agents of civilization. Nor did the
Whigs envision any conflict in society between farmers and workers on the one hand and
business people and bankers on the other. Economic growth would benefit everyone by raising
national income and expanding opportunity. The government’s responsibility was to provide a
well-regulated economy that guaranteed opportunity for citizens of ability.

Whigs and Democrats differed in their attitudes toward the market and how active the
central government should be in people’s lives. Despite Andrew Jackson’s inclination to be a
strong President, Democrats believed in limited government. The government’s role in the
economy was to promote competition by destroying monopolies and special privileges. In
keeping with this philosophy of limited government, Democrats also rejected the idea that moral
beliefs were the proper sphere of government action. Religion and politics, they believed, should
be kept separate, and they generally opposed humanitarian legislation.

The Whigs, in contrast, viewed government power positively. They believed it should be
used to protect individual rights and public liberty and had a unique role where individual effort
was ineffective. By regulating the economy and competition, the government could ensure equal
opportunity. Indeed, for Whigs, the concept of government promoting general welfare went
beyond the economy. In particular, Whigs in the northern sections of the United States also
believed that government power should be used to foster the moral welfare of the country. They
were much more likely to favour social-reform legislation and aid to education.

In some ways, the social makeup of the two parties was similar. To be competitive in
winning votes, Whigs and Democrats both had to have significant support among farmers, the
largest group in society, and workers. Neither party could win an election by appealing
exclusively to the rich or the poor. The Whigs, however, enjoyed disproportionate strength
among the business and commercial classes. Whigs appealed to planters who needed credit to
finance their cotton and rice trade in the world market, farmers eager to sell their surpluses, and
workers who wished to improve themselves. Democrats attracted farmers isolated from the
market or uncomfortable with it, workers alienated from the emerging industrial system and
rising entrepreneurs who wanted to break monopolies and open the economy to newcomers like
themselves. The Whigs were most potent in the towns, cities, and those rural areas, fully
integrated into the market economy. In contrast, Democrats dominated areas of semi-
subsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically.

1. The word immeasurably in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to ...

A. frequently
B. greatly
C. rapidly
D. reportedly
E. inconsiderably

2. According to paragraph 1, the presidency of Andrew Jackson was especially significant

for which of the following reasons?

A. The President granted a portion of his power to the Senate

B. The President began to address the Senate on a regular basis
C. It was the beginning of the modern presidency in the United States
D. It was the first time that the Senate had been known to opposite the President
E. The President was the first President who didn't elect by the people

3. The author mentions bankers and investors in paragraph 2 as an example of which of the
following?

A. The Democratic Party's primary source of support

B. The people that Democrats claimed were unfairly becoming rich
C. The people most interested in a return to a simple agrarian republic
D. One of the groups in favor of Andrew Jackson's presidency
E. The one who wants to change society

4. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted
sentence in the passage?

A. Whigs were able to attract support only in the wealthiest parts of the economy
because Democrats dominated in other areas
B. Whig and Democratic areas of influence were naturally split between urban and rural
areas, respectively
C. The semi-subsistence farming areas dominated by Democrats became increasingly
isolated by the Whigs' control of the market economy
D. The Democrats' power was most significant in poorer areas while the Whigs were
strongest in those areas where the market was already full operating
E. All the answers were wrong
 Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can
we tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that the expression of many
emotions may be universal. Smiling is a universal sign of friendliness and approval. Negatively
baring the teeth, as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universal sign
of anger. As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal
recognition of facial expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions
could signal the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence of language.

Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in all
people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by facial
expressions. In classic research, Paul Ekman photographed people exhibiting anger, disgust, fear,
happiness, and sadness. He then asked people worldwide to indicate what emotions were being
depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore,
a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups, including the Fore, who had almost
no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed
familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters
in stories that called for primary emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more
recently obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to
report that facial expressions showed multiple emotions. The participants agreed on which two
emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense.

Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional

states. Various emotional states give rise to specific patterns of electrical activity in the facial
muscles and brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship
between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to
this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles (feedback) are returned to the brain's emotion
centres. So, a person’s facial expression can influence that person’s emotional state. Consider
Darwin’s words: “The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other
hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions.” Can smiling
give rise to feelings of goodwill, such as frowning to anger?

Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-
feedback hypothesis. Causing experiment participants to smile, for example, leads them to report
more positive feelings and rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) as being
more humorous. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.

What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is arousal,
which is an organism's level of activity or preparedness for activity. Intense contraction of facial
muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens arousal. Self-perception of heightened
arousal then leads to heightened emotional activity. Other links may involve changes in brain
temperature and the release of neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses.) The
contraction of facial muscles influences and reflects the internal emotional state. Ekman has
found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by “crow’s feet” wrinkles
around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves
down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.

Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression “keep a stiff upper lip” as
a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a “stiff” lip suppresses emotional response
—as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension. But facial feedback may heighten the
emotional response when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense and involves
muscular muscle tension.

5. The author mentions "Negatively baring the teeth" to ...

A. Differentiate one possible meaning of a particular facial expression from other

meanings of it
B. support Darwin's theory of evolution
C. provide the example of a facial expression whose meaning is widely understood
D. contrast a facial expression that is easily understood with other facial expressions
E. giving example of happy expression

6. The word them in the passage refers to ...

A. Emotions
B. People
C. Photographs
D. Cultures
E. Psychology

7. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted
sentence in the passage?

A. The Fore's facial expressions indicated their unwillingness to pretend to be story

characters

B. The Fore were asked to display familiar facial expression when they told their stories
C. The fore exhibited the same relationship of facial expressions and basic emotions that
is seen in Western culture when they acted out stories
D. The fore were familiar with the facial expressions and basic emotions of characters in
a stories
E. all answers were wrong

8. The word concur in the passage is closest in meaning to ...

A. estimate
B. disagree
C. expect
 D. understand
E. agree

9. According to paragraph 2, which of the following was true of the Fore people of New
Guinea?

A. They didn't want to be shown photographs

B. They were famous for their story-telling skills
C. They knew very little about Western culture
D. They didn't encourage the expressions of emotions

E. They knew everything about Western culture

10. According to the passage, research involving which of the following supported the facial-
feedback hypothesis?

A. The reactions of people in experiments to cartoons

B. The tendency of people in experiments to cooperate
C. The release of neurotransmitters by people during experiments
D. The long-term effects of repressing emotions
E. all answers are correct

11. The word rate in the passage is closest in meaning to ...

A. judge
B. reject
C. draw
D. want
E. watch

Even a muddy pond contributes to the ecosystem that affects the environment. A vernal
or springtime pool is only a few feet deep and lasts only from March until mid-summer but
yields many diverse life forms. Like all of nature, there are predators and victims, and a
particular living being may be one or the other, depending on its age and characteristics. One
may find masses of spotted salamander eggs floating just under the pond's surface, left behind by
adults who entered the pond early in the season before predators arrived. Other amphibians and
reptiles return to the recurrent pond year after year to reproduce, as their ancestors have done for
years. Various forms of algae grow well in murky water with sufficient sunlight. They, in turn,
produce and transmit oxygen to the salamander embryos and other young that cannot yet survive
outside of water. Diving beetles feast on eggs and larvae deposited in the pond by the
salamanders and other amphibians that have called it home. Tadpoles are born in the late spring
and feed on the algae. The pond also invites wood frogs to stake their territory and court
potential mates, calling as loud as quacking ducks. By the end of the short season, the pond dries
to spongy mud and then dries further, becoming covered with leaves and debris, until the
following spring when the process repeats itself.

12. What is the author's purpose stated in the first sentence: Even a muddy pond contributes
to the ecosystem that affects the environment?

A. to explain that a venal pool is very muddy

B. to describe how the vernal pool fist into the larger environmental picture
C. to explain that mud is important to the environment
D. to show how algae grows
E. to explain various type of algae

13. Which sentence indicates that a young life form might be prey to an older life form?

A. Even a muddy pond contributes to the ecosystem that affects the environtment
B. pool is only a few feet deep and lasts only from March until midsummer but yields a
considerable number of diverse life forms
C. Like all of nature, there are predators and victims, and a particular living being may
be one or the other, depending on its age and characteristics
D. One may find masses of spotted salamander eggs floating just under the surface of
the pond, left behind by adults who entered the pond early in the season before
predators arrived
E. Other amphibians and reptiles return to the recurrent pond year after year to
reproduce, as their ancestors have done for years

14. Which sentence in the passage indicates that life forms continue to act in the same way as
the same life forms did previously?

A. A vernal or springtime pool is only a few feet deep and lasts only from March until
midsummer but yields a considerable number of diverse life forms
B. Tadpoles are born in the late spring and feed on the algae
C. Like all of nature, there are predators and victims, and a particular living being may
be one or the other, depending on its age and characteristic
D. Various forms of algae grow well in the murky water, if there is sufficient sunlight
E. Other amphibians and reptiles return to the recurrent pond year after year to
reproduce, as their ancestors have done it for years

15. The word murky in the passage means nearly the same as ...

A. Clear
B. cloudy
C. cold
D. life-producing
E. clean
 16. Which of the following does the author imply in the passage?

A. The life forms in the pool live in water their entire livers
B. Some of the life forms live in water first and later on land
C. The life forms found in the pool do not require oxygen to live
D. Algae is strictly a food source
E. all the answers are correct

Bees, classified into over 10,000 species, are insects found in almost every part of the
world except the northernmost and southernmost regions. One commonly known species is the
honeybee, the only bee that produces honey and wax. Humans use wax in making candles,
lipsticks, and other products, and they use honey as food. While gathering the nectar and pollen
with which they make honey, bees are simultaneously helping to fertilise the flowers on which
they land. Many fruits and vegetables would not survive if bees did not carry the pollen from
blossom to blossom. Bees live in a structured environment and social structure within a hive, a
nest with storage space for the honey. The different types of bees each perform a unique
function. The worker bee carries nectar to the hive in a special honey stomach. Other workers
shape beeswax into a honeycomb, a waterproof mass of six-sided compartments or cells. The
queen lays eggs in completed cells. As the workers build more cells, the queen lays more eggs.
All workers, like the queen, are female, but the workers are smaller than the queen. The male
honey bees are called drones; they do no work and cannot sting. They are developed from
unfertilized eggs, and their only job is impregnating a queen. The queen must be fertilized to lay
worker eggs. During the season, when less honey is available, and the drone is of no further use,
the workers block the drones from eating the honey so that they will starve to death

17. Which of the following is the best title for this reading?
A. The Many Species of Bees
B. The Useless Drone
C. The Honeybee--Its Characteristic and Usefullness
D. Making Honey
E. Bee

18. The word species in the first sentence is closest in meaning to?

A. mates
B. varieties
C. killers
D. enemies
E. ancestors
19. The word which in the fourth sentence refers to ...
A. fertilizer
B. flowers
C. honey
D. bees
E. eggs

20. The word simultaneously in the forth sentence is closest in mening to ...

A. stubbornly
B. concurrently
C. skillfully
D. diligently
E. considerable