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An Overview of Foot Over-Bridges at Dhaka City
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DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6087177
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Journal of Advances in Civil Engineering and Management
Volume 5 Issue 1
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6087177
An Overview of Foot Over-Bridges at Dhaka City

Abdur Razzak Zubaer1*, Raihad Farin Mahi2, Salma Afia Ratri3, Talha Ibne Aziz4
1,2,3,4
Graduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering,
Ahsanullah. University. of. Science. and. Technology, Bangladesh.
*
Corresponding Author
E-mail Id:-zubaer1996ador@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
This study is associates the pedestrian behavior and preferences during using the foot over-
bridge in three different sites of Dhaka city. All the surveyed sites are the same in
characteristics. The data was attained on weekdays (peak hours) using the conventional road
survey method. The pie chart is used to represent pedestrian’s verdict on diverse factors. One
way ANOVA test is done with the surveyed data to analyze the significance of pedestrians'
gender, age, and profession over 8 different factors. After analyzing the data it’s known that
the highest percentage of female pedestrians use the foot over-bridge at site 3. Students,
service holders, and businessmen use the foot over-bridge most. In addition, it’s seen that age
group in between 18-25 prefer to use foot over-bridge while crossing the road and all the foot
over-bridges at site 1, site 2, and site 3 are safe, comfortable, time saver to the maximum
pedestrians. Furthermore, pedestrians ponder foot over-bridges need to repair and free from
the hawkers. Perhaps, maximum pedestrians choose foot over-bridges over zebra crossings
but do not prefer to use foot over-bridges while carrying the luggage. It is also found that
pedestrian’s gender, age, and profession are not significant to all the 8 factors but directly
significant to few factors and different group types.
Keywords:-Pedestrian, foot over-bridge, zebra crossing, ANOVA test, gender, age,

profession.
INTRODUCTION of grade separation. The foot over bridge

Among many transportation modes, to (FOB) is one of them which allows
make any minuscule trip to reach the effortless vehicular traffic movement and
destination, people still now prefer also fortifies reliable pedestrian
walking, which is the most ancient mode movement. Foot over bridges should be
of transportation. And a person who rendered at the intersection or junction
proceeds his pathway using his feet is points of roads, non-accessible crossing
called a pedestrian. roads, busy roads where loaded vehicles
are allowed to move at high speed and it is
Due to deprivation of consummate indispensable.
pedestrian amenity service, they are
thoroughly subject to roadway traffic. Dhaka is the capital of 306.4 km2 area of
Sometimes they have to face some the crampy populated country, Bangladesh
uncertain interaction between vehicle and with having a large population of more
pedestrian if they are constrained crossing than 14 million with an annual 8% growth
at-grade an illegitimate way. To overcome rate. As it is a very busy city most of the
such circumstances, ensure the safety and main streets remains blocked at peak hours
accessibility of the pedestrian grade due to traffic jam. So, people have to
separation is the stereotyped cogent choose the walking mode to cross the
solution. Overpass or underpass is a form vehicular jam. That’s why everyday
HBRP Publication Page 1-11 2022. All Rights Reserved Page 1

Volume 5 Issue 1
common people have to specify walking improving, facilities trigger pedestrians'

mode even if they do not want to. The stimulation of using FOB, so better design
advantage is it reduces the transportation guidelines should be maintained for
cost. However, it is compulsory to concoct hereafter FOB plating and outlining.
a safe walking zone for the pedestrian as
they are the pivotal casualty of road Besides, this study has envisaged reaching
accidents. In Dhaka, about 2720 accidents the subsequent objectives as to check
occurred according to the report of 2007 to whether gender, age, and profession play
2011. any significant role in using the foot over-
bridges, to check the significance of
And most of them took place during pedestrian behaviors according to their
crossing the roads. Most of them occur gender, age, and profession, and to
during walking by the roadside instead of understand the pedestrian theory which
using a footpath or waiting at the roadside amenities will make the over-bridges safe
for the bus. Even they cross the roads and comfortable to pedestrians [5].
without using foot over bridge (FOB).
Pedestrians always have the propensity to LITERATURE REVIEW
espouse the path which is ephemeral for In the previous year many studies had
crossing. They should have embraced the done on pedestrian behavior. Some studies
fundamental confrontation to change grade emphasis on the density and maximum
during crossing the road. But they embrace flow rate of the pedestrians and tried to
the high risk and do not consider safety[4]. link them with characteristics of the
pedestrians [1,2]. In addition, some studies
People in Dhaka find foot over bridges focuses on the pedestrian behavior and
more time-consuming and insecure than their safety by creating the perceptual
crossing roads or using the zebra crossing. model [3].
But logically using foot over bridge
ensures people collision-free crossing from Furthermore, there are also some studies
one side to another side of the road. In this which enlighten the pedestrian road
study, the researcher worked with three- crossing behavior while using foot over-
foot over bridges from different sites of bridges and zebra crossings [6]. Perhaps,
Dhaka city. And three of them are well this study is also focuses on pedestrian’s
shaded freed from heat and rain. behavior while using the foot over-bridges
Pedestrians feel uncomfortable because of at different sites in Dhaka city and try to
the unwanted hawkers, vendors in the link diverse factors with their gender, age,
daytime, and some illegal activities like and profession.
prostitution and drug addicts after evening
time. METHODOLOGY
This section of the study demonstrates the
To ensure the safety concern it is contingents of data collection sites and
necessary to encourage pedestrians to use procedures for data collection and data
the foot over bridges. The researchers have analysis.
suggested, CCTVs installation is a must to
improve security. To make the crossing Data Collection Sites
time-efficient and smoother obstruction The conventional data collection survey
(hawkers, beggars, side shops) method was used to attain the pedestrian’s
confiscation or shifting and escalator behavior data over three different foot over
implementation would be eye-catching bridges located at a diverse location in
steps to encourage the pedestrians. As busy Dhaka city. Selected foot over-

Volume 5 Issue 1
bridges are known as Science Lab foot their gender, age, and profession. Excel is
over-bridge (site-1), Farmgate mor foot used to analyze and record the data
over-bridge (site-2), and Mirpur-10 gol acquired from the pedestrians. Pie charts
chottor foot over-bridge (site-3). The data were fabricated to understand the analyzed
were attained through peak hours on data more comprehensively and easily.
weekdays for around three hours. Data
were collected from diverse pedestrians Furthermore, acquired data was also
and surveyed pedestrians were selected analyzed by SPSS software to check the
randomly. The trap length was designate direct link or significance between
between 10m and the effective width for pedestrian’s gender, age, and profession
every site scaled between 1.83m to 1.85m. and eight diverse factors. From the final
The effective width was attained after analyzed data, the effect of pedestrian’s
take-off the buffer breadth from the total gender, age, and profession on their
width. behavior can be understood. The efficacy
of the foot over-bridges also can be
Data Collection Methodology measured.
To begin with, surveyed locations were
selected and all the locations inherit the RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
same type of characteristics, and data was The assembled data was studied and the
collected through the data collection details of accumulated data are prepared in
survey method. Pedestrians stopped and the subsequent Table 1.
asked about eight different factors with
Table 1:-Characteristics of segment avail for data collection in different sites at Dhaka City.
Figure 1 indicates that the 67%,66%, and pedestrian of age group 0-17 and 40+ has
65% male pedestrians and 33%,34%, and found in between 2% to 6% in all the sites.
35% female pedestrians respectively use That indicates those particular age groups
the foot over-bridges located at site 1, site pedestrians demand more amenities to use
2, and site 3. The female representation is the foot over-bridges. On the contrary, the
significant and it may indicate the safeness age group of 18-25 has found 66%,60%,
and efficacy of the over-bridges. and 56% respectively at site 1, site 2, and
site 3.
Figure 2 shows that the pedestrians of all
age groups operate the foot over-bridges Figure 3 proclaims that the pedestrians of
but the matter of concern is that the diverse professions use the foot over

Volume 5 Issue 1
bridges but the involvement of students, offices near them, which can be the reason
service holders, and businessmen are behind the higher involvement of those
notable. All of the surveyed sites have particular three professions.
schools, colleges, shopping malls, and
Description Site 1 Site 2 Site 3

Fig.1:-
Gender
Distribution
of
Pedestrians
in different
sites.
Fig.2:- Age
Distribution
of
Pedestrians
in different
sites.
Fig.3:-
Distribution
of divergent
professions
pedestrians
in different
sites.
Figure 4 shows that the majority of the over-bridges over the zebra crossings.
pedestrians feel safe using the foot over- Figure 7 shows that 51%,52%, and 53% of
bridges but 20%, 22%, and 25% of pedestrians at site 1, site 2, and site 3 think
pedestrians feel unsafe using site 1, site 2, that foot over-bridges do save their time
and site 3’s foot over-bridges respectively. during crossing the roads and the rest
percentage of the pedestrians think other.
Figure 5 indicates that the generality of
pedestrian perceives comfortable using the It can be seen from figure 8 that the
foot over-bridges but the percentage of majority of the ponder that foot over-
confining felt pedestrians are also notable. bridges do requisite repairment and 19%,
39%, 40%, and 41% of pedestrians feel 24%, and 21% of pedestrians at site 1, site
uncomfortable using site 1, site 2, and site 2, and site 3 ponder other.
3’s foot over-bridges respectively.
It has appeared from figure 9 that
Figure 6 proclaims that the users of site 1, 75%,75%, and 73% of pedestrians at site
site 2, and site 3’s foot over-bridges prefer 1, site 2, and site 3 do feel that foot over-
foot over-bridges over the zebra crossings bridges are requisite to free from street
during crossing the road. Pedestrians feel hawkers and the minority of pedestrians
more convenient during using the foot feel other from the majority.

Volume 5 Issue 1
Figure 10 shows that the 57%,58%, and luggage with them at site 1, site 2, and site
57% of pedestrians do not aspire to use the 3 respectively and the rest of the
foot over-bridges while carrying the pedestrians think other.
Description Site 1 Site 2 Site 3

Fig.4:- Safeness
verdict of
Pedestrians in
different sites.
Fig.5:-
Comfortableness
verdict of
Pedestrians in
different sites.
Fig.6:-Preference
between Foot
Over-bridge and
Zebra Crossing of
Pedestrians in
different sites.
Fig.7:-Time save
verdict of
Pedestrians in
different sites.
Fig.8:-Repairment
requisite, the
verdict of
Pedestrians in
different sites.
Fig.9:- Foot Over-

bridges requisite to
free from Street
Hawker, the
verdict of
Pedestrians in
different sites.
Fig.10:-Preference
of using Foot
Over-bridge while
carrying luggage,
the verdict of
Pedestrians in
different sites.

Volume 5 Issue 1
Before conducting the one-way ANOVA related to a pedestrian’s gender and a

test it is assuming that all the answers of pedestrian's requisite for the repairment of
the asked questions during the survey were foot over-bridges are linked with only a
linked with gender, age, and professions pedestrian’s profession.
but after conducting the one-way ANOVA
test result seems contrasting. Table 4 represent that for gender group
type at site 3 gender is directly significant
Table 2 represent that for gender group to answers for factor no A, C, D, F, and H.
type at site 1 gender is directly significant In addition, it can be seen that for age
to answers for factor no A, F, and H. In group type at site 3 age is directly
addition, it can be seen that for age group significant to answers for factors no B, F,
type at site 1 age is directly significant to and H.
answers for factors no B, F, and H.
Furthermore, it has appeared that at site 3
Furthermore, it has appeared that at site 1 pedestrian’s profession is directly
pedestrian’s profession is directly significant to answers for factor no B, D,
significant to answers for factor no B and E, and F. which means hawker’s presence
F. which means hawker’s presence is is directly affected by the pedestrian’s
directly affected by the pedestrian’s gender, age, and profession. On the other
gender, age, and profession. side, how often pedestrians use the foot
over-bridges are directly affected by
On the other side, how often pedestrians pedestrian’s gender and age.
use the foot over-bridges are directly
affected by pedestrian’s gender and age. On the contrary pedestrian’s
On the contrary pedestrian’s comfortableness is directly related to a
comfortableness is directly related to a pedestrian’s age and profession. Perhaps,
pedestrian’s age and profession and a pedestrian’s verdict about time is saved or
pedestrian's safety feeling is linked with not while using foot over-bridges is linked
only a pedestrian’s age. with pedestrian's gender and profession.
Table 3 represent that for gender group On the other hand, the requisite for the
type at site 2 gender is directly significant repair of foot over-bridge is linked with
to answers for factor no A, B, F, and H. In only a pedestrian’s profession. Besides,
addition, it can be seen that for age group safety and preference of foot over-bridge
type at site 2 age is directly significant to over zebra crossing are related to only
answers for factors no F and H. pedestrian’s gender directly.
Furthermore, it has appeared that at site 2

pedestrian’s profession is directly
significant to answers for factor no E and
F. which means hawker’s presence is
directly affected by the pedestrian’s
gender, age, and profession. On the other
side, how often pedestrians use the foot
over-bridges are directly affected by
pedestrian’s gender and age.
On the contrary pedestrian’s

comfortableness and safety are directly

Volume 5 Issue 1
Table 2:-One-way ANOVA test results for gender, age, and profession group type at site 1.
Site Pedestrian Factors Factors P Comment
No Group No value
and Type
Name
A Feel Safe or not. 0.000 Significant
B Feel Comfortable or not. 0.056 Not
significant
C Preference between foot over-bridge 0.852 Not
and zebra crossing. significant
D Take more time or not. 0.219 Not
significant
E Need to be repaired or not. 0.906 Not
significant
F Ok with the Hawkers existence or not. 0.019 Significant
G Prefer using over-bridge with carrying 0.097 Not
Gender
luggage or not. significant

H How often they use the over-bridge. 0.000 Significant
A Feel Safe or not. 0.739 Not
significant
B Feel Comfortable or not. 0.030 Significant
significant
significant
Age

significant
Site 1: Science Laboratory

significant
significant
Profession

H How often they use the over-bridge. 0.139 Not
significant

Volume 5 Issue 1

No Group No value
and Type
Name
significant
significant
Gender

significant
significant
significant
significant
Age

significant
significant
Site 2: Farmgate Mor
significant
E Need to be repaired or not. 0.016 Significant
Profession

significant

Volume 5 Issue 1

No Group No value
and Type
Name
significant
C Preference between foot over-bridge 0.040 Significant
and zebra crossing.
D Take more time or not. 0.03 Significant
significant
F Ok with the Hawkers existence or 0.047 Significant
not.
G Prefer using over-bridge with 0.105 Not
Gender
carrying luggage or not. significant

significant
significant
significant
not.
Age

significant
Site 2: MIrpur-10 Gol Chottor

D Take more time or not. 0.047 Significant
E Need to be repaired or not. 0.000 Significant
not.
Profession

significant

Volume 5 Issue 1
CONCLUSION of pedestrians prefer to use foot over-

The main intention of this study is to co- bridges while carrying the luggage. For
relate the behavior of pedestrians with site 1 it has been seen that hawker’s
their gender, age, and profession and try to presence is directly affected by the
measure the efficacy of the chosen foot pedestrian’s gender, age, and profession.
over-bridges and try to figure out what On the other side, how often pedestrians
amenities are required to improve the use the foot over-bridges are directly
efficacy of the foot over-bridges. affected by pedestrian’s gender and age.
A conventional data collection survey was On the contrary pedestrian’s

conducted over foot over-bridges at three comfortableness is directly related to a
different sites of Dhaka city. All the pedestrian’s age and profession and a
chosen sites are the same in characteristics pedestrian's safety feeling is linked with
which will assist to compare them and also only a pedestrian’s age and other factors
may succor while providing the amenities. are not significant to the pedestrian’s
gender, age, and profession. It can be seen
The percentage of female pedestrians is that for site 2 hawker’s presence is directly
around 33% to 35% on all the surveyed affected by the pedestrian’s gender, age,
sites which is less than the male pedestrian and profession.
percentage but the female pedestrians
acquired percentage is significant. On the other side, how often pedestrians
use the foot over-bridges are directly
It indicates female pedestrians also feel affected by pedestrian’s gender and age.
comfortable using the foot over-bridges
and if more amenities are provided the On the contrary pedestrian’s
acquired percentage may increase. comfortableness and safety are directly
Student, service holder, and businessmen related to a pedestrian’s gender and a
are the professions which are significant in pedestrian's requisite for the repairment of
percentage to use the foot over-bridge and foot over-bridges are linked with only a
on the contrary age group 18-25 carry the pedestrian’s profession and remain factors
mass of the percentage but 0-17 and 40+ are not directly linked with pedestrian’s
age groups are very little in percentage. gender, age, and profession. From the
analyzed data it can be attained that for
And 75% to 80% of pedestrians think they site 3 hawker’s presence is directly
are safe while using the foot over-bridges affected by the pedestrian’s gender, age,
and 59% to 61% of pedestrians feel and profession.
comfortable while using the foot over-
bridges. However, 61% to 64% of On the other side, how often pedestrians
pedestrians prefer foot over-bridges over use the foot over-bridges are directly
the zebra crossing and 51% to 53% of affected by pedestrian’s gender and age.
pedestrians ponder foot over-bridges do On the contrary pedestrian’s
save their time. The matter of concern is comfortableness is directly related to a
that 79% to 81% of pedestrians think that pedestrian’s age and profession. Perhaps,
surveyed foot-over bridges need to get pedestrian’s verdict about time is saved or
repaired. not while using foot over-bridges is linked
with pedestrian's gender and profession.
Furthermore, 73% to 75% of pedestrians
ponder that foot over-bridges have to be On the other hand, the requisite for the
free from street hawkers and 42% to 43% repair of foot over-bridge is linked with

Volume 5 Issue 1
only a pedestrian’s profession. Besides, REFERENCES

safety and preference of foot over-bridge 1. Maurya, A. K., & Panda, J. (2015).
over zebra crossing are related to only Study of Pedestrian Movement Over
pedestrian’s gender directly and prevailing Foot Over Bridge. Discovery, 40(182),
factors are not directly significant to 104-117.
pedestrian’s gender, age, and profession. 2. Banerjee, A., & Maurya, A. K. (2020).
The foot over-bridges need repair and A comparative study of pedestrian
regular maintenance. movement behavior over foot over
bridges under similar land-use
Besides, an escalator may provide to type. Transportation research
encourage age group 0-17 and 40+ to use procedia, 48, 3342-3354.
the foot over-bridges while crossing the 3. Debnath, M., Hasanat-E-Rabbi, S.,
road. Furthermore, hawkers have to be Hamim, O. F., Hoque, M. S., McIlroy,
prohibited from the foot over-bridges. R. C., Plant, K. L., & Stanton, N. A.
Hence, pedestrians' safety and (2021). An investigation of urban
comfortableness must be ensured to pedestrian behaviour in Bangladesh
escalate the percentage of female using the Perceptual Cycle
pedestrians. Model. Safety science, 138, 105214.
4. Ishtiaque, A., & Ahmed, B. (2013).
FUTURE SCOPE Urban road accidents in Dhaka,
In this research, the objective couldn’t be Bangladesh.
effectuated in some cases due to more or 5. M.I. Uddin, M.A. Raihan, S.M.S.
less amount of foible. The subsequent, Mahmud, & S. Pervaz. (2021). Road
study could increase the efficacy of this Safety Status Of Dhaka City: What
study. Does Our Data Tell Us and Priorities
for the way Forward. 5th International
 From the three different sites total of Conference on Advances in Civil
1625 data were collected. If some more Engineering (ICACE 2020) At:
data was collected, the paper’s analysis Chattogram, Bangladesh.
would have shown a more fruitful result. 6. Md. Sanaullah Shamim, Md. Mahadi
 Time constrain limitation occurred. Hasan, & Md. Alamgir Hossain
Data were collected only for 3 hours. A Mridha. (2020). Pedestrian Road
whole day survey should have been done Crossing Behavior at Foot Over
to predict the more accurate value. Bridge and Zebra Crossing at Progoti
 Only three different foot over Sarani in Dhaka City. Mat Journals, 5,
bridges were plumbed for the survey work. 28–36.
More bridges should have been annexed,
as they could bring some variations Cite this article as: Abdur Razzak
according to the flow, speed of the traffic. Zubaer, Raihad Farin Mahi, Salma
 The survey was done before the Afia Ratri, & Talha Ibne Aziz.
Corona pandemic, because of the time (2022). An Overview of Foot Over-
constraint and new normal situation survey Bridges at Dhaka City. Journal of
is not conduct post-pandemic situation. Advances in Civil Engineering and
Management, 5(1), 1–11.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.608
7177
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An Overview of Foot Over-Bridges at Dhaka City

Article · February 2022

Abdur Razzak Zubaer Raihad Farin Mahi

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Afia Ratri Talha Ibne Aziz

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The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

An Overview of Foot Over-Bridges at Dhaka City

Keywords:-Pedestrian, foot over-bridge, zebra crossing, ANOVA test, gender, age,

INTRODUCTION of grade separation. The foot over bridge

HBRP Publication Page 1-11 2022. All Rights Reserved Page 1

common people have to specify walking improving, facilities trigger pedestrians'

HBRP Publication Page 1-11 2022. All Rights Reserved Page 2

HBRP Publication Page 1-11 2022. All Rights Reserved Page 3

Description Site 1 Site 2 Site 3

HBRP Publication Page 1-11 2022. All Rights Reserved Page 4

Description Site 1 Site 2 Site 3

Fig.9:- Foot Over-

HBRP Publication Page 1-11 2022. All Rights Reserved Page 5

Before conducting the one-way ANOVA related to a pedestrian’s gender and a

Furthermore, it has appeared that at site 2

On the contrary pedestrian’s

HBRP Publication Page 1-11 2022. All Rights Reserved Page 6

luggage or not. significant

H How often they use the over-bridge. 0.019 Significant

D Take more time or not. 0.175 Not

luggage or not. significant

HBRP Publication Page 1-11 2022. All Rights Reserved Page 7

Site Pedestrian Factors Factors P Comment

luggage or not. significant

H How often they use the over-bridge. 0.025 Significant

luggage or not. significant

HBRP Publication Page 1-11 2022. All Rights Reserved Page 8

Site Pedestrian Factors Factors P Comment

carrying luggage or not. significant

H How often they use the over-bridge. 0.030 Significant

C Preference between foot over-bridge 0.725 Not

carrying luggage or not. significant

HBRP Publication Page 1-11 2022. All Rights Reserved Page 9

CONCLUSION of pedestrians prefer to use foot over-

A conventional data collection survey was On the contrary pedestrian’s

HBRP Publication Page 1-11 2022. All Rights Reserved Page 10

only a pedestrian’s profession. Besides, REFERENCES

HBRP Publication Page 1-11 2022. All Rights Reserved Page 11

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