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Colonial conflicts and beginning of nationalism

• Titu Mir(1782-1832)
• Hazi Shariatullah(1781-1840
• Dudu Mia(1819-1862)
 Agent of Change: The Sepoy Mutiny

The immediate spark to the violence was

resentment against being insensitively forced
to use grease from the sacred cow for
Hindus, and from “unclean” pigs for Muslims.

The underlying cause, of course, was anger at

being treated as second-class citizens in their
own homeland and the British taking India’s
wealth.
• The underlying cause, of course, was anger at being treated as
second-class citizens in their own homeland and the British taking
India’s wealth.
• The Attack of Mutineers, July 30, 1857

• Sepoy rebelled against East India Company rule

• Resulted in the end of 100 years of company rule in India
• British government took direct control to protect their valuable trading
empire and ruled from 1858 to 1947
Pagal Bidhruha, 1825-33
• Sherpur districts ,former Mymensingh, for about a decade (1824-
1833)
• Organized by combination of tribals-nontribals, peasants and farmers,
and it leadership came from mendicants of both the Muslim and
Hindus
• Thus, solvency of the peasantry was direct interest of the pagals of
the khankas.
• Inability of paying rent = force
• Deteriorated relationship between landlord and tenant
• For constructing road, peasants were required to work . The boats of
the villages were requisitioned for military purposes.
• These were the reasons of rebellion.
• The pagals ordered their disciples not to pay taxes and not to work for
the army unless their demands were satisfied. Demands inlude:

A) Tax must be collected in accordance with the pargana nirikh,

B) and that the labour and requisition of boats for army must be
stopped.
• In 1824, the government took measures against the leaders
• Tipu Shah was arrested but soon released under pressure of the
protesting crowds.
• In 1825, the passive resistance turned into an armed rebellion. Ten
constable and four rebels were killed during the attack.
• By understanding the situation, the government assurances to look
into their problems which had persuaded the rebels to calm down
and restrain themselves from taking law into their own hands.
• The government also promised that the authorities would take
appropriate measures to remove their grievances.
 Indigo Revolt

• One of most important popular resistance in Bengal that directly

contributed to the awakening of Bengal politically.
• Between 1859-1862 the peasantry of Bengal defied European
planters and refused to cultivate indigo.
• Hence the peasants refused to grow indigo, but
the planters put pressure on the indigo-
producing raiyats to continue its production.
• Under the circumstances, the raiyats combined to free themselves
from the clutches of the indigo planters. Nadia and Jessore, the two
major indigo producing districts, were in the forefront of the
movement.
• The resistance ranged from general reluctance and non-cooperation
to armed uprising.
• Helps from Missionaries
• Nawan Abdul Latif, a Deputy Magistrate in Jessore district, gave a
number of legal verdicts against the planters. A drama called
Nildarpan (1860, mirror of indigo) by Dinabandhu Mitra and some
newspaper comments of Kishori Chand Mitra and Harishchandra
Mukherjee had helped mould public opinion in favour of the resisting
raiyats.
Such a convergence of the people of diverse faith and persuasions
made it unique in the history of resistance.

Politically, the struggle of the peasants caught the imagination of the

Calcutta Bengali intelligentsia, and therefore the welfare of the
peasants became part of their stated political goals.
Beginnings of Indian Nationalism
 Indian National Congress

• The new Indian middle classes

slowly grew tired of the injustice of
British rule,

• 1885 – a large group of these new

Indian nationalists founded the
Indian National Congress (INC) to
pressure colonial leaders for more
rights and greater self-rule and
independence.
Political Liberalization and Autonomy
Unity of Muslims and Hindus was a threat
•Bengal was geographically as large as
France and had a significantly larger
population
•Eastern Region was neglected
•An Improved administration could be
established in the east
• Their poor economic condition
• Dominance by Hindu Businessman and
landlords
• Factories and Mills were established in and
around Calcutta
• To curtail Hindu demand for political
representation

• Violent, non violent protests, boycotts, swadesi

movement and even an assassination

• Banglar mati Banglar Jol by Rabindranath Tagore

1906

The AIML Conference in 1906, held at the Ahsan Manzil palace of the Dhaka Nawab Family, laid the foundation of
the Muslim League.
Reunited Bengal in 1911
Dhaka University
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Nonviolent Civil Disobedience
Martin Luther King Jr.
• “I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the
true meaning of its creed: I have a dream that my four little children
will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color
of their skin but by the content of their character…….”
Religious Pluralism
Gandhi in Politics
Organizing People
 Unemployment
Almost all the able-bodied of Kalikakundu had left their homes and
marched to Calcutta to look for employment.
Some local girls survived because they were adept at housework and
childcare, and so had several uses in the desperate village economy.
Marched to Calcutta
Assumed Leadership of INC in 1921

Swaraj
Salt March(also known as the Dandi
March, Salt Satyagraha
• To allow the production of salt from seawater

• Gained worldwide attention

World War II and Quit India Movement
 "LeaveIndia to God. If that is too much,
then leave her to anarchy."
--Gandhi, May 1942

Above: Mohandas Gandhi

Muhammad Allama Iqbal, the poet
philosopher……..
 Two Nations Theory in 1940
-Hindu and the Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies,
social custom and literature

-they belong to two different civilizations that are based mainly on

conflicting ideas and conception

-Hindu and Muslims are inspired from different sources of history

Indian Provincial Election over Pakistan
Issue,1946
Partition and independence, 1947
 Pakistan
• Western Punjab, Sind, and possibly the north West
frontier and Baluchistan with a population of 25
million (18 million muslims)
• Eastern Bengal and Sylhet district of Assam with a
population of 44 million (31 million Muslims)
• The Indian Union or Hindustan ,covering the rest of British India

• Is this the end of Partition…?

• The Princes 'states would join one or other federation ,or possibly
proclaim their separate independence

• What about Bengal …..!!!!!!?

Impact and Aftermath of Partition

Left: Refugee train of Sikhs heading to India

Right: Man carrying wife and family across the border.
Thank You
Welcome
Winston Churchill : The Imperial Monster
British Air Force and The United States Army
Air Force

• 500000 German civilians and refuges

• 700000 phosphorous bombs

Toward Indians
Churchill loved wars and had a particular hatred for Indian
people
I hate Indians. They are beastly people with
beastly religion
Bengal Famine (1943)
Churchill was eager to see M. K. Gandhi is
killed

• If food is scarce ,why isn’t Gandhi dead yet ?

• Relief would do no good. Indians breed like rabbits and will outstrip
any available food supply.
Birds of same feather
 Hitler and Churchill : Take your peak

• Racist and killers

• Both love wars and had a peculiar hatred for Indian people
• If I were a prime minister of great Britain , one of the first things on
my list would be the removal of memorials of racist minded, racist
imperialist. The statues of Churchill in parliament square would be the
first to come down.
Thank You