1947- Partition

Emergence of Bangladesh (1947-1971)

 Two-Nation Theory, The Great Divide

 18 July 1947 – India Independence Act
 14 Aug 1947 – Pakistan came into being,
Nazimuddin formed cabinet of East Bengal
 Disparities from beginning
Welcome
Political History of Bangladesh :
Pakistan Period (1947-1971) :
Emergence of Bangladesh
1947- Partition
 The language controversy and Debate
over state language
 “If Urdu or Hindi instead of Bengali is
used in our law courts and universities
that would be tentamount to political
slavery”
 Lingua Franka

Islamic Language : Lame Excuse

In East Pakistan:
Out of 69 million people
44 million spoke in Bengali
 Political Causes of language movement

 Robbing language is to render freedom

a myth
Social and Cultural causes
 Represents Nationalism
 A nations identity and preserves its
heritage
 Economic Causes
 East Bengal’s people would be illiterate
and ineligible
 Pakistan Public Service Commission
removed Bengali
 The educated people felt threatened to
lose their position
Quaid-e-Azam declares Urdu as state
language in East Bengal in 1948
Events of 1952
Final Stage of Language
Movement

 East Pakistan lost their illusion over

west Pakistan
 January 1952- Liaquat Ali Khan
 Hartal, Demonstration and processions
-Section 144 in the
city of Dhaka
-Central language
Action Committee
-Students were
determined to
violate section 144
21st February, 1952

Section 144
21st February, 1952
 21st February, 1952
Martyrs:  Abdus Salam,
 Rafiq Uddin Ahmed, 
 Abul Barkat
 Abdul Jabbar
 ……many more…..
Events after 1952

Foundation of
the Shaheed
Minar laid
down in
Dhaka by
Abul Barkat's
family
members
 Language Movement continued until
1956
 The constitution of Pakistan was
reworded to

"The state language of Pakistan shall be

Urdu and Bengali."
 IMPACTS:

Nationality
Patriotism
Unity

Firm belief
Bravery
Legacy
 The Language Movement had a major
cultural impact on Bengali society.
 It has inspired the development and
celebration of the Bengali language,
literature and culture
 Shaheed Minar

 By Hamidur Rahmaan
 Second work started in 1956- complteted in 1963
 stood until the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, when it
was demolished completely during Operation Searchlight
 After independence rebuilt
  It was expanded in 1983
1954
ordered the creation of
the Bangla Academy to
promote, develop, and
preserve
Thank You
Welcome
The Formation of Awami
Muslim League in 23 June
1949
 Common people lost their faith and
confidence from the Muslim league

 Awami denotes the people of all classes

 First organization to voice against the

authoritarian attitude of the central
govt.
 Emergence of Bangladesh (1947-1971)

Maulana Abdul
Hamid Khan Bhasani
Characteristics

 Secularism

 True Democracy

 Removal of the word Muslim

United Front and the Election
of 1954
 Language and Autonomy Issue

 Most of the rulling elite were from

Punjab

 Close Door Policy of Muslim League

United Front and the Election
of 1954

 Awami League
 Krishak Proja Party
 The ganatantri Dal
 Nizam-a-islam
Emergence of Bangladesh (1947-1971)

A K Fazlul Huq and H S Suhrawardy

 Election Menifesto
 To make Bangla as one of the state
language of Pakistan

 Many public meeting from town to

village

 The common people of the east Bengal

Propaganda of Central Muslim
League
 Indian money had flown freely

 Enemies of Pakistan

 Industrialist, big land owners,educated

and business class
Result

 237
 215
 9
 Power Distribution
 Riot between Bengali and Non Bengali
workers
 Alliance of the united front began to
split
Constitution of Pakistan in
1962

 Ayub Khan became

president with the help
of 80000 Basic
Democrats

 National Assembly was

a powerless small body
Student Movement in 1962
 The repeal of the new constitution

 The establishment of democracy in the

country

 The release of all political prissionars

Thank You
 Election in 1964
 Yeah Azadi Jooti Haya, Lakhon Insan
Bhukha Haya

 This independence is false, millions are

without food
 4 January 1948

Muslim Students’ League

 TEAM

The Historical Six Point Movement

‘The Beginning of an End’

BACKGROUND

• Political Discrimination
• Economic Discrimination
• Military Discrimination
• Violence of Human rights
• Less spend on East Pakistan
• Lack of dedication for East Pakistan
 Cultural and Political and
Economic Gap
 Education

 Industry

 Corruption
Six point Program : A Charter
of Demand

 All Pakistan National Conference in

Lahore on 5 February 1966

 Bengali’s right to live

 Our demand for survival

The Six Points

‘The Constitution should provide for

a Federation of Pakistan in its true
sense on the Lahore Resolution, and
the parliamentary form of

#1
government with supremacy of a
Legislature directly elected on the
basis of universal adult franchise.’.
The Six Points

‘The federal government should deal

with only two subjects: Defence and

#2
Foreign Affairs, and all other
residuary subjects shall be vested in
the federating states..’.
The Six Points

‘Two separate, but freely convertible

currencies for two wings should be
introduced; or if this is not feasible, there
should be one currency for the whole
country, but effective constitutional

#3
provisions should be introduced to stop the
flight of capital from East to West
Pakistan. Furthermore, a separate Banking
Reserve should be established, and
separate fiscal and monetary policy be
adopted for East Pakistan...’.
The Six Points

‘The power of taxation and revenue

collection shall be vested in the
federating units and the federal centre
will have no such power on the issue.

#4
The federation will be entitled to a
share in the state taxes to meet its
expenditures...’.
The Six Points

‘There should be two separate accounts for

the foreign exchange earnings of the two
wings; the foreign exchange requirements
of the federal government should be met
by the two wings equally or in a ratio to be

#5
fixed; indigenous products should move
free of duty between the two wings, and
the Constitution should empower the units
to establish trade links with foreign
countries.’
The Six Points

‘East Pakistan should have a

separate military or paramilitary

#6
force and Navy head quarter
should be in East Pakistan.’
The

Impact
Reaction of Launcing Six-Point
Program
 It would spell disaster for the country
and turn the people of EP into slaves

 Free from all exploitation and

domination

 Achieving full autonomy

 THE IMPACT

Agartala Conspiracy General Election

1968 1970

1969 1971
Mass Uprising & The war of Liberation
Release of Sheikh Mujib
‘My greatest strength is the love for
my people, my greatest weakness is I
love them too much.’
Welcome
Agartala Case of 1968:A
Conspiracy

 Inter Services Intelligence (ISI)

Mass Upheavel of 1969 and the fall of
Ayub Khan
Death of Asad: A DU student Leader
 Death of Sgt. Zahurul Haq

 “Blood of sgt. Zahurul Haq shall not be

allowed to go in vain, Hold up arms and
make Bangladesh independent.”
Dr. Shamsuzzoha

A Hero Remembered
 To the brink of disaster

 Series of demonstrations and strikes

 Ayub’s resignation : the nation once again
returned to the starting point

 Restriction on free and peaceful political

activity

 Demand for adult franchise and direct

elections
 Yahia Khan
>Heavy penalties for
trouble makers,
strikers, demonstrator
and questioner to the
wisdom of Marshal Law
> Did not band political
partities
 Emergence of Bangladesh (1947-1971)

 1968 – Agartala Conspiracy Case filed

 1969 – Mass Upsurge, Students’ Action
Committee formed and announced 11-
points
 Case was withdrawn, Ayub fell
 1970 – National and Provincial Assembly
elections
 Bangladesh instead
of East Pakistan in
1969
The rise of Mujib was a source
of worry……….

Settle the issue of regional

autonomy before the
election
 Legal Framework Order by Yahia Khan
on 30 March 1970 to transfer power to
the elective representatives
 East Pakistan- 169
 Punjab- 85
 Sind – 28
 Baluchistan – 5
 NWFP – 18
 Tribal Areas - 7
 June 7, 1970

 Be ready for Great struggle for rights

 Joi Bangla for the first time

 Election Campaign
 October 5, 1970

 Date for election but postponed

because of Devastating flood

 Half a million people perished

 Air drops of relief supplies

 India took measures but Pakistan was

reluctant

 A great opportunity for Awami League

 7 December 1971
 Election for national assembly

 162+138 =300 was the total number of

seats
 Awami League secured 160 seats out of
162

 Raza Tridib Roy won 1 seat

 Nurul Amin won 1 seat
 PPP won 83 seats out of 138

>Awami League becabe the first largest

and PPP became the secont largest
party of Pakistan
 Well organized election with complete
freedom on the basis of Adult franchise

 The restoration of a democratic and

civilian government

 People of Pakistan were mature enough

 The question of transferring power to
Bengalis

 Bhutto was interested in gaining power

and not to transfer power to the
Bengalis

 Pakistan Army
 Threat of Bhutto

 Attitude of Army HQ

 Don’t worry …..we will not allow these

black….to rule over us
 12 January 1971
 Yahia declared Sheikh Mujib was going
to the future Prime Minister of Pakistan
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib and Yahia

 Sir, tell me what objections you have to

this programme
 I am a democrat and majority leader of
Pakistan. I can not ignore the interest
of West Pakistan

 Talk with Bhutto 17 January 1971

 3 March 1971
 The National Assembly would meet in
Dhaka

 Bhutto declared to boycotting the

assembly session

 Postponed of National Assembly

 The political situation became very
gloomy by the end of February and
consequences were in the way that led
to the liberation war of Bangladesh in
1971
 Historical speech of March 7, 1971 by
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
Thank You
 Emergence of Bangladesh (1947-1971)

 1948 – Jinnah died, Nazimuddin became

Governor General
 1949 – Awami Muslim League was formed,
42-point programs.
 1950 – Zamindari system abolished
 1952- Language Movement
 Seed of self-determination from language
movement
 Emergence of Bangladesh (1947-1971)

First Ministry of East Bengal; Sitting from Left: Hamidul Huq Choudhury, Khaza Nazimuddin (Chief
Minister), Sir Frederick Burnie (Governor), A K M Akram (Chief Justice) & Nurul Amin. Standing from
Left: Mr Louis (Governor’s PS), Aziz Ahmed (Chief Secretary), S N Baker (Chief Minister’s PS) and two
ADCs
 Emergence of Bangladesh (1947-1971)

 1948-1954 – Nurul Amin Chief Minister

of East Bengal, unstable economy,
price hike
 8-12 March 1954 – Provincial Election,
debacle for Muslim League
 14-member cabinet formed by Fazlul
Huq on 15 May 1954
 Emergence of Bangladesh (1947-1971)

 Conspiracy by Muslim League and law and

order slide
 29 May 1954 – UF government was
dismissed by central government
 Governor’s rule continued upto 2 June 1955
 Emergence of Bangladesh (1947-1971)

 1956 – First constitution of Pakistan,

Bangla recognized as state language
 UF broke up as Huq became Home
Minister of central government and
demand for autonomy dropped
 Emergence of Bangladesh (1947-1971)

 Huq was appointed governor of East

Bengal on 5 March 1956
 Suhrawardi-led AL in power

-- at center: 12 Sep 1956 – 18 Oct 1957

-- in East Pakistan : 6 Sep – 31 March
1958
 Emergence of Bangladesh (1947-1971)

 1957 – Suhrawardi PM of Pakistan

 Rift in AL, Bhasani founded NAP, 28
Provincial Assembly members resigned
 1954-1958 – seven cabinets formed,
governor’s rule imposed thrice
 27 October 1958 – Ayub Khan staged
coup
 Emergence of Bangladesh (1947-1971)

 1962 – student movement, Suhrawardi

led NDF formed to forge anti-Ayub
movement
 December 1963 - Suhrawardi died
 1964 – Mujibur Rahman GS of East
Pakistan AL
Emergence of Bangladesh (1947-1971)

Protests continued
 Emergence of Bangladesh (1947-1971)

 1965 – Indo-Pak war, East Pakistan was

defenseless, disparity widened
 1966 – 6-point programme declared at
Lahore, Mujib and Manik Mia arrested,
Ittefaq banned
 1967- Broadcast of Tagore songs banned
Emergence of Bangladesh
(1947-1971)
6 Point Demand
1.The constitution should provide for a
Federation of Pakistan in its true sense
on the Lahore Resolution and the
parliamentary form of government with
supremacy of a legislature directly
elected on the basis of universal adult
franchise.
Emergence of Bangladesh
(1947-1971)

2.The federal government should deal with

only two subjects: defense and foreign
affairs, and all other residuary subjects
shall be vested in the federating states.
Emergence of Bangladesh
(1947-1971)
3.  Two separate, but freely convertible currencies
for two wings should be introduced; or if this is
not feasible, there should be one currency for
the whole country, but effective constitutional
provisions should be introduced to stop the
flight of capital from East to West Pakistan.
Furthermore, a separate banking reserve should
be established and separate fiscal and monetary
policy be adopted for East Pakistan.
Emergence of Bangladesh
(1947-1971)

4.The power of taxation and revenue

collection shall be vested in the
federating units and the federal centre
will have no such power. The federation
will be entitled to a share in the state
taxes to meet its expenditures.
Emergence of Bangladesh
(1947-1971)
5.There should be two separate accounts for
the foreign exchange earnings of the two
wings; the foreign exchange requirements of
the federal government should be met by the
two wings equally or in a ratio to be fixed;
indigenous products should move free of duty
between the two wings, and the constitution
should empower the units to establish trade
links with foreign countries.
Emergence of Bangladesh
(1947-1971)
6. East Pakistan should have a separate
militia or paramilitary forces
 Emergence of Bangladesh (1947-1971)

 7 March 1971 – Dhaka Rescourse Maidan

Speech
 15 March1971 – Yayha arrived in Dhaka
 Negotiations Started
 Emergence of Bangladesh (1947-1971)

DU student leaders taking oath of loyalty to an independent Bangladesh March 1971

 Emergence of Bangladesh (1947-1971)

Chattra Union activists in an armed parade on Dhaka road on 7 March 1971

 Emergence of Bangladesh (1947-1971)

 Secret build-up of forces by Pakistani military

rulers
 All-out protests continued
 25 March - Genocide
 Emergence of Bangladesh (1947-1971)

 26 March 1971 – Independence of

Bangladesh declared
 10 April 1971- Government-in-exile formed
 17 April 1971- Government-in-exile took
oath
 16 December – Liberation War ends.
THANK YOU