FUNDAMENTALS OF PROGRAMMING

UNIT CODE: ICT/OS/CS/CR/04/6/A

Understand Programming Concepts

 programming is the process of instructing a computer to perform specific tasks by giving
it a set of step-by-step instructions.

1. phases of program development

 Establish program requirements
 Design a program
 Coding
 Code test and debug
 Document
Maintain
 Problem Definition and Planning:
Identify and understand the problem that needs to be solved.
Plan the overall structure and functionality of the program.
Define the requirements and constraints.
 Analysis:
Break down the problem into smaller, manageable parts.
Analyze each part to understand its requirements and functions.
Identify data structures and algorithms needed.
 Design:
Create a high-level design specifying the overall structure of the program.
Define data structures, algorithms, and the user interface.
Consider issues like modularity, efficiency, and user experience.
 Implementation (Coding):
Write the actual code based on the design.
Translate the algorithmic solutions into a programming language.
Follow coding standards and best practices.
 Testing:
Test the program for correctness, robustness, and reliability.
Identify and fix bugs or errors in the code.
Conduct various tests, including unit tests and system tests.
 Debugging:
Identify and fix errors or defects in the code.
Use debugging tools to trace and resolve issues.
 Documentation:
Create documentation that explains the program's functionality, code structure, and usage.
Include comments in the code for future reference.
 Maintenance:
Make updates or modifications to the program as needed.
Fix bugs and address issues that arise after deployment.
Enhance the program to adapt to changing requirements.
 Deployment:
Release the program for use by end-users.
Ensure proper installation and configuration.

2. key terms used in programming

 Algorithm
 Source code
 Executable
 Compiling
 Debugging
Algorithm:
An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure or set of rules designed to solve a specific problem.
In programming, algorithms are expressed as a sequence of well-defined instructions to be
executed by a computer.
Source Code:
Source code refers to the human-readable instructions written by a programmer in a
programming language. It is the original code that needs to be translated into machine code
(binary) before a computer can execute it.
Executable:
An executable, or executable file, is a file containing machine code that can be executed
directly by a computer's central processing unit (CPU). It is the compiled and ready-to-run
version of the source code.
Compiling:
Compiling is the process of translating the source code written in a high-level programming
language into machine code or a lower-level language that a computer can understand. The
result is an executable file.
Debugging:
Debugging is the process of finding and fixing errors, or bugs, in a program. Programmers use
debugging tools to identify and correct issues in the source code that may cause the program
to behave incorrectly or crash.

3. types of code
 Source Code:
This is the human-readable code written by programmers using a specific programming
language. It is the original code that needs to be translated into machine code through
compilation or interpretation.
 Machine Code:
Machine code is the lowest-level programming language consisting of binary code (0s and
1s) that directly represents the instructions executed by a computer's central processing unit
(CPU). It is specific to a particular CPU architecture.
 Bytecode:
Bytecode is an intermediate code that is generated by a compiler or interpreter. It is not
machine-specific and is often used in virtual machines. Java, for example, compiles source
code into bytecode that runs on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
 Executable Code:
Executable code is the machine code or bytecode that is ready to be executed by a computer.
It is the compiled version of the source code and can run independently on a computer
system.
 Scripting Code:
Scripting languages, like Python or JavaScript, use scripts as their code. These scripts are
often interpreted rather than compiled, and they are commonly used for automation, web
development, and other dynamic tasks.
 Library Code:
Libraries contain pre-written code and functions that can be reused in different programs.
They help in modularizing code and promoting code reusability.
 Markup Code:
Markup languages, such as HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) and XML (eXtensible
Markup Language), use markup code to define the structure and presentation of documents.
Markup code is not executed like traditional programming code but is interpreted by
browsers or other software.
 Assembly Code:
Assembly language is a low-level programming language that is specific to a particular
computer architecture. Assembly code is a human-readable representation of machine code
and is often used for tasks requiring low-level control over hardware.
 Version Control Code:
Version control systems, like Git, use code to track changes made to source code over time.
This code includes information about revisions, branches, and merges, facilitating
collaborative development and code management.

Java environment
1. How to install java (process )
2. Java environment
3. What are the features of java
4. What’s the syntax of java

 assignment How to Install Java (Process

Java Environment:
The Java environment refers to the setup and infrastructure required to run Java
applications. It includes:

Java Development Kit (JDK):

The JDK is a software development kit that includes the tools necessary to develop and
run Java applications. It includes the Java Compiler (javac), the Java Virtual Machine
(JVM), and other development tools.
Integrated Development Environment (IDE):
 An IDE, such as Eclipse, IntelliJ IDEA, or NetBeans, provides a user-friendly interface for
writing, testing, and debugging Java code. While not strictly required, using an IDE can
enhance the development experience.
Java Runtime Environment (JRE):
The JRE is needed to run Java applications. It includes the JVM and other libraries but
lacks the development tools found in the JDK.

Build Tools: Tools like Apache Maven or Gradle help manage dependencies, compile
code, and package applications. They are commonly used in Java development projects.

Features of Java:
Java comes with several features that contribute to its popularity and versatility:

 Platform Independence:
Java applications can run on any device with a Java Virtual Machine (JVM), regardless of
the underlying hardware and operating system.
 Object-Oriented:
Java is an object-oriented programming language, promoting the use of objects and
classes for code organization and reusability.
 Robust and Secure:
Java incorporates features for error handling, memory management, and security to
ensure robust and secure applications.
 Multithreading:
Java supports multithreading, allowing programs to execute multiple threads
simultaneously, improving performance.
 Rich Standard Library:
Java comes with a comprehensive standard library that provides ready-to-use classes and
methods for common programming tasks.

 Assignment 2 Syntax of Java: