Pakistan Studies 2059/0448

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 Section II
Pakistan Movement
• 1905-1927 • 1927-1947
• Partition of Bengal 1905 • Simon Commission 1927
• Simla Deputation 1906 • Nehru Report 1928
• Formation of AIML 1906 • Jinnah’s 14 Points 1929
• Morley Minto Reforms 1909 • Iqbal’s Allahabad Address
• World war I 1914-1918 • RTCs 1930-1932
• Lucknow Pact 1916 • Govt. of India Act 1935
• Govt. of India Act 1919/Montford Reforms • General Elections 1937
• Rowlatt Act 1919 • Congress rule 1937-1939
• Amritsar Massacre 1919 • Lahore resolution 1940
• Khilafat movement 1920-1922 • Quit India Resolution 1942
• Cripps mission 1942
• Gandhi Jinnah Talks 1944
• Simla Conference 1945
• General Elections 1945
• Cabinet Mission Plan 1946
• Direct Action day 1946
• June 3 plan 1947

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 Section III
• Radcliffe Award & Partition Problems
• Decade of Zero Development 1948-1958
• Ayub Govt. 1958-1968
• Creation of Bangladesh 1968-1971
• Bhutto Govt. 1972-1977
• Zia Govt. 1977-1988
• Benazir Govt. 1988-1991, 1993-1996
• Nawaz Sharif Govt. 1991-1993, 1996-1999
• Relations with International Community

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 Geography
1. Topography
2. Climate
3. Forest
4. Water Resources
5. Fishing
6. Mineral Resources
7. Agriculture
8. Power Resources
9. Industry
10. Trade
11. Transport & Communication
12. population

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 Section I
• Mughal Decline
• Religious Reformers
• British Entry & Expansion
• War of Independence 1857
• Sir Syed Ahmad Khan & Aligarh Movement
• Languages of Pakistan

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 4 Marks Questions from section I
• Who were Marathas?
• What was Faraizi movement?
• Who was shah waliUllah?
• What was Jehad Movement?
• Who were Zamindars?
• Who was Titu Mir?
• What was EIC?
• What was Doctrine of lapse?
• What was subsidiary Alliance?
• Who was Lord Wellesley?
• Who was Robert Clive?
• Who was Lord Dalhousie?
• What was battle of Plassey?
• What was battle of Buxar?
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• Who was Tipu Sultan?
• Who was Nana sahib?
• What was battle of Kanpur?
• Who was Rani of Jhansi?
• What was Kanpur Massacre?
• What was Hindi-Urdu
Controversy?
• What was two –Nation theory?
• What was “causes of Indian
Revolt?
• Who were Marathas?
• Marathas were Hindu Guerilla Fighter. They were
followers of Shiva ji. They had penetrated in South
india and were rapidly gaining strength. Aurangzeb had
to fight them for 25 years but he failed to defeat them.
Ahmad Shah Abdali in third battle of Panipat defeated
them.
• What was Faraizi Movement?
• Faraizi movement was introduced by Haji ShariatUllah
of Bengal.He felt that Muslims peasants were adopting
Hindu customs and practices to please their masters.
So he reminded them of their religious duties i.e.,
Namaz, Roza, Hajj and Zakat. He laid stress on
repenting on past sins and follow their faraiz from then
on.

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 Mughal Decline
• Mughal Decline
• Q. Policies of Aurangzeb was the main reason of
Mughal Decline . Discuss. [14]
• P1 policies of Aurangzeb
• P2 Marhattas
• P3 Weak Successors
• P4 Foreign Invaders
• P5 British entry
• P6 conclusion
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 Policies of Aurangzeb
• P1 Policies of Aurangzeb
– He fixed the length of beard
– He was a strict orthodox sunni muslim who did not consider even shias as Muslims
– He ordered demolition of hindu Temples and schools. It is on record that he ordered temple Keshava Rai of
Mathura and Benares to be demolished
– Some historians are divided on this because he had Hindus in his court also.

• Demolition of Hindu temple Keshava Rai at Benares and Mathura

• 9th Guru of sikhs Tej Bahadur to accept Islam and on his refusal , he was executed.
• Rajputs had a great contribution in expansion of empire but he annexed even their state of
marwar/mewar.
• He could easily have made alliance with Shias who were giving economic and military support to
Marhattas but instead he annexed their state of Glocunda and bijapur.
• Apart from above satnamis and jutts also harboured resentment against his rule. Internal rebellion
had started in his life.
• He fixed the length of beard
• He reimposed Jizya tax on non Muslim
• Trade tax for non Muslims was 5% whereas it was 2% for Muslims.

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– He invited 9th Guru of sikhs Tej Bahadur to accept
islam and on his refusal he executed him.
– Rajputs had a great contribution in expansion of
empire but he annexed their state Marwar/Mewar
– He could easily have formed an alliance with shias,
who were supplying economic and military aid to
Marhattas but instead he annexed their states Bijapur
and Gluconda.
– He abolished dancing, Music from the court.
– He reimposed Jizya tax on non Muslims.
– He levied 5% trade tax on Non Muslims whereas
Muslims had to pay only 2% trade tax.
– Similarly Satnamis, jatts also started revolting right in
his lifetime.

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 – Central authority was being challenged by governors
of different provinces who refused to pay taxes to
mansabdars.
– Size of empire had reached to its maximum during his
reign which made delay in sending messages and
execution of kings orders.
• P2. Marhattas were followers of Shiva ji who
wanted to build Hindu Maharashtran empire and
replace Mughals. They were Hindu Guerilla
fighters. Aurangzeb spent 25 years of his life
fighting Marhattas but he could not defeat them.
He had to shift his capital from Delhi to
daulatabad Deccan to deal with Marhattas. State
affairs were neglected and Treasury got
depleted.He did not have a chance to update his
military either.
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• P3 weak successors After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 period of weak
successors started. They were morally, economically and politically weak.
They were involved in taking bribes and had lax morals which threw them
in to women, wine.
People didn’t accept them as their kings. Revolts against their central
authority speeded up. All the successors were busy in conspiring against
each other which led to succession wars. Aurangzeb had not made any
clear law of accession to throne. So these bloody wars wasted state
treasury and imposed high taxes on general public.
• Each emperor was busy in gaining control and power they had no time for
people and updation of military. Other forces like hindus and british
gained strength from their weaknesses. After 1707 till 1857 was period of
weak successors but no one was able to regain respect and glory of
empire that was rapidly loosing.

• Foreign invaders like Ahmad Shah Abdali of Afghanistan and nadir shah of
persia invaded India many times and these successors couldn’t resist
them. So stealing of peackock throne which was symbol of Mughal
prestige left question mark on the prestige and glory of empire .it
encouraged other forces in India to rise against mughal emperors . Indian
weak political and military skills were exposed.

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• British were already there for the last two
hundred years in India. Farrukh sayyar had
offered them dastaks in 1717 to trade in
Bengal which Sirajud-Daula greatly resented.
This ushered an era of british military battles
and supremacy. Even subsidiary alliances
formed with Indian natives also strengthened
british control gradually. They had recognized
disunity and weaknesses of Mughal military
and administration.

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• Its true that Aurangzeb had faulty
administrative policies particularly his
religious intolerance but no one reason can be
claimed for the decline of such mighty empire
in the world. Weak successors had 150 years
to restore the prestige of empire but they
failed coupled with the fact that although
British did not decline Mughal empire but
they made full use of disunity and corruption
of last emperors. So a modern, disciplined and
strategic system of British was there to replace
old, dying and corrupt system of Mughals.

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• Think!

• Q. Who were Marhattas? [4]

• How Marhattas were defeated? [7]

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 Religious Reformers
• Q. Shah Waliullah was the most important
influence in reviving Islam in sub-continent in
late 18th C. [14]
• Q. Why were there attempts to revive Islam in
subcontinent? [7]
• Q. What was Faraizi movement? [4]
• Q. Who was Shah Waliullah? [4]

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• ShahWaliullah was braught up in the period of weak
successors , everything from economics, politics and
social life including religion of Islam was degenerating.
Muslims had started adopting Hindu practices. Shah
Waliullah felt that Islam was in jeopardy because of
these trends and rise of Marhattas in the country.
• Therefore, ShahWaliullah translated Holy Quran into
persian language of Muslims. He was teaching Quran,
hadith, fiqah in his fathers Madrassa -e-Rahimya. He
was a religious scholar who wrote 51 books on
different topics of Islam . His most famous books
including, Hajat-ul-alBaligha and Izalat ul Akhfa were
on the lives of 4 caliphs. These books were written to
deal with growing secterianism in the country.

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• He layed stress on balance in spending and
forbade Muslims to waste money on ceremonies.
He told them to observe Adl and Tawazun. He
had marxist tendencies. He forbade Muslims to
bow before graves in shrines. He wrote open
letters to rulers, students and workers to avoid
corruption, work hard and be honest in their
work.
• Apart from these theoretical teachings he invited
Ahmad Shah Abdali to come and crush
Marhattas. He also faught in Third battle of
Panipat against Marhattas along with Ahmad
Shah.
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• Another Reformer who was really perturbed over
the condition of Muslims of Punjab, NWF and
Kashmir was Syed Amad Shaheed Brailvi. He was
student of Madrassa Rahimya. Who warned
Ranjit Singh to allow Muslims to peacefully
practice their religion or else be ready for Jehad.
Ranjit Singh was a tyrant ruler who banned Azan,
and turned mosques into horse stables and did
not give Muslims fund from baitulmaal.
• On his refusal SASB who had formed army of
likeminded people waged jehad against him .
Initially he made successes against sikhs but later
on due to traitor in his own ranks he was
defeated in battle of Balakot.

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• Haji Shariatullah was a great Muslim reformer of
Bengal. He was quite sad on the condition of
Muslim peasants of Bengal who were being
crushed under heavy taxes and labour by Hindu
and British zamindars. So to please their masters
they had started adopting their culture and
practices. HSU came forward to improve their
situation by reminding them of their religious
obligations towards Allah i.e., Namaz , Roza, Hajj
and Zakat. He told them to repent on their past
sins and observe their faraiz. Thus, his followers
are called farazis. He felt that this land had
become Dar-ul-Harb where Eid and Friday prayers
should be banned.

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• HSU had peaceful message and preaching for his followers
but later on his son Dadu Mian (Mohsin ud Din) converted
it into armed struggle against the cruel zamindars. He Had
converted Bengal into different circles or zones where
khalifa was appointed woith sticks in their hand. This
alarmed British because of growing popularity of Dadu
Mian. Later on he was arrested.
• Undoubtedly, Shah Waliullah was the most important
reformer who had greatest impact on Muslims of
Subcontinent because his message was not place or time
specific. His students of Madrassah Rahimya became the
torch bearer of his message. His writings and his translation
of Holy Quran is available even to date. He did not restrict
himself to preaching only but took practical steps in
crushing infidel forces like Marhattas.

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• Background of period of Shah WaliUllah and
his contribution.
• Background of SASB and his contribution.
• Background of HSU and his contribution

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 British Entry & Expansion
• Q1. What was EIC? [4]
• Q2. What was battle of Plassey? [4]
• Q3. Why European traders were attracted to India in
the late 16th C ? [7]
• Q4. Why EIC got involved in India? [7]
• Q5.Why EIC was taken over by British Govt. [7]
• Q6. How successful were British in expanding control in
India between 1750-1850? [14]
• Q7.Indian resistance to British failed to prevent their
control in India. Discuss. [14]

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• A1. East India company was formed by private
British merchants to Trade in India and the
license was granted by queen Elizabeth in
1600. Mughals granted license in 1612. The
company traded in Cotton, Salt, Silk, Indigo
Dye, Sugar, tea, spices etc. The company grew
so rich that it kept its own private army to
defend factory areas from other European
powers.

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• Q3. Mughal Emperors became very famous for their silky
robes, pearls, gems and jewels and diamonds and gold.
India had magnificent marble buildings which became very
famous as well. So they were being called “golden
sparrow”.
• India offered commodities like cotton, silk, salt, tea, spices,
indigo dye, sugar and opium which European traders
deeply contested to trade.
• This was period of imperialism . All European powers were
vying to establish their colonies worldwide.
• Recent developments in navigation and voyage made it
possible for them to discover and travel to India. So Dutch,
Portuguese, French and British tried their luck in India.
• India offered large market full of cheap labour. Each power
became extremely rich by trading with India.

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• There were skilled artisans who wounded Thin
Muslin and Silk cloth which was in great
demand in European markets.
Indian Cotton has a great contribution in
Industrial revolution.
Indian spices were considered delicacy in
European meals which became rich in
demand.
• Other than this Christian missionaries eyed
India as a country to be converted yet to
christianity.

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• Q5.Why EIC got involved in India? [7]
• East India company was formed by private British
merchants to Trade in India and the license was granted by
Queen Elizabeth in 1600. Mughals granted license in 1612.
The company traded in Cotton, Salt, Silk, Indigo Dye, Sugar,
tea, spices etc. They became strong in Bengal, Madrass,
surat, Bombay etc.
• The company grew so rich that it kept its own private army
to defend factory areas from other European powers. The
company wanted to monopolize trade in India by ousting
other European powers.
• Local Indian rulers started seeking help from British in their
fights with other native rulers. British began to realize their
disunity and weaknesses which made them politically
ambitious by making subsidiary alliances. Thus they got
involved.

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• Q6. How successful were British in expanding
control in India between 1750-1850?
• P1. EIC, Battle of plassey
• P2. Battle of Buxar
• Subsidiary alliances
• Annexation of Sindh
• Annexation of Punjab
• Doctine of Lapse
• Indian resistance and weaknesses
• British strengths
• conclude
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• British came in India as a licensed company of
private merchants called EIC. They traded in
Bengal, ponichery, Madrass, calcutta and surat
with commodities like Cotton, Tea, silk, salt, etc..
EIC made huge profits and ultimately kept their
own priivate army to protect its presidencies, i.e,
factory areas.
• After the death of Aurangzeb successors like
Farrukh Sayyar gave British dastaks- license to
trade in Bengal in 1717. British distributed these
licences to all and sundry which annoyed Siraj-ud-
Daula the governor of Bengal.

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• British hoisted their flag at Fort William, so they
came into fight with the forces of Siraj-ud- daula
in Calcutta. Sirajuddaulas forces took a seige of
the fort and British women and children who
were imprisoned in basement got suffocated and
died, called black hole tragedy.
• Robert clive was appointed by Company bribed
Mir Jafar the general of Siraj-ud-Daula’s forces
and offered him governorship of Bengal. So Siraj-
ud-Daula’s forces in Battle of Plassey 1757
refused to fight and Nawab was ultimately killed.
This ushered an era of British control from
Bengal.

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• Battle of Buxar 1764 was faught by Mir Qasim-
son of Mir Jafar, Shah Alam II forces, Nawab of
Oudh with the help of French. They tried to
regain control of Bengal but they were
defeated and British control in Bengal was
strengthened.
• From 1798 to 1802 under Lord Wellesley
subsidiary alliances were formed by British
with local Indian rulers. Local rulers would
continue to run their state and British soldiers
would protect them. Local Indian ruler would
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• Pay the cost of maintenance of troops and they would
also keep resident British political advisor. State of
Hyderabad was the first to accept British protection,
then Oudh, and then Maratha Peshwa in 1802.
• British tried to influence Ranjit Singh to set up govt. of
British choice in Afghanistan which he refused. British
attacked Afghanistan and were severely defeated.
• To save their face and embarrasment Charles Napier
attacked and annexed Sindh in 1843. Although Sindhi
Amirs were in friendly alliance with British and there
was no need of this annexation but historians claim
that British were insecure of Ranjit singh’s annexation
of Sindh.

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• In Punjab after the death of Ranjit Singh , Sikhs
were threatened of British attack so they attacked
British instead. In the first war they were
defeated but they tried again and in 1848 in the
second Sikh war they were defeated and Punjab
was annexed by British.
• Doctrine of Lapse was another method by which
british were able to expand their control.when
any ruler of a state died and he did not have any
male legal heir. His lands would be overtaken by
british. The law was made by Lord Dalhousie from
1848 to 1856. according to this law sitara, Jhansi
Nagpur and oudh were taken over.
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• Expansion of control by british was not all smooth
sailing. There were some tough indians that British had
to tackle. Siraj –ud-daula couldn’t be defeated if they
had not bribed and conspired with Mir jafar. Mir qasim
also showed resistance. Ranjit Singh was a brave Indian
.its only after his death that british were able to take
over punjab. It was easier for British to defeat
Marhattas only when they were already weaker by
defeat from ahmad Shah abdali in third battle of
Panipat. Tipu Sultan was an arch rival of british , well
versed in latest warfare techniques. British could only
defeat him in fourth Anglo –Mysore war that too
because of alleged treachery of Mir sadiq who was
commander of his forces and Nizam of Hyderabad who
connived with British.

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• However, British found indians greedy,
divided/disunited and weak politically as well
as militarily. So british made full use of these
weaknesses.

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• British had their strengths also. They were
strategic planners with latest weapons and
disciplined army who had already gathered lot
of wealth from Bengal so they could sustain
long wars. They expanded mainly through
direct conquests, subsidiary alliances, doctrine
of Lapse and knew only too well how to deal
with divided and disunited people who had
weak political and military skills.

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• Q7.Indian resistance to British failed to
prevent their control in India. Discuss. [14]
• P1 Indian Resistance / weaknesses

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 War of Independence 1857
• Was the introduction of the Doctrine of lapse
in 1852 the most important reason for the war
of Independence in 1857? do you agree. (14)
• P1 Political Reasons
• P2 Social /religious Reforms
• P3 economic Reasons
• P4 military
• Conclude
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• Introduction of Laws like Doctrine of Lapse was greatly resented by
Indians. They felt that it was only a land grabbing law. Lord Dalhousie had
introduced this law that stated that if a ruler dies without any male heir
his state will be taken over by British. Annexation in the absence of a
natural or adopted heir was enforced in the cases of Satara (1848), Jaitpur
and Sambalpur (1849), Baghat (1850), Chota Udaipur (1852), Jhansi
(1853), and Nagpur (1854). Though the scope of the doctrine was limited
to dependent Hindu states, these annexations aroused much alarm and
resentment among the Indian princes and the old aristocracy who served
them. They have generally been regarded as having contributed to the
discontent that was a factor in the outbreak (1857) of the Indian
Mutiny and the widespread revolt that followed.
• To those problems may be added the growing discontent of the Brahmans,
many of whom had been dispossessed of their revenues or had lost
lucrative positions.
• Apart from this Subsidiary alliances also forced Indians to be their allies.
They used these alliances to divide and rule Indians. e.g., Nizam of
Hyderabad and Marathas were made allies to fight against Tipu Sultan.
• Other ways which offended Indians was that British kept all the high
positions with themselves and only low paid jobs were offered to Indians.

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• British were aiming to westernize Indian Population.
They introduced railways and telegraph, which at
certain times required demolition of temples or shrines
that made Indians extremely furious.
The Religious Disabilities Act was introduced which
protected the right of inheritance of converted Indians.
Converts to Christianity were to share with their Hindu
relatives in the property of the family estate
• British disregarded the sentiments of Indians over their
customs and traditions. They banned the practice of
Sattee, infanticide, girl child marriage and allowed
remarriage of widows. This really annoyed lot of
Hindus. They worked on women emancipation in India
disregarding indian traditions.

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• Lord Macaulay’s minute on education
replaced Persian and Sanskrit with English as
an official language. He also introduced co-
education and English as medium of
Instruction in schools. Purdah was also
banned.
• Charter Act permitted unrestricted entry of
Christian Missionaries in Prisons, Orphanages
and army. Missionaries were challenging the
religious beliefs of the Hindus. This alarmed
Indians.
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• Industrial Revolution led to mass production
of goods in Britain. All the new inventions like
spinning jenny or steam engine owe their
existence to Indian raw materials. These mass
produced goods were cheap and durable.
Being in control , British handled all the
imports and exports of the country. Indian
Markets were flooded with these British
goods and Indian hand made products were
exported to other countries by British. Local
Indian could not export their items
themselves. This ruined local industrialists.

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• Similarly, new Agricultural reforms left
thousands of families landless. Price of land
was increased by manifold. Defaulting
Zamindars were asked to pay off their loans,
failing which their lands were taken over by
British. This also badly affected Indian
agriculture.

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• Terms of service in army were very harsh and
these sepoys were paid much less. All the high
positions in military were kept by British and
low paid sepoys were Indians. British
introduced Enfield rifle whose cartridge had to
be greased. To load it, the sepoys had to bite
off the ends of lubricated cartridges. Rumours
said that pig or cow fat was used to grease
them. Pig is forbidden in Islam and cow is
sacred for Hindus. So sepoys revolted against
this rifle. This started from Meerut and spread
throughout the country. So military ignited the
war of independence as an immediate reason.
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• Was the work of the christian missionaries the
most important reason why the indians
oppased British attempt to westernize them
between 1750 and 1850? explain your answer.
(10)
• The strengths of British Army was the sole
reason for the failure of the war of
Independence by 1858. [14]

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• Q. Why did war of Independence fail? [7]
• War of Independence started with revolt in
military over the use of Enfield rifle. The
cartridge of this rifle had to be greased and
bitten of by teeth. The rumours said that the
grease was taken from either pig or cow fat.
So firstly mangal Pandey refused to obey the
orders and he was court martialled and
hanged publically. After this incident sepoys
also refused to use this rifle and mutiny
started.
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• This was not a planned war. It was a sudden reaction on
enfield rifle but soon the sepoy war extended to other
parts of India as well.
• There was no leader of the war. All the groups fighting the
war had their own interests.
• Nana Sahib was fighting because his pension was stopped
by British. Rani of Jhansi and other princes were fighting
because their states were annexed by British. Brahmins
were also unhappy because they had special status in such
courts and now they were out of work.
• Muslims were fighting to restore Bahadur Shah Zafar II on
throne.
• But the people of India were not directly involved in this
rebellion. the revolt was confined to a particular region and
not to the whole of India; large areas like the Punjab, Sind
and Rajputana remained unaffected.

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• Each fighting group had no common national cause.
They had no coordination among them.
• These were rival Indian groups who had no unity. So
they could easily be defeated. Kashmiris even sent
2000 troops to help British.
There were groups like traders who had no interest in
the war. Therefore, a conserted unified effort was
lacking in the war.
• British had their own strengths. They had modern
weapons, organized army, huge funds to sustain long
wars. They had made railways and telegraph lines
which helped them in speedy relaying of messages and
deployment of troops and logistics. Besides, British
were strategic planners which helped them win the
war.

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• Who was Shah Waliullah?
• Shah waliUllah was a religious scholar of late
18th C India. He felt that Islam was in decline
and jeopardy in the period of weak
successors. So he translated Holy Quran into
persian and wrote many books to address the
issues of secterianism.

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 Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and Aligarh
Movement
• Q.Political Contribution of Sir Syed was most
important in uplifting Muslims. [14]
• P1 Introduction
• P2 Political Contribution
• P3 Religious/ Social
• P4 Educational
• conclusion

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• After the war of Independence whole blame of the war
fell on Muslims whom British treated as their adversary
since British had replaced Mughal Empire. Many
groups during the war tried to restore Bahadur Shah
zafar as the king. Therefore, Muslims met with all kinds
of humiliations and persecution. They were deprived of
all economic and social opportunities. Muslims on the
other hand also didn’t accept British rule and their
westernization policies.
Hindus, on the other hand had promptly started taking
British education. British would announce in their job
advertisements, that Muslims may not apply. They
were getting low jobs like peons, ink fillers, porters etc.
So all doors of education, employment and politics had
been closed on Muslims.

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• So sir Syed Ahmad Khan came as a ray of light
and renaissance for Muslims. SSAK felt that the
relations between British and Muslims were
needed to be improved for their socioeconomic
survival and political rights.
For this purpose he wrote a Pamphlet called
“Causes of Indian Revolt” which explained that
there was a communication gap between Indians
and British which led to war of Independence.
Indians did not have any representation in the
councils. He also wrote “Loyal Muhammadans of
India” which explained services of Muslims
towards British. SSAK himself saved many British
women and children during the war.

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• He further clarified that it was not an insult if Muslim
called them “Nadarath” which meant helper in Arabic.
He also introduced Two Nation Theory which explained
that Hindus and Muslims were two different Nations.
They neither interdined nor intermarried. One’s foe is
anothers hero.
• He fully supported Urdu as an official language when in
Bijnaur Hindi-urdu controversy emerged. Hindus
demanded Hindi to be the official language.
• He became founder of separate electorates and AIML.
• He asked Muslims to become educationally strong and
stay away from congress and politics.

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• SSAK also wrote a commentary on Bible and
wrote Ihkam-e-Tuaam-e- Ahle kitab to explain
that it was good to dine with people of Book.
• He also wrote Essays on the life of
Muhammad(PBUH) (Khutbat-e-Ahmadiya) in
response to William Muir’s Book: Life of
Muhammad to correct certain misconceptions
against the prophet in Muir’s book. He also
opened orphan Houses. He also worked on
preservation of ancient buildings through his
writing “Asaar us Sanadeed”.

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• Sir Syed seriously felt concerned about Muslims
not accepting western education and their
withdrawal from these developments. He went
abroad and studied British universities and
opened Gulshan school at Muradabad, Victoria
School at Ghazipore, MAO High school at Aligarh
which was raised to College level and later on
became university in 1920 after his death.
• He established scientific society to publish works
of modern scientists. He also introduced Aligarh
Institute gazette both in Urdu and English.

Farhana
• He established Muhammadan educational
conference which annually met to work out
problems of Muslims from around the country
later on it emerged as a political platform in
the form of AIML in the 20th session.
• No doubt SSAK is famous for his educational
revival of Muslims but his political services
cannot be ignored because it prepared
Muslims for political struggle with British by
improving their relations.

Farhana
 Languages
• Q1.Why Urdu was chosen as a national
language? [7]
• Q2. Why regional languages have been
promoted? [7]
• Q3. Punjabi has been promoted more than
other languages. Discuss. [14]
• Q4. Punjabi is promoted more than other
regional languages. Discuss. [14]

Farhana
• Q1.Why Urdu was chosen as a national
language? [7]
• Urdu has been selected by Jinnah as a national
language. He visited Dhakka and categorically
said that “Urdu and only Urdu will be our
national language”.
• Urdu has been politically important even
before partition. Urdu became identity of
Pakistan during Pakistan movement. Hindi –
Urdu controversy can be an example on its
importance.
Farhana
• Early policy makers wanted Urdu to be
national language because it was a neutral
language. It was not a language of any one
province of Pakistan. They felt it will unite
whole pakistan because of its neutrality. So it
strengthened the concept of federation in the
country.
• Urdu has always been associated with Islam. It
has nasta’aliq script drawn from Arabic,
Persian, Turkish and even English.

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• Q2. Why regional languages have been
promoted? [7]
• Regional languages draw their importance
from different regions of Pakistan e.g, Punjabi,
Sindhi, Pashto and Baluchi etc.
• If Regional languages are not promoted their
rich literature, folk tales would become
extinct. So they won’t be available for future
generations. So govt. needs to preserve and
promote the ancient as well as modern works
of each language.
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• Language is a living example of a culture. By promoting
the regional languages we promote the culture of each
region and their other elements like dresses, way of ife
and customs which also promote tourism in the
country.
• Regional languages have to be promoted if we want to
create social solidarity or unity in the country and
strengthen federation and nationalism.
• There’s a political factor also attached to regional
languages. Bengal always wanted Bengali to be
national language. We made it so in the constitution of
1956. But before that riots over language issue had
taken many lives in 1952 in Dhakka. So we should
always give importance to all areas of Pakistan.
Farhana
Yet, the 18th Amendment transferred curriculum, policy,
planning and standards of education to the provinces.
The article 251(3) establishes "without prejudice to the
status of national language, provincial assembly may by
law prescribe measure for the teaching, promotion and
use of a provincial language in addition to the national
language.“
A number of local TV programs on agricultural methods,
livestock rearing, poultry farming and fish farming are
highly appreciated in the public.
Literacy rate in Pakistan is quite low and many people in
rural areas can't speak or understand Urdu. Their skill-
building can only be done if relevant TV and radio
programs are broadcasted in their native languages.
Therefore it is important to promote regional languages.

Farhana