|IGCSE-1

|HISTORY
___
|Notes Section 1-3

Section 1: Historical Background

Downfall of Mughals 1707

Internal causes

Aurengzeb’s policies

● Fought many wars against different nations e.g Rajputs, Sikhs

● Wasted 25 years and a lot of money
● Banned singing, dancing, drinking, determined maximum beard length
● Forcefully enforced islamic practices

His religious policies

● Intolerance towards non Muslims

● Imposed Jizya, banned suttee
● Destroyed hindu temples, biased towards sunnis
● 5% custom duty on non muslim goods, 2% on muslim goods

His extravagance

● Luxurious palaces and mosques e.g moti masjid

● Led to weak economy
● Bad example for future rulers

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Successors weak and corrupt

● Lazy, weak, accustomed to luxury

● Neither good commanders nor good statesmen
● Incapable of running an empire
● If anyone challenged them, would not be able to defend themselves

Absence of line of succession

● Struggle for succession after Aurengzeb, leading to wars

● 10 years after his death, 12 people claimed throne at same time
● Instability, divided empire, money and manpower depleted
● Court became a place of chaos and war

Vast empire

● Fought so much the empire was huge

● Impossible to govern such large empire effectively
● Far flung areas e.g bengal, oudh, became independent
● Rebellions took months to be crushed

External causes

Afghans/Persians

● Persians ( nadir shah) captured land and wealth

● Empire lost precious things (e.g peacock throne), showed as very weak
● Afghans (shah ahmad abdali) crushed marathas
● Then added lahore, kabul, peshawar and kashmir to their possessions

British

● Economic and military strength (e.g modern weapons)

● Trained well, superpower of the time
● Fought well, confident

Religious Reformers

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Shah Walliullah (feb 21 1703- Aug 20 1762)
● Qutb ud din ahmad, founder of Madrassa Rahimya
● Islamic scholar, reformer
● Hoped to purify islam and unite all muslims
● Translated Quran, wrote books, invited afghans to quell marathas

Causes for revival of islam

● Islam had lost its purity (hindu customs and beliefs)

● Thought reason for decline was loss of religion
● Protect muslim identity and values

Contributions

● Translation of quran to persian so muslims could understand and implement

teachings
● Wrote 51 books (e.g Izalat ul Akfa) to help understand islam
● Madrassa Rahimya
● Invited shah ahmad abdali to crush marathas, united muslims against

Reasons for translation of Quran

● Arabic uncommon language

● Muslims needed to understand and implement quran
● Reform could only come from people, who needed to understand islam

Syed Ahmad Barelvi (1786-1831)

● Muslim activist
● Founder of jihad movement “way of Muhammad”, Supporters made him “amir ul
mu’mineen”
● Studied quran at madrassa rahimya
● Toured sikh occupied areas, raised jihad against Muslim oppression

Contributions and Influence

● Restored muslim faith through jihad, armed struggle to liberate Punjab and nwfp
● Well versed in quran, superior islamic knowledge,so had a lot of influence

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 ● Victory against Ranjit Singh
● Martyred in the name of Islam

Causes of failure

● Untrained army
● Lack of unity
● Pathans unwilling to cooperate

Haji Shariatullah
● Islamic reformer
● Known for Faraizi Movement, with followers called Faraizis
● Influenced by Sheikh Muhammad Abdul Wahab
● Returned to east bengal to help muslims out of oppression or “dar ul harb”

Faraizi movement

● Initiated by Haji Shariatullah

● Started amongst the depressed societies of east bengal, dar ul harb
● Called upon muslims to discard un islamic practices and beliefs
● Mainly religious and social

Contributions

● Restored pride of muslims, encouraged them, as they were given little

opportunities under hindus and british
● Refreshed their faith, because many hindu and british ideas had entered it
● Spread political awareness on their miserable conditions

Titu Mir
● Syed Mir Nisar, islamic preacher, bengali freedom fighter
● Resisted oppression of hindu landlords and British colonials
● Disciple of SAB
● Provoked british, so they killed him and his followers

EIC

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 ● Private trading company established by a group of merchants e.g john watts
● For trade in india
● First landed in surat in 1600
● Granted permission to trade by shah jahan in 1612

Battle of Plassey

● Took plave at banks of Bhagrathi river

● Between siraj ud daula and eic
● French encouraged him to attack
● Robert clive bribed mir jafar, so he and his men left
● Siraj ud daula’s army (50000 men, 40 canons and 10 elephants) defeated by 3000
eic men

Battle of Buxar

● 1764 between eic led by hector munro and combine army of mir qasim, shuja ud
daula and shah alam ii
● Fought at buxar
● Victory for eic
● Shah alam had to sign treaty of allahbad

Robert Clive

● British officer, established British supremacy in india

● Became general, won battle of plassey, and then became ruler of bengal
● Introduced number of reforms such as dual govt system
● Accused of plundering, proven innocent but died addicted to opium

Warren Hastings

● First governor of presidency of fort william, head of supreme council of bengal

● First Governor general of british india (1775-85)
● Ended first marathan war, gave opportunity to expand elsewhere
● Accused of corruption in 1787 but after a long trial, released in 1795

Anglo Mysore wars

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 ● Series of wars fought over last 3 decades of 18th century between mysore and
british
● Hyder ali and his successor tipu sultan fought on four fronts (british west south
and east, marathas north)
● First and second war won by mysore, third war ended with treaty of
seringapatam
● Fourth saw the over throwing of tipu sultan

Tipu Sultan

● Son of haider ali, both of whom resisted british rule

● Tiger of mysore, ruled 1782- 99
● Supported by french, attracting british concern
● Won victory in second battle and negotiated treaty later on
● Killed on may 4 1799 while defending his fort of seringapatam

Anglo Maratha Wars

● Three wars fought between eic and marathas

● First 1775-82 Began with treaty of surat ended with treaty of saibal
● 1803-05 second
● Third 1817-18 decisive one, marathas were crushed

Ranjit Singh 1780-1839

● Leader of sikhs
● Fought to expel afghans as a teenager
● He grew his empire in punjab and annexed punjab kashmir and most of afghani
territories
● Signed a treaty with British but they were still worried about him
● Sher e punjab

Anglo Sikh wars

● Ranjit singh maintained truce with british but they were still wary
● Began building up his military forces
● After his death, sikhs were worried about british so they attacked them south of
sutlej

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 ● Sikhs were defeated in the first and second battles, end of their empire

Why were the British involved in india? (7)

● Spices and cotton

● Strategic trading position
● Large domestic market

Successful because

● Industrial revolution
● Railways
● Weak mughal empire

War of Independence 1857

Causes

Religious

● Christian missionaries
● Laws against hindu customs
● Abandon purdah
● Greased cartridge
● Racism

Military

● Overseas service compulsory

● Dissatisfied indian sepoys
● Problems for soldiers

Educational

● Christian missionaries in schools

● European education

Political

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 ● Doctrine of Lapse
● Mistreatment of Mughal emperor
● Little indian role in their country

Economical

● Destruction of textile industry

● Land tax

Reasons for faliure

● People fought for different reasons (rani of jhansi, nana sahib)
● Lack of leader ship
● No coordination
● Some areas supporting british e.g punjab, sikhs
● Strong british army
● Confident British soldiers

Sir Syed (1817-98)

● Born in delhi
● Studied from university of Edinburgh, trained in urdu persian arabic and religion
● Educated maths, medicine, astronomy, and islamic studies
● Founder of two nation theory

Why Aligarh movement?

● Improve social and economic position of Muslims by giving them western

education
● British favoring hindus, who rose to higher positions
● Muslims reluctant to take British education
● So, they did not get good jobs
● Sir syed called for them to cooperate with British and take education in order to
rise to better positions and jobs

Contributions

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Attempts to achieve better understanding with British

● Wrote pamphlet “causes of the indian revolt” giving reasons for WOI
● Book “loyal mohammadens of india”
● Book Tabyin ul kalam showing similarities between christianity and islam

Education

● Made scientific writings available by translation to urdu (scientific society of

ghazpore)
● Improve muslim position through education (Aligarh university)
● Urdu journal Tahzib ul Akhlaq

Political

● Hindi urdu controversy

● Two nation theory
● Protection of muslim political intrests

Languages

Urdu

Reasons it was chosen

● Rich literature
● Associated with Pakistan movement
● Avoid controversy with provinces

Punjabi

● Local language of punjab, popular among sufi poets, largest regional language
● After independence, steps were taken to promote it:
● Radio, films, tv promoting punjabi supported by govt
● Stories and dramas published in punjabi
● Punjabi poetry

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Sindhi

● Promoted by:
● Sindh literary board set up, published many books in sindhi (authors pir ali
muhammad rashdi, faqir nabi bux)
● Sindh govt made teaching of sindhi compulsory in schools
● Karachi radio and tv as well as many sindhi channels promoting it

Pushto

● Literature boosted after independence (pushto academy established)

● Pushto dictionary
● Peshawar radio and tv

Balochi

● Radio pakistan karachi broadcasts in balochi + quetta tv and radio

● Balochi literary association
● Poets e.g. atta shad, gul khan, azad jamal din

Section 2: Emergence of Pakistan 1905-47

Partition of Bengal 1905

● Lord curzon partitioned bengal, opposed by henry john stedman cotton
● Made on 16 october by viceroy curzon, separating largely muslim areas from
largely hindu areas
● Hindus outraged (protests e.g swadeshi movement)
● Muslims happy

Reasons

● Huge size
● Free muslims from hindu oppression
● Counter hindu political threat
● Language issue
● Improve relations with muslims

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Why muslims supported it

● Saw benefits
● Poor economic conditions due to hindu domination
● Opportunity for progress

Why hindus opposed

● ‘Divide and rule’

● Felt that they would receive economic losses
● Did not want muslim prosperity

Simla Deputation 1906

● Delegation of muslims headed by sir aga khan
● Met viceroy lord minto to make some requests
● Presented demands
● E.g, higher percentage of seats than population, seperate electorates

Reasons

● Avoid hindu domination

● Ensure partition would not be reversed
● Protect urdu

AIML 1906
● Founded by all india muhammad educational conference
● Secure interests of muslims in india
● Developed into the driving force behind creation of Pakistan
● Sir Aga Khan first president

Reasons

● Congress pure hindu party

● Hindi urdu controversy

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 ● Two nation theory

Morley-Minto Reforms 1909

● Indian councils act 1909
● Limited increase in political role of indians
● Advisory role
● Separate muslim electorates

Reasons for congress opposition

● No real power
● Muslim separate electorates
● Voters extremely limited

Annulment of Partition of Bengal 1911

● Because of agitation
● Swadeshi movement
● Terrorism

Lucknow Pact 1916

● Agreement between congress and ml, at joint session of both parties
● Placed number of political demands
● Attempt to show united front against british
● First time hindus accepted separate electorates

Reasons

● Reversal of partition of bengal

● Balkan wars
● Congress wanted muslim support against british

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Rowlatt Act 1919
● Passed by british to get more power
● Black bill
● People could be tried in private, no right of appeal
● Ordered to live in a particular place
● Arrested without warrant

Amritsar Massacre 1919

● Troops of british army fired on indian crowd in jallianwala bagh
● Assembled to condemn the arrest and deportation of two national leaders satya
pal and dr saifuddin kichu
● Dyer heard and went to fire on them
● The gates and paths were narrow and many were trampled to death
● 1500 injured, 1000 dead

MontFord Reforms 1919

● Introduced bicameral system in center and dyarchy in provinces
● Two houses ie upper (council of state) and lower (legislative assembly) house
● First time official British document suggested indians might have self rule one
day

Reasons for opposition

● Disappointment
● Role in center further restricted
● The British had a tight grip on govt.

Khilafat Movement 1919-24

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 ● Agitation by muslims, allied with indian nationalists to pressurize british into
leaving ottomans alone
● Turkey helped germany, so allies taking turkey down
● Muslim rule of turkey threatened
● Muslims worried of the caliphate and holy sites

Reasons

● Protect caliphate
● Protection of holy sites
● Attain self rule

Causes of failure

● Chauri chaura
● Hijrat movement
● Lack of leadership
● Lack of unity

Delhi Proposals 1927

● Jinnah called conference of all Muslim leaders in delhi
● Prepared formula of muslim hindu unity:
1. One third seats in central legislature reserved for muslims
2. Sindh separated from bombay, nwfp and Kpk introduced as provinces
3. Punjab and bengal given to muslims according to population

Simon Commission 1927

● Indian statutory commission headed by sir john allsebrook simon assisted by
clement attlee
● Consider further political reforms in india
● Entirely british with no Indian representation
● Congress, ML boycotted it (simon go back)

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Reasons for opposition

● No Indian representatives
● Different viewpoints
● Little hope from it

Nehru Report 1928

● Memorandum outlining proposed new constitution
● Prepared by committee of all parties confrence chaired by motilal nehru, with his
son jawaharlal nehru secretary
● Two muslims
● One year to accept or non cooperation movement

Muslim opposition why?

● Muslim view rejected

● Formula for hindu domination
● Congress refused to accept jinnah’s proposals

Jinnah’s 14 Points 1929

● Constitutional reform plan to safeguard political rights of Muslims
● Get more right
● “Parting of the ways”
● Demands of muslim

Why

● Safeguard muslim rights

● Answer to nehru report
● Achieve unity between different groups and parties

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Allahbad Address 1930
● Presidential address of allama iqbal to the 25 session of aiml
● Set the goal of Pakistan
● Surveyed political situation in India and dismissed the idea of a united nation
● Climax of his career

Why

● Attempts to unite hindus and muslims had failed

● Iqbal was strong believer of two nation theory
● He believed every nation had the right to progress in line with its own culture

Why iqbal

● Famous poet
● Senior member of ML
● Highly educated

RTC’S 1930-32

Elections 1937
Why AIML was a failure

● Needed a different manifesto

● Image problemo
● No fear of hindu domination

Congress Rule 1937-39

● Atrocities committed against muslims
● Bande Matram
● Wardha educational scheme

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Day of Deliverance 1939
● October 22 1993 congress resigned
● Quaid e Azam expressed heartfelt happiness
● Called for nationwide celebration 🥳 with dignity, observedwith enthusiasm
● Indians offended

Reasons

● Atrocities ended
● Could not practice religion in peace
● Jinnah wanted to show that congress was not representative of all Muslims

Lahore (Pakistan) Resolution 1940

● Formal Political statement
● Drafted by 25 member working committee on 27 annual session of aiml held at
minto park
● Presented by Maulvi AK Fazal ul Haq
● Political demands largely interpreted as demand for separate state

Reasons

● Idea already advocated by famous muslim leaders

● Fear of end of british rule/hindu domination
● Jinnah convinced

Significance

● Set a goal (pakistan)

● New ambition
● Jinnah emerged as awesome leader

Cripps Mission 1942

● Attempt in late march by british to gain Indian support for ww2

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 ● Headed by stafford cripps
● Sent delegations with promise of independence at the end of the war
● Congress, ML rejected

Gandhi Jinnah Talks 1944

● Gandhi was released from jail and realized that ML was very effective political
body
● Without cooperation they would not get independence
● They met at jinnah’s residence in bombay
● Many hoped they would get to a conclusion but it failed

Why it was a failure

● Gandhi wanted independence first, partition could be discussed after

● Dispute over two nation theory
● Gandhi insisted that he was speaker of all india

Wavell Plan and Simla Conference 1945

● Wavell visited london, discussed his ideas with the govt
● Results: formation of a definite plan to deal with india commonly known as the
wavell plan
● Made by Amery, secretary of the state of India, and Lord Wavell
● As a result of it, foreign affairs, finance and interior would be handled by indians

General Elections 1945-46

Why ml won

● Leadership shifted from princes and aristocrats to real leaders

● Congress rule instilled fear
● Successfully got their message across

Cabinet Mission Plan 1946

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 ● Last attempt to keep subcontinent together
● Aimed to discuss the plan of transfer of power
● Formulated by clement attlee
● Sir stafford cripps

Direct Action Day 1946

● British about to leave, labour party sympathetic with congress
● ML decided to do nationwide direct action day
● Observed with great enthusiasm throughout india
● Great calcutta killing

Interim Government 1946

● Had task of assisting transfer of power
● League refused to join bcs muslim had been nominated by congress
● However they joined later
● Liaquat ali became finance minister

Birth of Pakistan 1947

3rd june plan

● Louis mountbatten final viceroy

● Worked out plan for british to leave india
● Announced plan “mountbatten plan”
● (Terms)

Independence Act 1947

● Passed act 15 july

● Orderd that subconsciously divided into two states ie India and Pakistan
● Had freedom to pass any act or bill they wished to

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 ● 14 aug, pakistan came into being

Allama Iqbal
● Philosopher politician and poet who practiced law in England
● One of the most prominent aiml leaders
● Died in 1938, before pakistan
● National poet of pakistan

Contribution

● Introduced idea of Pakistan

● Stood against british through poetry
● Political help e.g made jinnah leader

Chaudhry Rahmat Ali

● Know or never
● Gave name Pakistan
● First call for muslim state

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