TRANSLATION Translation cart or s jence? Translation is both an art and a science. On one hand, translation requires technical sills, such as a deep understanding of both the sour’ and target languages, tnowledge of grammatical structures, and 2 familiarity with cultural and contextual nuances. These technical aspects of translation are rooted in science. On the other hand, translation also involves a great deal of creativity: 3§ the translator must find the best way to convey the meaning of the source text In Vie target language, while also taking into account factors such as tone, style and register. This creative aspect of translation is rooted in art. Furthermore, transtation 15 not just a mechanical process of transferring words from one language to another: it involves a complex interplay between the source and target languages. as well as the cultures and histories that they represent. This interplay requires both technical expertise and creative sensitivity making translation a unique blend of art and science Translation is a combination of science, art and skill aa science: demand complete knowledge of the structure ane make-up of the two languages «An art: reconstruct the original text into product that 's presentable to the vender who is not supposed to be familiar with the original «Askill: = smooth over any difficulty in the translation - provide the translation of something that has n° equal in the target language, What is translation ? Tranglation is the process of conveying the meaning of a text from one language to another, It involves taking the source text (the original text in the original language) and producing a target text (a translation of the original text in the target language) that accurately conveys the meaning and intent of the source text Translation involves a range of skills and knowledge, including a deep understanding of the source and target languages, knowledge of grammatical structures and an awareness of cultural and contextual nuances. A good translation not only accurately conveys the meaning af the source text, but also takes into account factors such as tone, style, and register. tn order to produce a natural-sounding and effective target text Translation is a vital part of communication and is used in @ variety of contexts including literature, usiness, diplomacy, and international relations. It is a complex and challenging task, and translators often work with a team of other professionals such as editors and proofreaders, to ensure the quality of the final product. One example of “resorting to creativity in using language in translation” (question 1 page 10) is the translation of idiomatic expressions or wordplays that are unique to the source language and do not have a direct equivalent in the target language. In such cases, a translator may need to use their creativity to find an equivalent expression or wordplay in the target language that captures the intended meaning and tone of the original. For instance, consider the English idiom “raining cats and dogs.” If this expression were to be translated directly into another language, it would likely be confusing or 1+ simultaneous interpretation: Simultaneous interpreting is a mode of interpreting in which the speaker makes a speech and the interpreter reformulates the speech into a language his. audience understands at the same time (or simultaneously). + sight interpretation: nin van ban dich, la trudng hop ngudi phién dich c&m van ban viét bang SL, doc dén dau dich dén day ra TL - Translation: orientation: source textoriented, target text-oriented approach: semantic translation, communicative translation a of a good translator / interpreter: ‘A good interpreter should be fluent in both the source and target languages. They should be able to convey the intended meaning of the speakers accurately, without adding or omitting any information. They should have an extensive vocabulary, excellent grammar, and be able to interpret idiomatic expressions and cultural nuances. ‘A good interpreter should be familiar with the cultural norms, customs, and values of both the source and target cultures. This helps them to accurately interpret the meaning of the conversation and avoid any cultural misunderstandings, fessionaliss: A good interpreter should conduct themselves in a professional manner, adhering to ethical guidelines and maintaining confidentiality, They should also be punctual, reliable, and present themselves in a manner that is respect tothe speakers elient Listening and Sp: Skills: An interpreter should be an active listener with cxcellent, verbal communication skills. They should be able to quickly and accurately interpret what is being said and communicate it effectively in the target language. c i competent ¢ s: A translator should be an active reader with excellent writing skills in both the source and target languages. They should be able to read and comprehend the original text and accurately convey its meaning in the target language. Depending on the context of the interpreting assignment, a good interpreter should have specialized knowledge of the subject matter. For example, a medical interpreter should have knowledge of medical terminology, while a legal interpreter should have knowledge of legal terminology. 2 c: A good interpreter should have excellent interpersonal skills, allowing t them to build trust with the speakers and communicate effectively. This includes the ability to adapt to different communication styles and personalities, and show empathy towards the speakers, Ev opt on ta Detail: A translator should pay close attention to detail, ensuring that the translation accurately reflects the meaning, tone, and style of the original text © Management: A translator should be able to manage their time effectively, meeting deadlines while maintaining the quality oftheir work bility anc Adaptabilty: An interpreter should be able to adapt to different, situations and work under pressure. They should be able to interpret in different environments, such as in-person, over the phone, or remotely.Code of ethics for an interpreter / a translator: Interpreters must maintain confidentiality of all information disclosed during an interpreting session, except when required by law to disclose such information. In team: do not expresssubjective opinion ; maintain boundaries i <2! 73: Interpreters must remain neutral and impartial during the interpreting session, and not express personal opinions, beliefs or judgments. +No manipulation: No influence on the process and the product +No interference: No personal biases ~accurate rendition. +Maintaing role: No delay. vas . Interpreters must provide an accurate interpretation of what is said, without adding, omitting, or changing any information. [ TRANSLATOR | INTERPRETER accurately conveys | accurately conveys | Voverall contentand spirit overall contentand spiritof the register, style and tone of L1 | message borrowed words, culturally-bound Vregister, style and tone of L1 words and references (with the help of | Vall hedges, false starts and repetitions explanation/ example) ¥borrowed words, culturally-bound wordsreferences asks for clarification/ repetition/ | rephrasing | -simplifies ssummarizes Interpreters must behave ina professional manner at all times, including arriving on time, dressing appropriately, and using appropriate language and behavior - Maintain and improve: +through training/ education ; from specialists -Deny job: out of knowledge feild/ beyond language skills and fluency/ unmatched level of training Interpreters must have an understanding and respect for the cultural norms, values, and beliefs of both the source and target language communities. Interpreters should engage in ongoing professional development to improve their language and interpreting skills Interpreters must avoid conflicts of interest, and not accept assignments where there may be a personal, financial, or other conflict Interpreters have the right to refuse an assignment if they believe it is beyond their abilities, conflicts with their professional or personal values, or if they are not able to provide an impartial interpretation Interpreters must disclose their qualifications, including their training and experience o their clients or employers Interpreters must comply with all laws and regulations related to their profession Translation quality:= Audience | + value? norms I + Lacking attention + linguistic features Analyzing | ~~ Lacking knowledge | original work |= Memorizing/ Retrieving “ layers of meaning \ ~ Ind misheard ~ mistakes! errors (poor quality) | + Ind misinterpret | - Understanding the writer i + Notes incomplete | + style | Histning understanding | + tone + Speaker's dialect, tone, and speed + message (surface and intended) | + Background noise language choice + Distraction + language choice + Language | | | | Chapter 3:Units of translation and translation strategies and methods Several types of UT Functional units are defined by their communicative function within a sentence or text. Here are some examples of functional units in translation: Verb phrases: In the sentence "I am going to the store,” the verb phrase "am going” is a functional unit that conveys the action of going to the store. Noun phrases: In the sentence "The red car drove down the street,” the noun phrase “red car” is a functional unit that identifies the subject of the sentence. Adverbial phrases: In the sentence "She ran quickly to catch the bus,” the adverbial phrase "quickly" is a functional unit that modifies the verb “ran” and conveys the manner in which she ran. st ¢ 2% °* Semantic units are defined by their meaning within 2 sentence or text. Here are some examples of semantic units in translation: Single words: In the sentence "The cat sat on the mat," the word "cat" is a semantic unit that refers to the feline animal Phrases: In the sentence “I'm not feeling well today,” the phrase "not feeling well" is a semantic unit that conveys the speaker's physical condition. Clauses: In the sentence "Although it was raining. we decided to go for a walk,” the clause "Although it was raining” is a semantic unit that conveys a condition that contrasts with the action that follows Dialectic units refer to the cultural and linguistic elements of a text that reflect the specific dialect or regional variety of a language. Here are some examples of dialectic units in translation: Slang: In the sentence "I'm gonna grab some grub," the slang term “grub” is a dialectic unit that refers to food. Idiomatic ‘expressions’ In the sentence "She kicked the bucket,” the idiomatic expression "kicked the bucket" is a dialectic unit that means “died.” Regional vocabulary: In the sentence “We ate a hoagie for lunch,” the regional term “hoagie” is a dialectic unit that refers to a type of sandwish, Prosodic units refer to the rhythm, intonation, and stress patterns of a language. Here are some examples of prosodic units in translation: Syllables: In the sentence "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers," the repeated p" sounds create a prosodic unit that adds emphasis and rhythm to the sentence, Phrases: In the sentence “It's not the heat, it's the humidity," the prosodic unit “it's not 7E.g.1: An may dei x6i gc -> Beggars ask for momordica rice -> Beggars can't be choosers. E.g.2: Cho tré em gap khé khan dao biét => For children have extreme difficulties -> For children living in disadvanged conditions => Facilitate understanding the mechanics of source text => Considered a pre-translation process Similar to word-for-word translation, literal translation may not be the best strategy for Vietnamese. However, here is an example. English: "The cat is out of the bag’ Vietnamese: "Con méo la ngoai cai tui E.g.4: He is a big liar. => Anh ta la 1 ké n6i d6i to béo -> cai nay [a literal, mac du hoi ky xiu nhung co improvement so vi word-for-word -> Han moi la ké noi d6i tréng tren E.g.2: Chau chdu da voi => A grasshopper kicks an elephant -> David and Goliath Considered a pre-translation process => Prepare for better adaptation Used in formal/official statements/ documents Exercise: May cau nay dich theo literal translation duc khong? = Both these movies are by the Russo brothers => CA 2 phim nay dau [a cla anh em nha Russo (dich theo literal duoc) ~ My ex girlfriend is a drama queen -> NO: khéng duge Ia ni hoaing kich nghé, a drama queen is an idiom Cita hang thit > A meat shop/butcher's (dich theo literal duoc) Cheers to my brother's big promotion > NO: cheers to (drinking party) Social-distancing challenge -> Thiy thach cach ly x8 hdi ~ the rate of malnutrition in children -> Ty [8 suy dinh dudng 6 tré em = He was chosen to be the CEO of the company -> Anh ta dug’e chon lam CEO cua cong ty - Buy very cheap and sell very dear -> Mua ré ban mac -> NO: for naturalness, use "Mét vn bén Idi" = Moi ngu@i déu khao khat hda binh va hanh phic -> Everyone years for peace and happiness ~ Ké gidu thung khinn khi nguéi nghéo -> The rich often look down on the poor This strategy involves producing a translation that is faithful to the meaning and intent of the source text, while also taking into account the target audience and cultural context. An example in Vietnamese could be: English: "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.” Vietnamese: "Con ca néu nhanh nhau nhay qua chi cho lust - Grammatical constructions EQUIVALENT ACCEPTED - Lexical meanings and forms EQUIVALENT ACCEPTED. - WITHIN CONTEXT €.9: They weren't much alike as two balls of cotton ~ Word-for-word: Ho dé giéng nhau nhiéu nh hai trai banh vai Literal Translation: Ho giéng nhau nhw hai trai banh vai - Faithful Trans! Hai anh em giéng nhau nhu hai trai banh vai Hai anh em giéng nhau nhu hai gigt nuéc 9E.g 2: | totally was not impressed by that movie. You feel me? Tui thay phim d6 cling khong hay Im. Ong cam nhan duoc khéng? (Faithful) Tui thay phim dé cing khéng hay lm ha, ding hong, 6ng cé nghi gidng tui hong? E.g 3: No guide, no realization —+ Khéng thay 46 may lam nén. E.g 4: A sow is no match for a goose. + Bila méc ma choi mam son/ Bia déi deo chan hac. Absolute equivalence isn't always available Requiring translator's broad knowledge of language's forms, meanings, and origins Exercise: Use translation: jom: - How deceptive appearance maybe, to be sure! Such a nice young man to look at. => Anh ta trong rt dep, nhung dizng o6 trong mat ma bat hinh dong/ Tréng son thi 66 vé xin, cn g@ thi chua biét nha/ Coi chirng chi duoc cai ma ma thé, He and his kind were the rotten apples that had ruined the barrel -> Hn va déng Ida cla han ding {a nhizng con sau lam rau néi canh. Well, that's just it. Take it or leave it => 6, c6 nhiéu day th6i. Chiu thi lay, khéng thi bai Oi nhizng manh chiéu méi chu tirng trai, cao em that ngay tho. -> Oh those newbies, you are so naive, = N6i rid nhoén miéng khoe mét nu curd khéng chiit gia rn -> Having said that she pose a forced smile/ pose a smile/ fake @ smile/ a smile that couldn't be more “sincere” 2 anslation. dich ng This method involves translating the meaning of the source text rather than the words themselves, taking into account the nuances of the language and cultural context. An example in Vietnamese could be: English: "A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush." Vietnamese: "Cai gi trong tay con hon ca chuc con chim dang bay.” Beauty is the first present Nature gives to women and the first take away = Sac dep la tang phim ma Tao héa ban cho nguei dan ba, ciing la thu dau tien ma Tao héa cudp di Adaptation method of translation can be a useful strategy when translating plays or poems from one language to another. This method involves modifying the original text to suit the target language or culture, while still maintaining the essence and meaning of the original work. When translating plays or poems into Vietnamese, adaptation can be particularly important because of the differences in culture, language, and literary traditions 7 wars.a* - 1 This method involves producing a translation that is effective in communicating the intended message to the target audience, while also taking into account their cultural context and expectations. An example in Vietnamese could be: English: “Just do it." Vietnamese: “Chi cn lam théi.’ .ce is all her fortune ~ Con ay ji doe méi cai xinh Exerci them. Jecide whether the following sentences need applying ST or CT, then translate uLexical calque: (bé y chang ti tur g6c, chuyén ngir vé TL, khéng quan tam y nghiia) © Borrowing lexis © Preserve word meaning and form © E.g: Pomme d’Adam - Adam's apple, (computer) mouse - con chuét (may tinh), mus - muscle = chudt (co bap), panda> gau truc © Structural calque: (dich theo structure) © Borrow lexical item Modify syntactuc structure -> create new structure in TL © Seen in names of organizations and titles E.g: IMF - International Monetary Fund © Seen in common collocations E.9: strong coffee - ca phé dam user-friendly - than thin v6i ngudi ding! dé ding, dé xai ‘* Orthographic calque: (tén riéng) © is the transition of names (people, places, ethnicities) © SLitems are copied and translated in TL without sense or attention ° Eg Ireland - Ai NhT Lan + Jewish - Nguoi Do Thai Indian - Nguoi Anh-dién Exercise: Translate the following words/ phrases based on Calque technique ~ Téng Thu ky Lién hiép quéc -> secretary-general of UN - NATO -> North Atlantic Treaty Organization - Braille -> H@ théng chi néi danh cho ngudi khiém thi + Ngudi Cap-ca -> Caucasian - Pythagorean theorem -> Binh ly Py-ta-go - UNESCO -> United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, ~ Yeti -> Ngudi tuyét khéng 16 ~ Flea market -> Cho troi ban dé tai si dung ~ H@ théng quan Iy hoc tru tuyén -> LMS - Grammatical constructions EQUIVALENT ACCEPTED ~ Lexical units translated OUT OF CONTEXT - Having FEW TO NONE IMPACTS on the feeling ~ APRE-transiation process GB: Asiatic mode of production — phuiong thirc san xuat chau A 2 is a translation technique that involves borrowing words or phrases from the source language and translating them literally into the target language. The result is often a word or phrase in the target language that is similar to the source language, but may not be used in the same way or have the same connotations. An example of caique in Vietnamese translation is the word ‘thanh nién" which is a calque of the English phrase "young person”. "Thanh nién literally means “blue youth” in Vietnamese, but it is used to refer to a young person or a youth, The word "thanh nién” has become a commonly used term in Vietnamese to describe young people, especially in formal or official contexts, Another example of calque in Vietnamese translation is the word "dng tinh" which is a calque of the English phrase "homosexual". "dng tinh’ literally means "same sex” in Vietnamese, but it is used to refer to a person who is attracted to the same sex. The term "dong B2. Concrete — Abstract: sexually transmitted disease (STD) — bénh hoa liéu (disease + flower + willow, which probably comes from the Japanese word karyukai "the flower and willow world” implying the elegant, high culture world of geisha); wholeheartedly (toan qua tim) = toan tam toan ¥, infant industry + nganh céng nghiép non tré 3. A part ~ The whole: eye-catching ~ thu hit su chu y; heavy-heartedly (nang tim) = long nang tru. 4, The whole ~ A part: sleepwalking — méng du (walking in the dream, dream is a part of sleep), hydrothorax (thorax = nguc) ~ tran dich mang phéi (mang phéi: part of the thorax) 5. A part — Another part: | know the city like the back of my hand. ~ Téi ranh thanh phé nhu [dng ban tay, head tax — thué than, axe head — Ivéi riu 6. A ~ Negation of not A: fainting ~ bat tinh (un + conscious ~ not + not faitning), lao déng gién don / phé théng ~ unskilled labour, hang dé héng — non-durable (goods). 7. Negation of not A — A: insanity ~ loan tam thn (in + sanity ~ in + not mental illness); incorruptibly (khéng tham nhing) ~ thanh liém, khéng hai méi trudng — environment-friendly. 8. One metaphor — Another metaphor: tapeworm (tape-shaped worm) — sén xo mit (2 worm resembling the edible bulbs of ripe jackfruits) goosebump ~ néi da ga pigheadedly (du heo) ~ dau lira 9. Metaphor - Non-metaphor: pigheadedly (dau heo) ~ cling dau, highhandedly (cao ban tay) — héng hach 10. Non-metaphor ~ Metaphor: epidemic parotitis + bénh quai bi (bag-shaped swoolen jaw disease), hair-raising + néi/sén gai 6c, bogus company — céng ty ma, tanned skin ~+ da banh mat. 11. One color — Another color: pinkeye ~ dau mat dd, grey hair ~ toc bac, the Red Army + Hong quan (Lién X6) is a translation technique that involves making changes to the source text to fit the cultural or linguistic norms of the target language or audience. This, technique may involve changing cultural references, idiomatic expressions, of other elements of the text that may not be understood or appreciated by the target audience. An example of adaptation in Vietnamese translation is the Harry Potter series, When the books were translated into Vietnamese, the translators adapted the names of the characters and the settings to fit the Vietnamese language and culture For example, the character "Hogwarts" was translated as "Hoc vién phi thy” in Vietnamese, which titerally means “School of Witchcraft”. Another example of adaptation in Vietnamese translation is the use of idiomatic expressions. For instance, the English idiom "It's raining cats and dogs” would not be understood in Vietnamese, as the Vietnamese language has @ different idiom to express heavy rain, which is "Mua nhy tritt nude”. Therefore. an adaptation translation of this phrase in Vietnamese would be "Mua nh trit nudc’ instead of translating the idiom literally. Overall adaptation is a useful translation technique in Vietnamese when the translator wants to make the text more culturally relevant and accessible to the target audience, It can help to bridge the cultural and linguistic gaps between the source and target languages, and make the translation more engaging and effective. ‘s Ha Long cach Thi dé Ha Ni 160km -> It's about 3.5 hours driving from Hanoi to Halong 15‘black market” (cho den). “hot money” (tien nong). “baby: bond” (ed phiew du nb). heavy industry” ceong nghigp n light industry” (cong nghiep nhe? white-collar workers” (cong mhan ed en train “European Union” (Lign Higp Chiu Aw), “Intemational Monetary Fund” (Qiy Tigh TE Qube TE. World Bank” (Ngin Hang The Gici) “showroom” (phong trmg bay ~pawnshop” (gm eim doy Phuong thite “bign digu’ cé nghia 1a su thay doi trong thing digp do ed mot st thay doi vé quan digm (modulation means a variation in the message due to a change in the point of view): hhigu mot digu gi dé theo mét cdeb nhin hac. Phuong thie niy thich hop khi dich nguyen vain hode chuyén vi cd duge mét cau dich ching nei phap nhumg lai khong tyr nhign trong dich. gon ng 1) concrete => abstract: bottleneck © sur be te: fa quan higu : sunrise industry nghigp dang tan 2) abstract — cone’ lable assets + ta san tid mat old hhyper-inflution > Igm phat phi ma. subsidiary company > cng ty con. unwritten contract hop ding migng 3) part --> whole (whole -> part): head tay ~ thué thin, house magazine » tap chi cua hang. pie chart > bigu dé tron 4 A ==> Negation of not -A (and vice versal: unskilled lahour > lao dng gian dom pho thong. non-durables > hang tigu dimg mau hong. non-manual workers > gioi lao dng tri thite. bare contract > hap déng khong dén bi, demand deposit > tign goi Khong ki han. nude» naked contract > hop dong khing dén ha. 5) One metaphor --> another: bricks-and-mortar businesses » eae eer so kink doanh qu exra hang. golden hello > én thuong dau quan, brain drain ~ chay mau chat sam, golden goodbye phu cap thoi vige. keep talemt’s legs» gid) chan gut tai food » thyte phim an Hién : red tape > 1% sp dang én: sunset industry » nganh e6ng inh cong ete: ava company © céng ty me, EQUIVALENCE AP WORD LEVEL - What's equivalence in translation” + Equivalence = relationship existing between 2 entities + Nucleus of all translation theory (Albrecht. 1987, p. 189) ~ What is the word? + The smallest unit possessing individual meaning (that can be used by itself) (Bolinger and Sears, 1943) + No one-to-one relationship between word and meaning —> rebuild means “to build again” + Morphemes and difference with words: one word may contain one or more morphemes — inconceivable (3 morphemes, “in”, “convey”. and “able") + Types of morphemies: free, bound, lexical, functional, derivational, inflectional + Examples: idioms (word combination: me tron con vudng, nim gai ném mat, ...) and quantitative language (dep nur tign sa, khoe nbur tréu, khdn nha dai cha, ...) —> RELEVANCE®? // complex words (“jealous” —> ghen ti. ghen tuéng) and “helicopter”, “university”, “forget-me-not™ * Lexical meaning: the most outstanding individual property of the word, which makes each individual different from any other word (Zgusta. 1971) + Cruise (1986): propositional (meaning >< real or imaginary word), expressive (speaker's attitude or feeling), presupposed (arises from co-occurrance restrictions) —> selectional and 7xi ly: deal, tackle, kill term: hoc ky, diéu khodn, thuat nai yéu cu: ask, require, request appreciate: danh gid cao, cam kich, biét on ~ Meaning based (Koller 1979} * Denotative equivalence (tong duong biéu vat): SL and TL have the same reference (e.g: father: tia, cha, b6, ba, thdy..../mother: bam, u, me...) => t€p trung vao core meaning, d6i tung xac dinh hon © Connotative equivalence (tong duong biéu cam): SL and TL share the one meaning expressed in different perspectives (R.g: die-pass away-be gone) => tap trung vao biéu cam, quan diém ngudi noi hon * Text-normative equivalence (quy chuan van ban): TL equivalence applied in similar contexts as SL (E.g: Kinh giti Trudng phdng, Than git... A oi) => theo form hat dinh, c6 sn template tong durong rdi # Pragmatic equivalence (twong duong vé ngi dung): SL and TL place similar impact on readers (E.g: What's your problem? => bi sao vay, m bi khung ha => dich dye vao ngi canh . # Formal equivalence (tuong dong v8 hinh thie): TL equivalence mechanically reproduces SL form and original wording (E.g: | have read and agree to all terms and policy) => dich theo nghia den, follow theo format nhat dinh EQUIVALENCE AT ABOVE WORD LEVEL - Combination of word (Above word level)? - There are always restrictions on the way they can be combined to convey meaning, ~ 2 types of restriction: ‘No exceptions —> a determine cannot come after a noun + Admit exceptions —> Lexical patterning (collocation and idioms and fixed expressions) - Synonyms —> cover ~ che dy —> a word can have multiple meanings, each will have its, ‘own synonym (cover ~ gidu, bao ham) + Differences in application (expense >< cost) + Differences in extension of meaning (timorous >< timid) + Differences in origin and comnotation (fatherly >< paternal) + Differences in the point of view (anger >< wrath) - Collocations: —> problems in translation (no exact equivalence due to culture, perspective, and context) * Collocation and grammatical order * Collocations and culture * Collocations range + Marked (~impressed) collocations + Collocation and register ~ Idioms: not universal (distinctive expressions for the same phenomenon) —> should be “universal” in terms of “subconscious understanding” + Problems in translation (no exact equivalence due to culture, perspective, and context) + Suggested strategies: alternative idioms in TL- paraphrasing (from figurative + Suggested strategies: alternative idioms in TL - paraphrasing (from figurative meaning into literal meaning) - omission - Practice time EQUIVALENCE SENTENCE IN TRANSLATION DEFINTHHON. According to Cambridge Dictionary, Equivalence means the fact of having the same amount, value, purposes, qualities, 19- The category of person relates to the notion of participant roles. In most languages, participant roles are systematically defined through a closed system of pronouns which may be organized along a variety of dimensions. = The most common distinction is that between +) first person (identifying the speaker or a group which includes the speaker: L/w +) second person (identifying the person or persons addressed: you) +) third person (identifying persons and things other than the speaker and addressee: he/she/it/they) - All languages have modes of address which can be used to express familiarity or deference in a similar way cf. the difference between you, mate, dear, darling, Mr Smith, Madam, ete. EX: when we call your husband/wife we often use darling ‘We often use Madam for women when we do not know their name to show respect and courtesy. In translation, decisions may have to be made along such dimensions as: +) gender +) degree of intimacy between participants +) whether reference includes or excludes the addressee ‘The problematic situation of having to make decisions in the target language along dimensions which are not explicitly stated in the source text +) Translating from one of the languages into English, will frequently involve loss of information along the dimensions in question. EX: In English, the pronoun “we" does not express, include or exclude the addressee. In Vietnamese: “ching 161°," ching tao” — exclude the addressee “ ching ta” —+ include the addressee +) The familiarity/deference dimension in the pronoun system is among the most, fascinating aspects of grammar and the most problematic in translation. EX: In English, when we need to refer to a person who is still a female, we use the pronoun “she” but when we translate the word “she” into Vietnamese, we have the following words “cé dy, ba dy”. And it's up to which situation vou meet. If vou want to talk about a young girl, you will call her “eé dy” or ifyou talk about a mature girl, you will call her “ba dy”. 4. Tense and aspect: a/ Definition “Tense and aspect are grammatical categories in a large number of languages. In some languages, the tense and aspect system, or parts of it, maybe highly developed, with several fine distinctions in temporal location or distribution” (Baker, 2011) In some languages, it is obligatory to specify more unusual types of temporal and aspectual relations, “Although the main use of the grammatical categories of tense and aspect is to indicate time and aspectual relations, they do not necessarily perform the same function in all languages” ‘When we analyze and compare the equivalence between English grammar and Vietnamese grammar, we will acknowledge some common mistakes when writing Vietnamese in English stem from the inappropriate conversion of Vietnamese elements: 211] English He read book passionately He passionately read book Vietnamese Anh ay da doc quyén sach mét cach say Anh ay 4a say mé doc quyén sich mé 2 | English We support the new policy We wholeheartedly support the wholeheartedly new policy Vietnamese | Chting t6i ing hé chinh sch méi mot cach | Ching t6i toan tam ting h6 chinh toin tim sch méi The way to form nouns with prepositions: Noun phrases can be formed in many different ways, one of the ways to form similar nouns between Vietnamese and English is to associate noun components with prepositions. Head noun Preposition Modifying noun 1 | English The benifits of a balanced diet Vietnamese Nhimg lgi ich cua m6t ché d6 an w6ng lanh manh 2 | English The investment in education Vietnamese | Sy déu nr vao gido duc © The difference in sentence structure between Vietnamese and English: Word structure: In Vietnamese, we do not have the concept of root, the prefix and suffix of the word to translate the meaning of that word. For example: In Vietnamese: “hanh phic” (a) -> “khéng hanh phic” (a) “niém hanh phac™ (n) “m@t cach hanh phic) (adv) In English: “happy” (a) -> “unhappy” (a) “happiness” (n) “happily” (adv) “work” (v) > “worker” (n) “overwork” (v) “workaholic”(n) “response” (v) > “responsible” (a) “responsibility” (n) “irresponsible” (a) The article: In Vietnamese, we do not clearly distinguish definite nouns and indefinite nouns. However, In English, the use of articles is important to determine if a noun is an indefinite noun (the listener does not know) or a definite noun (the listener already knows the noun in question is which word). In Vietnamese: Téi vita xem xong bd phim How I Met Your Mother va toi khéng thich cai két cia n6, 23For example: T6i song o thanh phé./ I live in the city Anh Ay song 6 thanh phd! He lives in the city. + Regular and irregular groups of the verb tense: The verb forms have a division into regular and irregular groups. This doesn't happen in Vietnamese. For example: . T6i da gap vi tng théng./I met the president. (irregular) Téi di goi cinh sat./I called the police. (regular) + The negative form of the verb: It has the appearance of auxiliary verbs, divided according to the subject. In Vietnamese, the negative form is established by using words that have the same negative meaning for all objects. For example: Téi khéng hat thudc./ I don’t smoke. Anh ay khéng hit thudc./ He doesn't smoke. ~ Relative clauses in English: Relative clauses in English are used to clarify the noun that precedes it by providing more information about the person, thing, or event. In English, relative clauses are set up in a very systematic way with certain rules for relative pronouns (who, which, that, where, when, why) and related constraints and structures. Relative clause structure (relative pronoun is subject or object), limited and unlimited, and reduced form of the relative clause. For example: 1. T6i dang tim mét ngudi c6 thé choi nhac cu > Iam looking for a person who can play musical instruments. 2. Nhig nguéi lam vige cham chi sé thanh c6ng. > People who work hard will be successful ENuice Voice is a grammatical category that defines the relationship between a verb and its subject. There are two kinds of voice in language; that are active and passive. A passive is translated with a passive Active voice is generally preferable to make a direct statement of an action. Voice of active divided into two groups, as follows: wansitive and intransitive. Transitive is active voice which uses transitive verbs that are verbs followed by an object, such as: SL: Vy dé mua mét quyén sdich TL: Vy bought a book. Active intransitive is active voice which uses intransitive verbs that are verbs are not followed by an object, for example: SL: gido sw Robin sé dén day vao ngay mai TL: Professor Robin is coming tomorrow Baker (2011) stated that languages that have a category of voice do not always use passive with the same frequency. English has no accents but has stress and intonation. There are some rules of intonation in English but in general, changing intonation and changing the focus of a sentence help to show the attitude and intentions of the speaker. For example, when you want to translate the sentence “Ban khdng thich c6 dy” into English, this sentence means “You don't like her!”. However, in English, it's up to your voice and the way you break sentences, it has many meanings such as raising your voice at the end of a sentence shows surprise and astonishment; emphasizing 25-replace a word with another -change its grammatical structure But a translator/ interpretor can: -use a similar idiom/expression in form and meaning in TL -use a similar idiom/expression in meaning (dissimilar in form) in TL -paraphrase -omit ENTEAL EQUIVALENCE In a structure of a message: Something (the rheme) is mentioned to describe something (the theme). The theme is what the textis about. It has two functions: (a) a point of orientation sconnecting back to previous text smaintaining a coherent point of view (b) a point of departure sconnecting forward contributing to the development of later texts *Cohesion & coherence Cohesion «is the networkof lexical, grammatical, and other relations. *connects the wordsand expressions. provides linksbetween various partsof a text. sorganizesand helps createa text. sis a surfacerelation. *Cohesion is objective. *Cohesive devices reflect conceptual relations, making sense of the text. *Cohesive devices facilitate and control the interpretation of the underlying semantic relation. Cohesive devices 1. Reference: the common/ shared identityof two or more linguistic expressions. lows the reader/hearer to traceparticipants, entities, events, etc. popularly known via the use of pronouns(to refer to the name or title) "John is a highly skilled and experienced project manager. With his exceptional organizational abilities and attention to detail, he consistently delivers projects on time and within budget.” salso involves co-referencewhich is not strictly textual ."Climate change poses significant challenges for our planet. Rising global temperatures lead to the melting of polar ice caps and the loss of crucial habitats for various species.” *Co-referencecan be a continuum of replacement. John loves his new car.a. The new car has a powerful engine. b. The automobile has a powerful engine. c. The hatchback has a powerful engine. d. The beast has a powerful engine. e. Ithas a powerful engine. 2. Substitution replacementof an item with another item sis commonly seen in English as do, one, the same. “Sarah ordered a pizza with extra cheese. | did the same.“ 3. Ellipsis: sinvolves the omissionof an item.ban cdi — to shift responsibility to someone else. Brexit — Vige Anh rit khoi Lién minh EU replevin — tra lai tai san bj tich bién nham. platform capitalism — mé hinh kinh doanh dua tén nén tang cong nghé 4. The source and target languages make different distinctions in meaning E.g.: Ké cao g6i: Viemamese traditional pillow is hard while Western pillow is soft “quota”: English: a fixed, limited amount or number that is officially allowed Vietnamese: commercial limit of import or export (han ngach) “shuai ge”: Chinese: it means “handsome”. tnamese: it conveys the meaning of a man with 5 qualities: handsome, rich, romantic, faithful, and intelligent (soi ca) 5. The target language lacks a superordinate The target language may have specific words (hyponyms) but no general word (superordinate). E.g.: English doesn’t have the general word for “dan”, depending on the kind of animal to use different words such as: dan qua + a murder of crows, dan ché — a pack of dog Vietnamese doesn’t have the general word for “rice”. It is translated as “ma, lita, théc, ga0, com, cém, bong”, depending on the context. 6. The target language lacks a specific term (hyponyms) E.. g. : English has no equivalent for the specific terms of “cd, di, thim, mg, béc gai’. . English has no equivalent for the specific terms of “chita, tinh x4, thién vign, tinh that, am”, 7. Differences in physical or interpersonal perspective Physical perspective: concems the location of the things or people of the context with others E.g.: Vietnamese: “come/go” are translated as “di” without differnces in meaning English: + come: means getting closer the speaker. + go: means getting away from the speaker. a, Interpersonal perspective: drawn the attention to the relationship among participants. E.g.: English: “to give”- Vietnamese: biéu, ting, sent voluntarily and without expecting compensation ng, nap, dura, cho. 8. Differences in expressive meaning: There may be a target-language word which has the same propositional meaning as the source-language word, but it has a different expressive meaning. E.g.: “sexy”: Engish: it means attractive and has positive, complementary meaning (praise) Vietnamese: it means wearing erotically (khiéu goi) and has negative meaning 9. Differences in form: Certain suffixes and prefixes have no direct equivalents in other languages. 29E.g.: South China Sea > Bién Dong My father is Hatam Taaei > Cha t6i la mét nha hao tam} lam tir thin (in the Persian culture, Hatam Taaei - the name of a very generous man in Iranian stories — is a symbol of generosity for good causes) Doubting Thomas — Da nghi Tao Théo: Achilles’ heel + Diém yéu, nhuge diém tri mang, 6. Illustration: This is a useful option if the word which lacks an equivalent in the TL refers to a physical entity which can be illustrated. 7. Ommission janh Thuong Quan hay Non = equivalence above word-level a) There are no exact equivalents in the target language E.g.: ng séch dn, Nhat da phu thé bach da an, gide méng hoang luong, 4) There are differences in the contexts of use E.g.: chay nha ra mat chudt (do bién dng xay ra ma 16 cai xdu vén c6, khong che ay gidu giém duge nita, nhung tinh xdu 14 gi thi khdng n6i) — rats desert a sinking ship (ngui xau khi hifu su thi bo chay lo lay minh, khong mang lai gitip do ngudi khdc, tinh x4u d6 14 tinh ich ki, chi biét lo dy minh, khi gap nan bd ngudi khac sOng chét mac bay) ©) The collocations carry both denotative and connotative meaning E.g.: Mary, a 9-year old girl in England was found positive with HIV, and he family and the school decided to "to send Mary to Coventry” (a town in the northemwest of London). The collocations "to send someone to Coventry” in this situation has both literal and connotative meaning, i.e.: (1) She was sent to the Coventry town; (2) She was abandoned Suggested strategies for translating idiomatic collocations 4) Using a direct, non-figurative form in the target language E.g.: He is a big cheese! —> Anh dy la m@t nhn vat c& bu/ ngudi cé quyén luc. ‘Anh ta van cai tinh thé dé nhu thudng Ig. —> He is still as cowardly as ever. The youngest daughter is the apple of her mother’s eye. > C6 gai at 14 cue cung cua ba me. Ta vé ta tim ao ta, di trong di duc ao nha van hon. — East or West, home is best. b) Using an idiom with similar meaning in the target language E.g.: Talk of the devil! 1 was just telling everyone about your promotion. —> Thiéng that (vita nhc Tao Théo 1a Tao Théo c6 mat)! Toi moi ké cho moi ngudi viée anh duoc thing chite ddy Her voice was like melting honey. + Gigng cé 4 ngot nhu mia Tui 1 was made the scapegoat, but it was another person who made the loss. + Minh la ngudi gio dau chiu bang chir ngudi gay thiét hai 1a ngudi khac kia, His life hangs on the thread. > Dai han nhu chi manh treo chuéng. :) The non-idiomatic collocations in the source language are transferred into idiomatic forms in the target language E.g.: Chua bao gid t6i buén dén vay! — I got so down-hearted! 31| would choose Cultural equivalence substitution as my personal solution for this challenge. The strategy of translation by cultural substitution involves replacing a culture-specific item or expression in the source text with a target language item that describes a similar concept in the target culture and thus is likely to have a similar impact on the target readers. The obvious advantage of using this strategy is that it gives the readers a concept that they can identify and which is easy to understand. familiar, and appealing to them. The translator then avoids the necessity of providing footnotes or lengthy explanations of the item. With certain texts, e.g, those where historical background is very important. this strategy should not be employed as it may lead to overgeneralizations or simple misunderstandings. However, translators are motivated to make some additional appropriate changes in the texts they are translating in order to achieve cultural appropriateness. For example: "The baby weighs six pounds" (diva bé can dug 6 can Anh) should be translated as "dira be cn duoc hon 2 ki 7”. Or "The two houses are 100 yards apart" (Hai nha cach nhau 100 ma Anh) will be translated as “Hai nha céch nhau ching 100 thus 2, Summarize and exemplify 1 particular strategy applicable to the translation of idioms. Using an Idiom of Similar Meaning and Form: By using this strategy, the translator tries to find an idiom in the target language which is equivalent to the source language both in terms of meaning as well as lexical items. This strategy is hardly achieved because languages differ radically in the way they identify a single concept. However, it is regarded as the ideal strategy for translating idioms. For example, a. Roll out the red carpet - Trai tham d6 b. (like) a bolt from the blue - (nhw) sét danh ngang tai c. Look through rose-tinted glasses - Nhin doi qua cap kinh mau hong ‘These examples show that the meaning and structure of these three idioms in both English and Vietnamese languages are generally equivalent. 4. “In Other Words” of Mona Baker (1998), page 213, exercise 2. Translate the given entry of Elizabeth | (1533-1603) into your target language. Then, comment on the use of any patterns of reference, substitution, and ellipsis in each entry. Elizabeth | (1533-1603) Queen of England and Ireland (1558-1603), daughter of Henry Vill and Anne Boleyn. Her mother's execution and Elizabeth's imprisonment by Mary | made her cautious and suspicious but her devotion to England made her one of its. greatest monarchs. Her religious compromise (1859-63) established Protestantism in England (see Reformation). Several plots to place her Roman Catholic cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots, on the throne led to Mary's execution (1587). England won a great naval victory in 1588 by destroying the Spanish Armada. Elizabeth never married and was called the Virgin Queen, although her relationships with, among others, the Earl of Leicester and the 2nd Earl of Essex caused considerable speculation Comment: Elizabeth | (1533-1603), con gai cla vua Henry Vill va hoang phi Anne Boleyn, la no vuong cla Anh quéc va Ai-len tir ném 1558 dén khi ba qua adi vao nam 1603. Nv yuong Elizabeth | ting bi bé tu (day doa ), va me ba bj xir tw boi ngw%i chi cung cha khac me NO hoang Mary I khién cho nhiéu ddu chm hdi lon duoc dat ra vé than phan 333. Discuss the role of quality control in translation including the measures and techniques used to ensure high-quality translations. Quality control is a procedure or a set of procedures designed to guarantee that the provided service adheres to quality standards, as well as the client's specifications. Quality control includes a range of tasks, such as proofreading, editing, reviewing, and testing to ensure that the translation meets the required standards of accuracy, fluency, and consistency. Therefore, improving this process offers both translation agencies and clients several benefits: improved translation accuracy, consistent translation terminology, increased productivity and efficiency, and better client satisfaction. Measures and techniques used to ensure high-quality translations: + Control three qualities in the translation: Accuration, Communication, and Beauty. Understand your client's needs and instructions Revise your content at a factual and linguistic level Use checklists to keep track of the quality control process Peers review 4. Examine the role of technology in translation, including the advantages and disadvantages of machine translation and computer-assisted translation tools. The advancement of computer technology and the Intemet created a wide range of tools and convenience for every industry, but the translation industry specifically started its road of exponential growth when technology stepped in. As technology expanded, so did our access to other corners of the world. Given the amount of content that needed to be translated to reach other markets and audiences, technology also needed to provide enhanced productivity, communication, and quality assurance tools. Computer-assisted translation or CAT tools were the first big revolution in the translation field and absolutely changed how translators worked thanks to human translators, it soon became clear how much they had to offer: + A faster and more effective pace of work; - Supreme consistency in terminology: - Reduction in the number of mistakes and typos; - Ideal for the translation of texts with repetitive terminology such as technical documents. However, CAT tools do have their drawbacks - In the translation of texts with a low degree of repetition, the benefit is equally low; - Likewise, in translations that require a high degree of artistic creativity, a CAT tool is practically useless. This is the case of the translation of literary work: = Calculating a fair rate for the translation can be difficult when the text has a high repetition index. Ultimately, the rate may end up being disadvantageous for someone. 356. How does context influence the choices translators make during the translation process? Translation simply means the process of interpreting the meaning of words from the source language into target language. And “translation always come into being within a certain cultural environment and are designed to meet certain ‘slots’ in it” (Toury, 1972). In other words, context plays a big role in the translation process, affecting the choice of the translator. There are three main contexts: 1. Linguistic context: Linguistic context looks at the linguistic factors that determine the meaning of a phrase or sentence. No word is written or uttered in isolation. Words interact with each other to form a larger piece of text. This interaction is what results in the overall meaning of a word or sentence. Eg: “I run on a daily basic” ~ T6i chay bé méi ngay "| run a business” ~ TOi diéu hanh mot cng ty . The word “run” has different meanings “chay b6” and “diéu hanh” due to the linguistic context. 2. Situational Context: circumstances and situations determine the meaning of a word or phrase Eg: Slang or taboo words like “nigga” or “ching-chong’, we could not translate with the faithful yet contemptuous meaning “moi da den’, but ‘nguoi da mau" when the audiences are the ederly or children 3. Cultural Context: On a larger level, the political, social, and economic factors influencing the environment can also play a role in altering meanings. Similarly, cultural ideologies, value systems, and other conventions can have an impact too. Translations need to be understandable and culturally appropriate for the target audience. Eg: Goth and Goliath, instead of translated as "David and Goliath’, but as a when the audience is Vietnamese, and not familiar with the foreign 7. Translate the following texts, then explain what translation techniques you have used and why you choose to use them. a. Sau khi theo dudi I6i s6ng tdi gidn, t6i da dua cho minh mét quy tc: déi voi nhiing truéng hop khéng c6 thién cam, t6i van sé dura ho vao vong quan hé nhung thai gian danh cho ho it hon, cudc néi chuyén sé rit ngan di. Thdi gian quy gia minh nén danh nhiéu hon cho gia dinh, cho nhéeng ngudi thuong yéu b. A study conducted by the University of East Anglia found that spending just two hours per week in green spaces, such as parks or forests, can significantly reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety. The study's authors suggest that access to nature should be considered an important public health issue 1.Discuss the role of quality contro! in translation, including the measures and techniques used to ensure high-quality translations. -Quality control in translation is an indispensable factor in making high-quality translations, = It ensures that the final product accurately and effectively conveys the intended message from the source text to the target text. - Because it can spot any inconsistencies, mistakes, or ambiguities that might have been created during the translation, quality control is a vital phase in the process. - Quality control process includes multiple review stages, including editing, proofreading, and final review by a qualified linguist. These review stages help to catch errors or inconsistencies that may have been missed in earlier stages of the translation process 37