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Date 2024-02-04

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Ohmmeter
an instrument designed to measure electrical resistance within a circuit. It quantifies the opposition that a material presents
to the flow of electric current. It can be used for fault detection, component testing, continuity testing, quality control and
troubleshooting. Ohmmeters typically display readings in ohms (Ω).

Types of Ohmmeters
Analog Ohmmeter
These instruments use a needle or pointer to indicate resistance values on a scale. Analog ohmmeters are known for their
simplicity and are often used for quick resistance measurements.

Digital Ohmmeter
Digital ohmmeters provide precise resistance readings in numerical form on a digital display. They offer higher accuracy
and are commonly used in more precise electrical measurements.

How to Use
Connect one probe of the ohmmeter in one terminal of the component and another probe to the other terminal, ensuring
the circuit is powered off, and observe the resistance reading on the ohmmeter display.

Voltmeter
A device designed to gauge the voltage or potential difference between two points in an electronic or electrical circuit.
Voltmeters are designed with high internal resistance to minimize the impact on the circuit being measured. Electrical
voltage is measured in Volts (V).

Types of Voltmeters
Analog Voltmeter
Primarily employed for measuring AC voltage, this instrument displays readings using a fixed pointer on a calibrated scale.
The movement of the pointer is influenced by the torque acting upon it, and the magnitude of this torque is directly
proportional to the measured voltage.

Digital Voltmeter
DVMs (Digital Voltmeters) measure an unknown input voltage by converting it into a digital value, displaying the voltage
in numeric form. These meters are typically built around a specialized type of analogue-to-digital converter known as an
integrating converter.

Other Types
Moving Iron Voltmeter This device is employed for measuring both AC and DC voltages. In this instrument, the deflection
is directly proportional to the voltage of the coil. It is categorized into two types: Attraction Type Moving Iron Instruments

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and Repulsion Type Moving Iron Instruments.
Rectifier Voltmeter These voltmeters find extensive use in AC circuits for voltage measurement. They convert AC into DC
through a rectifier, and the resulting DC signal is then measured using a PMMC (Permanent Magnet Moving Coil)
instrument.
Permanent Magnet Moving Coil Voltmeter Referred to as a D'Arsonval meter or galvanometer, this instrument measures
current in a coil by noting the coil's angular deflection in a uniform magnetic field. The current is induced in the PMMC
instrument by the measured voltage, resulting in the deflection of the pointer. PMMC voltmeters are specifically employed
for DC measurements.
Electro-dynamometer Voltmeter This instrument is utilized for measuring the voltage in both AC and DC circuits.
Typically, the calibration remains consistent for both AC and DC measurements.
Amplified Voltmeter These voltmeters are adjustable in terms of sensitivity and input resistance. This adjustment is
achieved by supplying the necessary current to deflect the meter pointer through an amplifier and power supply.

How to Use
Connect the voltmeter in parallel to the component or points in the circuit, ensuring proper polarity, power off the circuit
before connection, power it on for the measurement, then read and note the voltage.

Ammeter
An instrument employed for measuring either alternating or direct current. Ammeters have low internal resistance to
ensure accurate measurement of current flow in a circuit. Electric currents are measured in Amperes (A).

Types of Ammeters
Analog Ammeter
A measuring instrument designed to gauge the magnitude of electrical current in a circuit, displaying readings using a
mechanical pointer or needle on a calibrated scale.

Digital Ammeter
An electronic measuring device designed to quantify and display the magnitude of electrical current in a circuit using
numerical values on a digital screen.

Other Types
Permanent Magnet Moving Coil Ammeter Referred to as a D'Arsonval meter or galvanometer, this device measures the
current through a coil by observing the coil's angular deflection in a uniform magnetic field.
Moving Iron Ammeter In this type, the coil moves freely between the poles of a permanent magnet. This ammeter is
capable of measuring both alternating and direct current.
Electro-dynamometer Ammeter Works on both AC and DC supply and is highly accurate.

How to Use
Connect the ammeter in series with the circuit, ensuring proper polarity, to measure the current flowing through the
circuit.

Multimeter
Multimeters come with various reading capabilities depending on the model. Basic testers can measure voltage, current,
and resistance, serving the purpose of checking continuity, which is essential for verifying the integrity of an electronic
circuit. More advanced multimeters can test capacity, conductivity, decibel, duty cycle, frequency, inductance, temperature
etc.

Types of Multimeters
Analog Multimeter
The analog multimeter gauges current using a micro ammeter, which moves the needle along a graduated scale on the
indicator. While analog multimeters may not be as sensitive as digital ones in voltage measurement, they can achieve high
sensitivity, measuring up to 50 µA (50 microamps) due to their low resistance in current measurement. Analog multimeters
are generally more cost-effective compared to their digital counterparts.

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Digital Multimeter
A digital multimeter incorporates a digital counter and an LCD display instead of a moving needle and ruler. Despite being
slightly more expensive than analog multimeters, digital multimeters have gained widespread popularity due to their ease
of reading and high-precision measurement capabilities.

How to Use
1. Choose the appropriate function (voltage, current, resistance) on the multimeter dial.
2. Set the measurement range to a value equal to or greater than the expected value in the circuit.
3. Turn off the power to the circuit being tested.
4. Connect the multimeter probes, red to positive and black to negative, ensuring correct polarity.
5. For voltage, connect probes in parallel to the points where you want to measure voltage.
6. For current, connect the multimeter in series with the circuit, ensuring the current flows through the multimeter.
7. For resistance, connect probes in parallel across the component, ensuring the circuit is de-energized.
8. Power on the circuit, read the multimeter display, and note the measurement.

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