Namma Kalvi 9th Science Selection Guide English Medium 216851

Namma Kalvi
www.nammakalvi.in
NINETH STANDARD
9 SCIENCE
PHYSICS
UNIT - 1 Measurement
MIND MAP
Measurments
SI system Physical quantities Measuring instruements
Fundamental Fundamental Derived Vernier Screw gauge

units quantities quantities
Derived
units Spring Common Digital Digital
balance balance balance verner
Rules and conventions

for writing units
TEXT BOOK EXERCISES

I. Choose the correct answer.
1. Choose the correct one
a) mm < cm < m < km b) mm > cm > m > km
c) km < m < cm < mm d) mm > m > cm > km Ans : a) mm < cm < m < km
2. Rulers, measuring tapes and metre scales are used to measure
a) Mass b) Weight c) Time d) Length Ans : d) Length
3. 1 metric ton is equal to
a) 100 quintals b) 10 quintals c) 1 / 10 quintals d) 1 / 100 quintals
Ans : b) 10 quintals
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4 UNIT -1
4. Which among the following is not a device to measure mass?

a) Spring balance b) Beam balance
c) Physical balance d) Digital balance Ans : a) Spring balance
II. Fill in the blanks.

1. Metre is the unit of ..................... Ans : length
2. 1 kg of rice is weighed by .................... Ans : Common Beam balance
3. Thickness of a cricket ball is measured by ................ Ans : Vernier caliper
4. Radius of a thin wire is measured by ................. Ans : Screw gauge
5. A physical balance measures small differences in mass up to ......................
Ans : 10 milligram
III. State whether True or False. If false, correct the statement :

1. The SI unit of electric current is kilogram. Ans : False
Correct statement : The SI unit of electric current is Ampere
Ampere..
2. Kilometre is one of the SI units of measurement. Ans : False
Correct statement : metre is one of the SI units of measurement.
3. In everyday life, we use the term weight instead of mass. Ans : True
4. A physical balance is more sensitive than a beam balance Ans : True
5. One Celsius degree is an interval of 1 K and zero degree Celsius is 273.15K.
Ans : True
6. With the help of vernier caliper we can have an accuracy of 0.1 mm and with screw
gauge we can have an accuracy of 0.01 mm. Ans : True
IV. Match the following.

1. Ans :
1) Length a) Kelvin 1) Length b)metre
2) Mass b) metre 2) Mass c) kilogram
3) Time c) kilogram 3) Time d) second
4) Temperature d) second 4) Temperature a) Kelvin
2. Ans :
1) Screw gauge a) Vegetables 1) Screw gauge b) Coins
2) Vernier caliper b) Coins 2) Vernier caliper d) Cricket ball
3) Beam balance c) Gold ornaments 3) Beam balance a) Vegetables
4) Digital balance d) Cricket ball 4) Digital balance c) Gold
ornaments
V. Assertion and reason type .

Mark the correct answer as :
1. Assertion (A) : The scientifically correct expression is "The mass of the bag is 10kg".
Reason (R): In everyday life, we use the term weight instead of mass.
(a) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct reason.
(b) Both A and R are true and R is the correct reason.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Ans : (b) Both A and R are true and R is the correct reason.
5 UNIT -1
2. Assertion (A) : 0 ° C = 273.16K. For our convenience we take it as 273K after

rounding off the decimal.
Reason (R) : To convert a temperature on the Celsius scale we have to add 273 to
the given temperature.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Ans : ( b ) Both A and R are true and R is the correct reason.
3. Assertion (A) : Distance between two celestial bodies is measured in terms of light
year.
Reason (R) : The distance travelled by the light in one year is one light year.
(c) A is true but R is false
Ans : ( b ) Both A and R are true and R is the correct reason.
VI. Answer very briefly.

1. Define measurement.
Measurement is defined as the determination of the size or magnitude of a quantity.
2. Define standard unit.

SI System of units is the modernised and improved form of the previous system of
units.
3. What is the full form of SI system ?

International system of units.
4. Define least count of any device.

The smallest length which can be measured by metre scale is called least count.
5. What do you konw about pitch of screw gauge ?

Pitch of the Screw gauge : Pitch of the screw is the distance moved by the tip of the
screw for one complete rotation of the head.
6. Can you find the diameter of a thin wire of length 2m using the ruler from your
instrument box ?
No.
Diameter of the thinwire cannot be measured by ruler. It can be measured by
screwguage.
VII. Answer briefly.

1. Write the rules that are followed in writing the symbols of units in SI system.
1. The units named after scientists are not written with a capital initial letter.
E.g. n ewton, h
newton, enry, a
henry, mpere, and w
ampere, att.
watt.
2. The symbols of the units named after scientists should be written by the initial
capital letter. E.g. N for newton, H for henry, A for ampere and W for watt.
3. Small letters are used as symbols for units not derived from a proper noun.
E.g. m for metre, kg for kilogram
6 UNIT -1
4. No full stop or other punctuation marks should be used within or at the end of
symbols.
Eg. 50m and not as 50m.
5. The symbols of the units are not expressed in plural form. Eg. 10kg not as 10 kgs
6. When temperature is expressed in kelvin, the degree sign is omitted. E.g. 283K
o o
not as 283 K ( If expressed in Celsius scale, degree sign should be included e.g. 100 C
o
not as 100C
100C,, 108 F not as 108F )
7. Use of solidus (/) is recommended for indicating a division of one unit symbol by
-1
another unit symbol. Not more than one solidus is used. E.g. ms or m/s. J/K/mol should
-1 -1.
be JK mol
-1
8.The number and units should be separated by a space. E.g. 15kgms not as
-1
15kgms .
9. Accepted symbols alone should be used. E.g. ampere should not be written as
amp and second should not be written as sec.
10. The numerical values of physical quantities should be written in scientific form.
4 -3 -3
E.g. the density of mercury should be written as 1.36 x 10 kgm not as 13600kgm .
2. Write the need of a standard unit.

« Unit of measurement varied from person to person and also from location to location.
« In earlier time, different unit systems were used by people from different countries.
So there is a necessity to use worldwide system of measurement called SI system of
units.
3. Differentiate mass and weight.

S.No. Mass Weight
1. It is a fundamental quantity. It is a derived quantity.
2. It has magnitude alone - scalar quantity. It has magnitude and direction - vector
quantity.
3. It is the amount of matter contained in It is the normal force exerted by the
a body. surface on the object against
gravitational pull.
4. Remains the same everywhere Varies from place to place.
5. It is measured using physical balance. It is measured using spring balance.
6. Its unit is kilogram. Its unit is newton.
4. How will you measure the least count of vernier caliper ?

Least count of a vernier caliper (LC)
Value of one smallest main scale division
LC =
Total number of vernier scale division
1mm
LC = = 0.1mm = 0.01cm
10
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7 UNIT -1
VIII. Answer in detail.

1. Explain a method to find the thickness of a hollow tea cup.
Thickness of a hollow tea cup can be found by vernier caliper.
1. First calculate the least count (LC ) and the zero error (ZE ) of the vernier caliper.
2. Now grip the hollow tea cup between the upper jaws to find the thickness.
3. Note the Main Scale Reading (MSR ) just before the zero of the vernier.
4. Note the division of the vernier scale which coincides with a main scale division
(VC).
5. The thickness of a hollow tea cup is found by the formula = MSR + (VC x LC ) ± ZC
S.No. Main scale Vernier scale Observed Corrected
Reading Coincidence Reading Reading
-2
MSR X 10 m OR = MSR + = OR ± ZC
(LC X VC)
1.
2.
3.
4.
2. How will you find the thickness of a one rupee coin ?

The thickness of the one rupee coin can be found by screw gauge.
1. Determine the pitch, the least count and the zero error of the screw gauge.
2. Place the coin between the two studs.
3. Rotate the head until the coin is held firmly but not tightly, with help of the ratchat.
4. Note the reading of the pitch scale crossed by the head scale (PSR ) and the head
scale division that coincides with the pitch scale axis (HSC )
5. The thickness of the coin is given by PSR + CHSR ( Corrected HSR ). Repeat the
experiment for different positions of the coin.
6. Tabulate the readings.
7. The average of the last column readings gives the thickness of the one rupee coin.
Table Z.E = Nil Z.C = Nil (0) LC = 0.01mm
S.No. PSR HSC CHSC = HSC ± ZC CHSR = CHSC x LC Total Reading =
(mm) ( division ) (division) (mm) PSR +CHSR(mm)
1. 1 32 32 x 0.01 = 0.32 1 + 0.32 = 1.32 1.32 + 0
2. 1 34 34 x 0.01 = 0.34 1 +0.34 = 1.34 1.34 + 0
Average 2.66 / 2 = 1.33
The thickness of one rupee coin = 1.33mm
IX. Numerical problems.

15
1. Inian and Ezhilan argue about the light year. Inian tells that it is 9.46 x 10 m and
12
Ezhilan argues that it is 9.46 x 10 km. Who is right ? Justify your answer.
Inian argue is right. Light year is the distance travelled by light in one year is vacuum.
8
Light travels 3 x 10 m in one second
1 year = 365 days
The total number of seconds is one year = 365 x 24 x 60 x 60
7
= 3.153 x 10 second
7 8
1 light year = 3.153 x 10 x 3 x 10
15
1 light year = 9.46 x 10 m
So Inian argue is right.
8 UNIT -1
2. The main scale reading while measuring the thickness of a rubber ball using
Vernier caliper is 7cm and the Vernier scale coincidence is 6. Find the radius of the
ball.
Main Scale Reading (MSR ) = 7cm
Vernier Scale Coincidence (VC) = 6
Least count (LC) = 0.01cm
Z.E = 0
The diameter of the ball = MSR + ( VC x LC )- Z.E
Diameter of the ball = 7 + ( 6 x 0.01 ) - 0
= 7 + 0.06 - 0 = 7.06cm
D 7.06
radius of the ball = = = 3.53cm
2 2
~ The radius of the ball = 3.53cm
3. Find the thickness of a five rupee coin with the screw gauge, if the Pitch scale
reading is 1 mm and its head scale coincidence is 68.
Pitch Scale Reading (PSR ) = 1mm
Head Scale Coincidence (HSC ) = 68
Thickness of the coin = PSR + CHSR
Corrected HSC ( CHSC ) = HSC ± ZC
Z.E = 0 ; ZC = 0
CHSC = 68 + 0 = 68
CHSR = CHSC x LC
LC = 0.01mm
CHSR = 68 x 0.01 = 0.68mm
~ Thickness of the coin = 1 + 0.68 = 1.68 mm
4. Find the mass of an object weighing 98N.

Weight of an object = 98N
-2
Acceleration due to gravity g = 9.8ms
W = mg
W
Mass of an object m =
g
98 1 10
m= = = = 10kg
9.8 0.1 1
~ Mass of an object m = 10kg
Additional Questions and Answers

I. Choose the best answer :
1. SI unit of Luminour intensity ......................
a) ampere b) kelvin c) candela d) mole Ans : c) candela
2. A fortnight is ....................
a) 12 days b) 13days c) 15 days d) 14 days Ans : d) 14 days
3. .................... is a twinkling of the eye
a) Atomus b) Atom c) mass d) tomm Ans : a) Atomus
9 UNIT -1
4. Expression for Pressure is ....................

a) force x distance b) force / area c) force / length d) none of these
Ans : b) force / area
5. The value for Donkey power is ..................
a) 746 watt b) 250 watt c) 520 watt d) 467 watt
Ans : b) 250 watt

6. ................... is the unit of distance used to measure astronomical objects outside the
solar system. Ans : Parsec
11
7. The value for 1 AU( Astronomical Unit ) is ..................... Ans : 1.496x10 m
8. 1 Metric tonne is equal to .......................kg Ans : 1000
9. Larger unit for measuring time is .................... Ans : millennium
III. Short questions :

1. Define 'Units'.
A unit is a standard quantity with which the unknown quantities are compared. It is
defined as a specific magnitude of a physical quantity that has been adopted by law or
convention.
2. Define Astronomical unit

Astronomical unit (AU): It is the mean distance of the centre of the Sun from the
11
centre of the Earth. 1 AU = 1.496 × 10 m
3. Define Light year.

Light year: It is the distance travelled by light in one year in vacuum and it is equal to
15
9.46 × 10 m.
4. Write a short note on alpha centauri.

The nearest star alpha centauri is about 1.34 parsec from the sun. Most of the stars
visible to the unaided eye in the night sky are within 500 parsec distance from the sun.
5. Define Atomic mass unit.

Atomic mass unit :
Mass of a proton, neutron and electron can be determined using atomic mass unit
th 12
(amu). 1 amu = (1/12) of the mass of C atom.
6. Define Temperature.
Temperature is the measure of hotness or coldness of a body. SI unit of temperature
is kelvin (K).
7. Define Mass.
Mass is the quantity of matter contained in a body. The SI unit of mass is kilogram (kg).
8. Define mol.
Mole (mol) : Amount of the substance that contains as many elementary units as
there are atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon -12.
9. Define Length.
Length is the extent of something between two points. The SI unit of length is metre
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10 UNIT -1
10. What is derived quantities.

Quantities which can be expressed in terms of fundamental quantities are called
derived quantities. Example: Area, volume and density etc.
Activity : 1 : Using vernier caliper find the outer diameter of your pen cap.
Diameter of pen cap using vernier caliper
MSR + ( VC x LC ) ± ZC
MSR = 5.8cm ; ZC = 0
VC = 2
LC = 0.01cm
Diameter of pen cap = MSR + (VC x LC ) ± ZC
= 5.8 + ( 2x 0.01 ) ± 0
= 5.8 + 0.02
Diameter of pen cap = 5.82cm
Activity : 2
Determine the thickness of a single sheet of your science text book with the help of
a screw gauge.
Topic of the lesson : Measurement and measuring instruments.
Activity : Individual
Aim : To determine the thickness of a single sheet of science textbook.
Evaluation method : Learning by doing
Required Materials : Science textbook, vernier caliper.
Formula :
Thickness of single sheet of science textbook = MSR + ( VC x LC ) ± ZC
MSR - Main Scale Reading
VC - Vernier Coincidence
LC - Least Count
ZC - Zero Correction
Procedure :
« First Calculate the least count (LC ) and Zero error of the Vernier caliper.
« Now grip the science textbook between the lower jaws to find the thickness.
« Note the main scale reading (MSR ) just before the zero of the vernier.
« Note the division of the vernier scale which coincidence with a main scale division
(VC).
« The thickness of the book = MSR + (VC x LC ) ± ZC
« Divide the thickness by 300 (No of pages ).
Z.C = Nil LC = 0.01cm
S.No MSR( cm ) VC OR = MSR +(LC x VC ) Corrected Reading =
(cm) OR ± ZC (cm )
1 3.5 8 3.5 + (0.01x8 )
3.5 + 0.08 = 3.58 3.58
2 3.5 8 3.5 + (0.01x8 )
3.5 + 0.08 = 3.58 3.58
Thickness of book = 3.58 cm
3.58
Thickness of single sheet = = 0.011
300
Thickness of single sheet = 0.01 cm
12 UNIT - 2
Velocity g Velocity g Velocity g Velocity g
Time g
Time g
Time g
Time g
13
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Velocity g Velocity g Velocity g

Velocity g
Time g
Time g
Time g
Time g
UNIT - 2
14 UNIT - 2
c B
Distance g
t
D A
t t
o E
Time g
15 UNIT - 2
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16 UNIT - 2
17 UNIT - 2
Starting Ending
point point
9 Sci - 2
18 UNIT - 2
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20 UNIT - 3
21 UNIT - 3
Vacuum
Pressure
exerted by
the column
of mercury
760mm
Atmospheric
pressure
Surface
of
mercury
Mercury barometer
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Hydrometer
23 UNIT - 3
24 UNIT - 3
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25 UNIT - 3
26 UNIT - 3
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30 UNIT - 4
UNIT - 4. Electric charge and electric current

MIND MAP Electric Charge and electric Current
Electric Charges Electric Current ElectricCiruit Type of Effect of Electric

Current Current
Measuring Measurment of
Electric Charges Electric Current Heating Effect
Potential
Electric Force
Difference Chemical Effect
Electric Field Resistance
AC DC
Electric Potential Ohm’s Law Magnetic Effect
Series Parallel
TEXT BOOK EXERCISES
I. Choose the correct answer

1. In current electricity, a positive charge refers to,
a) presence of electron b) presence of proton
c) absence of electron d) absence of proton
Ans : c) absence of electron
2. Rubbing of comb with hair
a) creates electric charge b) transfers electric charge
c) either (a) or (b) d) neither (a) nor (b)
Ans :b) transfers electric charge
3. Electric field lines............. from positive charge and.......... in negative charge.
a) start; start b) start; end
c) start: end d) end; end Ans : b) start; end
4. Potential near a charge is the measure of its ........... to bring a positive charge at
that point.
a) force b) ability
c) tendency d) work Ans : d) work
5. Heating effect of current is called,
a) Joule heating b) Coulomb heating
c) voltage heating d) Ampere heating Ans : a) Joule heating
6. In an electrolyte the current is due to the flow of,
a) electrons b) positive ions
c) both (a) and (b) d) neither (a) nor (b) Ans : c) both (a) and (b)
7. Electroplating is an example for
a) heating effect b) chemical effect
c) flowing effect d) magnetic effect Ans : b) chemical effect
8. Resistance of a wire depends on,
a) temperature b) geometry
c) nature of material d) all the above Ans : d) all the above
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31 UNIT - 4
II. Match the following

1. Electric Charge (a) ohm
2. Potential difference (b) ampere
3. Electric field (c) coulomb
4. Resistance (d) newton per coulomb
5. Electric current (e) volt
Ans :
1. Electric Charge (c) coulomb
2. Potential difference (e) volt
3. Electric field (d) newton per coulomb
4. Resistance (a) ohm
5. Electric current (b) ampere
III. State whether True or False. If false correct the statement.

1. Electrically neutral means it is either zero or equal positive and negative charges.
Ans : True
2. Ammeter is connected in parallel in any electric circuit. Ans : False
Correct statement : Ammeter is connected in series in any electric circuit.
3. The anode in electrolyte is negative. Ans : False
Correct statement : The anode in electrolyte is positive.
4. Current can produce magnetic field. Ans : True
IV. Fill in the blanks

1. Electrons move from............... potential to ................potential. Ans :higher, lower
2. The direction opposite to the movement of electron is called.......... current.
Ans :Conventional
3. The e.m.f of a cell is analogues to ............. of a pipe line. Ans : Pump
4. The domestic electricity in India is an ac with a frequency of ........... Hz. Ans : 50 Hz
V. Conceptual questions
1. A bird sitting on a high power electric line is still safe. How?
Ans : A bird sitting on a transmission line does not complete the circuit. If the same bird
keeps one leg on one line and another leg on another line, then it will get roasted.
2. Does a solar cell always maintain the potential across its terminals constant?
Discuss.
Ans :
¬ Solar cell voltage does not remain constant just as long as. There is sufficient
irradiance light from dull to bright sunlight, because solar cell works on the principle of
photo voltaic effect.
¬ It is a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device whose electrical characteristics,
such as current, voltage or resistance, very when exposed to light.
3. Can electroplating be possible with alternating current?

Ans :
¬ No, electroplating is process of continue flow of ions, which is not possible in
alternating current.
¬ So the continue deposition of cation not occurs.
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32 UNIT - 4
VI. Answer the following

1. On what factors does the electrostatic force between two charges depend?
Ans : The numerical value (magnitude) of electric force between two charges depend
on the,
i. value of charges on them,
ii. distance between them and
iii. nature of medium between them
2. What are electric lines of force?

Ans : The electric lines of force are straight or curved paths along which a unit positive
charge tends to move in the electric field. Electric lines of force are imaginary lines.
3. Define electric field.

Ans : The region in which a charge experiences electric force forms the 'electric field'
around the charge.
4. Define electric current and give its unit.

Ans :
¬ Current is the rate at which charges flow past a point on a circuit.
¬ The standard SI unit for current is ampere with the symbol A.
5. State Ohm's law.

Ans :
The electric potential difference across two points in an electric circuit is directly
proportional to the current passing through it.
V is the potential difference
I is the current ; V a I ; V=IR
V=IR
R is the proportionality constant (or) Resistance
6.Name any two appliances which work under the principle of heating effect of
current.
Ans : (i) Electric Iron Box,
(ii) Water Heater,
(iii) Toaster
7. How are the home appliances connected in general, in series or parallel. Give
reasons.
Ans :
¬ In general the home appliances are connected in parallel.
¬ When appliances are connected in a parallel arrangement, each of them can be put
'on and off' independently.
¬ Also if the appliances were wired in series, the potential difference across each
appliance would vary depending on the resistance of the appliance.
8. List the safety features while handling electricity.

Ans :
(i) Ground connection
(ii) Trip switch
(iii) Fuse
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33 UNIT - 4
VII. Exercises
1. Rubbing a comb on hair makes the comb get - 0.4C. (a) Find which material has
lost electron and which one gained it. (b) Find how many electrons are transferred
in this process.
Solution : (a) Hair has lost the electron. The comb has gained the electron.
(b) The charge received by comb q = -0.4 C.
electric charge q - ne
n - number of electrons in 1 coulomb
e - charge on 1 electron = 1.6x10 -19 C
q = ne
n = q/e
0.4 C
= ; 0.25X10 19 = 2.5X 10 18 electrons
1.6x10 -19 C
So, 2.5X 10 18 electrons are transferred in this process.
2. Calculate the amount of charge that would flow in 2 hours through an element of
an electric bulb drawing a current of 2.5A
Solution : Time 't' = 2 hours
= 2x60x60 = 7200 s
Current 'I' = 2.5 A
The amount of charge, q = ?
I = q/t ; q = I X t = 2.5x7200 = 18, 000
Amount of charge q = 18000C
3. The values of current (I) flowing through a resistor for various potential
differences V across the resistor are given below. What is the value of resistor?
Solution :
y
I (ampere) 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Potential difference Volt (V)
V (volt) 1.6 3.4 6.7 10.2 13.2
[Hint: plot V-I a graph and take slope] 14
V2 - V1 12
10.2 V2
A
R, Slope = 10
I2 - I1 8
6.7 V1 C
6 B
10.2 - 6.7 3.5
R, Slope = ; R= = 3.5W 4
3- 2 1 2
I1 I2
o
The value of resistor R = 3.5 W 0.5 1 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 x
Current (I) in A
Additional Questions :
I. Choose the best answer.
1. If an electron removed from the atom, the atom becomes ..........charged
(a) negative (b) positive (c) neutral (d) non of them
Ans: (b) positive
2. The amount of charge on 1 electron is ..........
(a)6.25x10 18C (b) 1.6x10 -19C (c) 6.25x10 -19C (d) 1.6.x10 -18C
Ans: (b) 1.6 x 10 -19C
9 Sci - 3
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34 UNIT - 4
3. An electric current is formed by ...........

(a)moving electrons (b) rest electrons
(c) free electrons (d) both a and b Ans: (a) moving electrons
4. ........... is an instrument used to measure the electric current
(a)Voltmeter (b) Ammeter (c) Ohm meter (d) Galvanometer
Ans: (b) Ammeter
5. The formula of electromotive force is ..............
(a) e = w/q (b) e = q/t (c) e = V/I (d) none of these
Ans: (a) e = w/q
6. To measure the potential difference across a component in a circuit, the
voltmeter must be connected in ..........
(a)series (b) parallel (c) continuous (d) both a and b
Ans: (b) parallel
7. ........... is a good conductor of electricity
(a) copper (b) glass (c) polymer (d) plastic
Ans: (a) copper
8. ........... is a insulator
(a) glass (b) copper (c) aluminium (d) polymer
Ans:(a) glass
9. ........... discovered the relation between potential difference, current and
resistance.
(a) George simon ohm (b) Ampere (c) Einstein (d) none of them
Ans: (a) George simon ohm
10. When resistors are connected in series, the current flowing through the circuit
is ...........
(a) different (b) same (c) neutral (d) parallel
Ans: (b) same
11. ........... is a electronic device which works on direct current (dc)
(a) Television (b) Electric fan (c) Cell phone (d) Micro wave
Ans:(c) Cell phone
12. The device used to convert dc in to ac is called ...........
(a)rectifier (b) inverter (c) Transformer (d) Battery eliminator
Ans: (b) Inverter
III. Short questions.

1. Define electric force?
Ans: The force existing between the charges is called 'electric force'
2. Define Electric potential?

Ans: Electric potential is a measure of the work done on unit positive charge to bring it to
that point against all electrical forces.
3. Differentiate e.m.f and potential difference

Ans:
e.m.f. Potential difference
The e.m.f. refers to the voltage Potential difference refers to the voltage
developed across the terminals of an developed between any two points in
electrical source when it does not an electric circuit when there is current in the
produce current in the circuit circuit
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35 UNIT - 4
4. What are the effects of electric current?

Ans: The main effects of current are heating, chemical and magnetic effects
III. Match the following

Devices Symbols
a) Cell
b) Light bulb
c) Fuse
d) Earth connector
Ans:
Devices Symbols
a) Cell
b) Light bulb
c) Fuse
d) Earth connector
Activity 1:
Take a condemned electronic circuit board in a TV remote or old mobile phone.
Look at the electrical symbols used in the circuit. Find out the meaning of the
symbols known to you.
Ans: i) IC Chip, (ii) Capacitor, (iii) LED, (iv) HDR, (V) 8K ULTRA HD
Activity 2:
Cut an arrow shaped strip from aluminium foil. Ensure that the
head is a fine point. Keep the arrow shaped foil on a wooden
board. Connect a thin pin to two lengths of wire. Connect the
wires to the terminals of electric cell, may be of 9V. Press one pin
onto the pointed tip and other pin at a point about one or two mm
away. Can you see that the tip of aluminium foil starts melting?
Ans: Yes, I can see that the tip of aluminium foil starts melting. It
occurs because of heating effect of current.
Activity 3 :
Take a beaker half filled with copper sulphate solution. Take a
carbon rod from a used dry cell. Wind a wire on its upper end. Take
a thick copper wire, clean it well and flatten it with a hammer.
Immerse both the copper wire and carbon rod in the copper
sulphate solution. Connect the carbon rod to the negative terminal
of an electric cell and copper wire to the positive terminal of the
cell. Also ensure that the copper and the carbon rod do not touch
each other, but are close enough. Wait and watch. After some time
you would find fine copper deposited over the carbon rod. This is
called as electroplating. This is due to the chemical effect of
current.
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75 UNIT -10
CHEMISTRY
UNIT - 10. Matter Around Us

MIND MAP
Solid Liquid Gas
Matter
Pure substances Mixtures
Elements Compounds Homogenous Heterogenous

mixture mixture
Metals Non-metals Metalloids Noble gases

Separation
Atoms Molecules
Insoluble Soluble Two miscible Two immiscible

solid + Liquid solid + Liquid liquids liquids
Filtration, Fractional Separating

Distillation
centrifugation distillation funnel
TEXT BOOK EXERCISES

1. The separation of denser particles from lighter particles done by rotation at
high speed is called ______
a) filtration b) sedimentation
c) decantation d) centrifugation Ans : d) centrifugation
2. Among the following ______ is a mixture
a)Common Salt b) Juice c) Carbon dioxide d) Pure Silver Ans :b) Juice
3. When we mix a drop of ink in water we get a ______
a) Heterogeneous Mixture b) Compound
c) Homogeneous Mixture d) Suspension Ans : c) Homogeneous Mixture
4. ______ is essential to perform separation by solvent extraction method.
a) Separating funnel b) Filter paper
c) Centrifuge machine d) Sieve Ans : a)Separating funnel
5. _____has the same properties throughout the sample
a) Pure substance b) Mixture c) Colloid d) Suspension
Ans : a) Pure substance
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76 UNIT -10
II. State whether True or False. If false, correct the statement.

1. Oil and water are immiscible in each other Ans : True
2. A compound cannot be broken into simpler substances chemically.
Ans : False. A compound can be broken into simpler substances chemically.
3. Liquid- Liquid colloids are called gels.
Ans : False. Liquid- solid colloids are called gel.
4. Buttermilk is an example of heterogeneous mixture. Ans : True
5. Aspirin is composed of 60% Carbon, 4.5% Hydrogen and 35.5% Oxygen
by mass. Aspirin is a mixture.
Ans : False. Aspirin is composed of 60% Carbon, 4.5% Hydrogen and 35.5%
Oxygen by mass. Aspirin is a compound.
III. Match the following

Ans :
Element Settles down Element Madeup of atoms
on standing
Compound Impure substance Compound Made up of molecules
Colloid Made up of Colloid Pure substance
molecules
Suspension Pure substance Suspension Settles down
on standing
Mixture Made up of atoms Mixture Impure substance
IV. Fill in the blanks

1. A ______ mixture has no distinguishable boundary between its components
Ans : Homogeneous
2. An example of a substance that sublimes is ________ Ans : Iodine
3. Alcohol can be separated from water by _________
Ans : Fractional distillation
4. In petroleum refining, the method of separation used is _________
Ans : Fractional distillation
5. Chromatography is based on the principle of _________
Ans : different solubilities in the same solvent
V. Answer very briefly.

1. Differentiate between absorption and adsorption?
Ans :
S.No. Absorption Adsorption
1. Absorption is the process in which the Adsorption is the process in which the
substance is uniformly distributed particles of a substance is
through out the bulk of another concentrated only at the surface of
substance another substance
2. E.g. When a chalk stick is dipped in E.g. When a chalk stick is dipped in
ink, the solvent of the ink goes deeper ink, the surface retains the colour of
into the stick due to absorption. the ink due to adsorption of coloured
molecules.
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77 UNIT -10
2. Define Sublimation.
Ans :
¬ Certain solid substances when heated change directly from solid to gaseous state
without attaining liquid state.
¬ The vapours when cooled give back the solid substance. This process is known as
sublimation.
¬ Ex. Iodine, Camphor, Ammonium chloride.
3. A few drops of 'Dettol' when added to water the mixture turns turbid. Why?
Ans : The oil droplets of dettol get suspended in water and create an emulsion.
4. Name the apparatus that you will use to separate the components of mixtures
containing two, i. miscible liquids, ii. immiscible liquids.
Ans :
i) Miscible liquid : Fractional distillation flask, fractionating column, Thermometer.
ii) Immiscible liquids : Separating funnel, Stopclock.
5. Name the components in each of the following mixtures.

i) Ice cream ii) Lemonade (iii) Air (iv) Soil
Ans :
i)Ice cream : sugar, milk, water
ii) Lemonade : lemon juice, sugar and water
iii) Air : hydrogen, oxygen, carbondioxide, water vapour and other gases.
iv) soil : sand, clay, various types of salts.
VI. Answer briefly .

1. Which of the following are pure substances? Ice, Milk, Iron, Hydrochloric acid,
Mercury, Brick and Water.
Ans : Pure substances :
Ice, Iron, Hydrochloric acid and Mercury, Water
2. Oxygen is very essential for us to live. It forms 21% of air by volume. Is it an

element or compound?
Ans : Oxygen is an element.
3. You have just won a medal made of 22-carat gold. Have you just procured a
pure substance or impure substance?
Ans :
¬ 22 carat gold metal is made up of 91.6% gold and 8.4% other metals.
¬ So It is impure substance.
4. How will you separate a mixture containing saw dust, naphthalene and iron
filings?
Ans :
i) To separate iron fillings from a mixture we can use a magnet. This is called
magnetic separation method.
ii) By sublimation, naphthalene can be separated from saw dust.
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78 UNIT -10
5. How are homogenous solutions different from heterogeneous

solution? Explain with examples.
Ans :
S.No. Homogenous Mixtures Heterogeneous Mixtures
1. A mixuture in which the components A mixture in which the components can
cannot be seen separately is called a be seen separately is called a
homogenous mixture. heterogeneous mixture.
2. It has a uniform composition and every It does not have a uniform composition
part of the mixture has the same and properties.
properties
3. Eg:Tap water, milk, air, ice cream, Eg:Soil a mixture of iodine and common
sugar syrup, ink, steel, bronze and salt, a mixture of sugar and sand,
salt solution a mixture of oil and water,
a mixture of sulphur and iron filings, and
a mixture of milk and cereals.
VII. Answer in detail.

1. Write the differences between elements and compounds and give an example
for each.
Ans :
S.No. Elements Compounds
1. Made up only one kind of atom. Made up more than one kind of atom.
2. The smallest particle that retains all The smallest particle that retains all
its properties is the atom. its properties is the molecule.
3. Cannot be broken down into simpler Can be broken down into elements
substances. by chemical methods.
4. E.g: Copper, Oxygen, Hydrogen E.g. : Water, Sugar, Salt.
2. Explain Tyndall effect and Brownian movement

with suitable diagram.
Laser
Ans : Tyndall Effect : Tyndall (1869) observed that beam
when a strong beam of light is focused on a colloidal
solution the path of the beam becomes visible. Pure water Colloidal solution
Light beam not visible Light beam visible
This phenomenon is known as Tyndall effect and the
Tyndall effect
illuminated path is called Tyndall cone.
This phenomenon is not observed incase of true solution.
Brownian Movement : When colloidal solution are viewed
under powerful microscope, it can be seen that colloidal
particles are moving constantly and rapidly in zig-zag
directions.
The Brownian movement of particles is due to the
unbalanced bombardment of the particles by the molecules of
dispersion medium. Brownian movement
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79 UNIT -10
3. How is a mixture of common salt, oil and water separated? You can use a
combination of different methods.
Ans :
¬ Two immiscible liquids can be separated by solvent extraction method.
¬ This method works on the principle of difference in solubility of two immiscible liquids
in a suitable solvent.
¬ For example mixture of oil and water can be
separated by separating funnel.
Separating funnel
i) Pour the mixture into a separating funnel. Kerosene Oil ( Organic layer )
ii) Close the mouth of the separating funnel.
Water ( aqueous layer )
iii) Shake it for 10 minutes.
iv) Hold the funnel in a stand for 15 minutes. Stopcock
v) Water remains in the lower layer and oil remains in
the upper layer. Solvent extractiont
vi) By using stop cock oil and water can be collected
in different containers.
vii) The salty water is taken in the distillation flask and heated for boiling.
viii) The pure water vapour passes through the inner tube of the condenser.
ix) This on cooling condenses into pure water and gets collected in a receiver.
x) The salt is left behind in the flask as a residue, which can be collected separately.
Additional questions & answers

1. Difference in _________ is the principle used in fractional distillation
a) solubility b)melting point c) boiling point d) adsorption
Ans : c) boiling point
2. Filtration method is effective separating _________ mixture
a) Solid-solid b) solid-liquid c) liquid-liquid d) liquid-gas
Ans : b) solid - liquid
3. For a simple distillation process we need to have
a) an evaporating dish. b) a separating funnel.
c) a filter with filter paper. d) a Liebig condenser.
Ans : d) a Liebig condenser.
II. Fill in the blanks

1. _________ sedimentation of particles under the influence of the centrifugal force
and it is used for separation of superfine suspensions. Ans : Centrifugation
2. A colloid in which both phases are liquid ; and oil - in - water_________
Ans : emulsion
3. _________is a heterogeneous system consisting of the dispersed phase and the
dispersion medium. Ans : Colloidal solution
4. Sand is removed from naphthalene by_________ method. Ans :Sublimation
5. The solubility of solid in water _________ with an increase in temperature
Ans : increases
III. Very Short answer
1. Define a solute and a solvent.
Ans : The component present in lesser amount by weight is called solute and the
component present in larger amount by weight is called solvent.
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80 UNIT -10
2. What is solution?
Ans : Homogenous mixture composed of two or more substances.
Activity 1 :
1. Is air a pure substance of Mixture? Justify
Ans :
i) Air does not have a fixed Composition.
ii) The components of air can be separated by physical method. So Air is a mixture.
2. You must have seen brass statues in museums and places of worship. Brass is
an alloy made up of approx. 30% zinc and 70% copper. Is Brass a pure substance
or a mixture or compound?
Ans : Brass is a compound.
i) Because it has fixed composition.
ii) Brass cannot be separated by physical method so brass is a compound.
Activity 2 :
Make models of the molecules of compounds by using match sticks and clay balls as
shown below,
Activity -3 :
Take some powdered iron filings and mix it with sulphur.
i. Divide the mixture into two equal halves.
ii. Keep the first half of the mixture as it is, but heat the second half of the mixture.
iii. On heating you will get a black brittle compound.
Ans :
Mixture of iron Iron Sulphide

and Sulphur compound
The black compound is Iron (II) sulphide.
heat
Iron + sulphur Iron sulphide
The Iron sulphide formed has totally different properties to the mixture of iron and
sulphur as tabulated below:
Substance Appearance Effect of magnet
Iron (element) Dark grey powder Attracted to it
Sulphur (element) Yellow powder None
Iron + Sulphur (Mixture) Dirty yellow powder Iron powder attracted to it
Iron sulphide (compound) Black solid No effect
From the above experiment, we can summarise the major differences between
mixtures and compounds:
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81 UNIT -10
Activity 4
Identify whether the given substance is mixture or compound and justify your
answer. 1. Sand and water 2. Sand and iron filings 3. Concrete 4. Water and oil 5.
Salad 6. Water 7. Carbon dioxide 8. Cement 9. Alcohol.
Ans :
1) Mixture 2) Mixture 3) Compound 4) Mixture 5) Mixture 6) Compound
7) Compound 8) Compound 9) Mixture
Activity 5
Take bottles containing sugar, starch and wheat flour.
Add one tea spoon full of each one to a glass of water and stir well. Leave it aside
for about ten minutes. What do you observe?
Ans :
We can see that in the case of sugar we get a clear solution
and the particles never settle down. This mixture is called as true
solution. In the case of starch and water we get a cloudy mixture.
This mixture is called as colloidal solution In the case of wheat
flour mixed with water we get a very turbid mixture and fine
particles slowly settle down at the bottom after some time. This
mixture is called as suspension.
9 Sci - 6
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101 UNIT - 14
UNIT - 14. Acids, Bases and Salts

MIND MAP
ACIDS, BASES
AND SALTS
TEXT BOOK EXERCISES

1. Zn + 2 HCl à ZnCl 2 + … á (H 2, O 2, CO 2) Ans : H 2
2. Apple contains malic acid. Orange contains ............
(citric acid, ascorbic acid) Ans : ascorbic acid
3. Acids in plants and animals are organic acids. Whereas Acids in rocks and
minerals are .............. (Inorganic acids, Weak acids) Ans : Inorganic acids
4. Acids turn blue litmus paper to..............
(Green, Red, Orange) Ans : Red
5. Since metal carbonate and metal bicarbonate are basic, they react with acids to
give salt and water with the liberation of .............. (NO 2, SO 2, CO 2) Ans :CO 2
6. The hydrated salt of copper sulphate has .......... ..colour
(Red, White, Blue) Ans :Blue
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102 UNIT - 14
II. Answer in briefly.

1. Classify the various types of Acids based on their sources.
Ans :
Organic Acids: Acids present in plants and animals (living things) are organic acids.
Example: HCOOH, CH 3COOH
Inorganic Acids: Acids prepared from rocks and minerals are inorganic acids or mineral
acids. Example: HCl, HNO 3, H 2SO 4
2. Write any four uses of acids.

Ans :
(i) Sulphuric acid is used in car batteries
(ii) Hydrochloric acid is used as a cleaning agent in toilets
(iii) Carbonic acid is used in aerated drinks
(iv) Tartaric acid is a constituent of baking powder
3. Give the significance of pH of soil in agriculture.

Ans : pH of soil
(i) Citrus fruits require slightly alkaline soil.
(ii) Rice requires acidic soil.
(iii) Sugarcane requires neutral soil.
4. What are the various uses of Aquaregia?

Ans : 1. It is used chiefly to dissolve metals such as gold and platinum.
2. It is used for cleaning and refining gold.
5. What are the uses of plaster of paris?

Ans : (i) Plaster of paris is used for plastering bones
(ii) It is used for making casts for statues.
6. Two acids 'A' and 'B' are given. Acid A gives one hydrogen ion per molecule of
the acid in solution. Acid B gives two hydrogen ions per molecule of the acid in
solution.
(i) Find out the acid A and acid B.
Ans : A is HCl (Hydro Chloric Acid)
B is H 2SO 4 (Sulphuric Acid)
(ii) Which acid is called the King of Chemicals?
Ans : H 2SO 4 (Sulphuric acid) is called the king of chemicals
7. Define aquaregia.
Ans : Aquaregia is a mixture of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid prepared optimally in a
molar ratio of 3 : 1
8. Correct the mistakes:

a) Washing soda is used for making cakes and bread soft, spongy.
b) Calcium sulphate hemihydrate is used in textile industry.
Ans : (a) Baking powder is used for making cakes and bread soft, spongy.
(b) Calcium oxychloride is used in textile industry.
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103 UNIT - 14
9. What is neutralization reaction? Give an example.

Ans :
The reaction between a base and an acid is known as neutralization reaction.
Eg : Bases react with acids to form salt and water
KOH + HCl à KCl + H 2O
III. Answer in detail

1. Differentiate hydrate and anhydrous salts with examples.
Ans : Anhydrous salts :
¬ Salts that do not contain water of crystallisation are called anhydrous salt.
¬ They are generally found as powders.
Hydrated salts :
¬ Many salts are found as crystals with water molecules.
¬ Salts that contain water of crystallisation are called hydrated salts.
¬ The number of molecules of water hydrated to a salt is indicated after a dot in its
chemical formula.
¬ Eg.: copper sulphate CuSO4.5H2O crystal have five molecules of water for each
molecule of copper sulphate.
2. Give the tests to identify Acids and Bases.

a) Test with a litmus paper:
Ans : Blue
¬ An acid turns blue litmus paper into red. litmus Red
¬ A base turns red litmus paper into blue. paper litmus
b) Test with an indicator Phenolphthalein: paper
¬ In acid medium, phenolphthalein is colourless.
¬ In basic medium, phenolphthalein is pink in colour.
Test for acid and base using litmus paper
c) Test with an indicator Methyl orange:
¬ In acid medium, methyl orange is pink in colour.
¬ In basic medium, methyl orange is yellow in colour.
Acid base indicator

Indicator Colour in acid Colour in base
Litmus Blue to Red Red to Blue
Phenolphthalein Colourless Pink Test for acid and base
using indicator
Methyl orange Pink Yellow
3. Write any four uses of bases.

Ans : (i) Sodium hydroxide is used in the manufacture of soap.
(ii) Calcium hydroxide is used in white washing of building.
(iii) Magnesium hydroxide is used as a medicine for stomach disorder.
(iv) Ammonium hydroxide is used to remove grease stains from cloths.
4. Write any five uses of salts.

Ans : (i) Common salt is used in our daily food and used as a preservative
(ii) Washing soda is used in softening hard water
(iii) Baking soda is used in soda-acid fire extinguishers.
(iv) Bleaching powder is used as disinfectant.
(v) Plaster fo Paris is used for plastering bones.
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104 UNIT - 14
5. Sulphuric acid is called King of Chemicals. Why is it called so?

Ans :
Sulphuric acid is called King of Chemicals because it is used in the preparation of
many other compounds.
Additional Questions & Answers

I. Choose the best answer.
1. Acid and base react together to form ..........
(a) Salt (b) Oxygen (c) Hydrogen (d) Metal Ans : (a) Salt
2. Acids are .............. in taste
(a) Bitter (b) Sour (c) Sweet (d) Salty Ans : (b) Sour
3. Curd contains ...........
(a) Tartaric acid (b) Malic acid (c) Lactic acid (d) citric acid
Ans : (c) Lactic acid
4. ........... is a weak acid
(a) HCl (b) HNO 3 (c) CH 3COOH (d) H 2SO 4 Ans : (c) CH 3COOH
5. HCL is a .............. acid
(a) Strong (b) Weak (c) Dibasic (d) Tribasic Ans : (a) Strong
6. .............. acid is used as a food preservative
(a) Nitric (b) Sulphuric (c) Citric (d) Carbonic Ans : (c) Citric
7. .............. is used in the manufacture of soap
(a) NaOH (b) KoH (c) NH 4OH (d) CaCOH 2 Ans : (a) NaOH
8. In basic medium, phenolphthalein is .............. in colour
(a) Red (b) Pink (c) White (d) Yellow Ans : (b) Pink
9. In acidic medium, phenolphthalein is .............. in colour
(a) Red (b) Pink (c) Colourless (d) yellow
Ans : (c) Colourless
10. .............. is a double salts
(a) NaCl (b)Sodium Carbonate
(c) caocl2 (d) potash alum Ans : (d) potash alum
11. .............. is used in soda-acid fire extinguishers
(a) Washing soda (b) Baking soda
(c) Bleaching powder (d) Plaster of Paris Ans : (b) Baking soda
12. .............. is used for making casts for statues
(a) Washing soda (b) Baking soda
(c) Bleaching powder (d) Plaster of Paris
Ans : (d) Plaster of Paris

1. A base is the compound that forms . ............... ions in solution Ans : Hydroxide
2. The acid present in ant and Bee is ............... Ans : Formic acid
3. When HCl is dissolved in water, it gives...............and ........... ions in water
Ans : H + Cl -
4. ............... are acids that ionise completely in water.
Ans : Strong Acids
5. ............... is used for cleaning and refining gold Ans : Aquaregia
6. Bases that are soluble in water are called ............... Ans : Alkalis
7. ............... is used in white washing of building Ans : Calcium Hydroxide
8. ............... is used as a medicine for stomach disorder
Ans : Magnesium Hydroxide
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105 UNIT - 14
9. ...............is used to remove grease stains from cloths

Ans : Ammonium Hydroxide
10. ...............is the hardest substance in our body
Ans : White enamel coating of teeth
11.Rice requires ...............soil Ans : Acidic
12. Silver chloride is ...............in water Ans : insoluble
13. Salt is ...............in nature Ans : Hygroscopic
14. Baking powder is a mixture of ............... Ans : Baking soda and tartaric acid
III. Match the following Ans :

1. Source Acid present Source Acid present
(i) Apple a) Tartaric acid (i) Apple d) Malic acid
(ii) Vinegar b) Citric acid (ii) Vinegar c) Acetic acid
(iii) Lemon c) Acetic acid (iii) Lemon b) Citric acid
(iv) Grapes d) Malic acid (iv) Grapes a) Tartaric acid
2. Common name Chemical Formula Chemical Name Uses

(i) Washing soda 1) CaSO 4.1/2 H 2O A) Calcium a) Plastering
Oxychloride bones
(ii) Baking soda 2) CaOCl 2 B) Calcium b) Disinfectant
Sulphate
hemihydrate
(iii) Bleaching powder 3) NaHCO 3 C) Sodium c) Make Baking
Carbonate powder
(iv) Plaster of Paris 4) Na 2CO 3 D) Sodium d) Softening
Bi Carbonate Hard water
Ans :
Common name Chemical Formula Chemical Name Uses
(i) Washing soda 4) Na 2CO 3 C) Sodium d) Softening
Carbonate Hard water
(ii) Baking soda 3) NaHCO 3 D) Sodium c) Make Baking
Bi Carbonate powder
(iii) Bleaching powder 2) CaOCl 2 A) Calcium b) Disinfectant
Oxychloride
(iv) Plaster of Paris 1) CaSO 4.1/2 H 2O B) Calcium a) Plastering
Sulphate bones
hemihydrate
IV Short questions :
1. What are Acids?
Ans :
Acid is a substance which furnishes H + ions or H 3O + ions in aqueous solution.
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106 UNIT - 14
2. Write the uses of Aquaregia?

Ans : (i) It is used chiefly to dissolve metals such as gold and platinum.
(ii) It is used for cleaning and refining gold.
3. What are Bases?

-
Ans : Bases are substances that ionise in water to form hydroxyl ions (OH )
4. Define Acidity.
Ans : The term acidity is used for base, which means the number of replaceable
hydroxyl groups present in one molecule of a base
5. What are Salts?

Ans : Salts are the products of the reaction between acids and bases
Acid + Base à Salt + water
6. Define pH scale.
Ans : A scale for measuring hydrogen ion concentration in a solution is called pH scale.
7. What are types of salts?

Ans : (i) Normal salts
(ii) Acid salts
(iii) Basic salts
(iv) Double salts
Activity : 1
Take about 10 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid in a test tube and add a few pieces of
zinc granules into it. What do you observe? Why are bubbles formed in the
solution?
Take a burning candle near a bubble containing hydrogen gas, the flame goes off
with a 'Popping' sound. This confirms that metal displaces hydrogen gas from the
dilute acid.
Ans : (i) Bubble are formed
(ii) It is because of the formation of Hydrogen gas.
Activity : 2
Take solutions of hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid. 6 volt battery Bulb
Fix two nails on a cork and place the cork in a 100 ml Switch
beaker.
Connect the nails to the two terminals of a 6V battery
through a bulb and a switch as shown in Figure. Beaker
Now pour some dilute HCl in the beaker and switch on the
current.
Nail
Repeat the activity with dilute sulphuric acid, glucose Dilute HCl
and alcohol solutions. What do you observe now? solution
Does the bulb glow in all cases? Rubber

cork
Ans : In the above activity you can observe that the bulb
will start glowing only in the case of acids. But, you will
observe that glucose and alcohol solution do not conduct electricity. Glowing of the bulb
indicates that there is a flow of electric current through the solution. The electric current
is carried through the solution by ions.
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107 UNIT - 14
Activity :3
Collect the following samples from the science laboratory - Hydrochloric acid,
sulphuric acid and Nitric acid, Sodium hydroxide, Potassium hydroxide. Take 2 ml
of each solution in a test tube and test with a litmus paper and indicators
phenolphthalein and Methyl orange. Tabulate your observations.
Ans :
Sample Solutions Litmus Paper Indicators
Blue Red Phenolphthalein Methyl Orange
Hydrochloric acid Changes Colourless Pink
blue to red -
Sulphuric acid Changes Colourless Pink
blue to red -
Nitric acid Changes Colourless Pink
blue to red -
Sodium hydroxide - Changes Pink Yellow
to blue
Potassium hydroxide - Changes Pink Yellow
to blue
Activity 4
Fill in the blanks in the following table based on the concept of water of
crystallisation.
Ans :
Salt Formula of an Formula of Name of hydrated salt

hydrous salt hydrated salt
Zinc sulphate ZnSO 4 ZnSO 4. 7H 2O Zinc sulphate hepta hydrate
Magnesium chloride MgCl 2 MgCl 2. 6H 2O Magnesium chloride hexa

hydrate
Iron (II) sulphate FeSO 4 FeSO 4.7H 2O Iron (II) sulphate heptahydrate
Calcium chloride CaCl 2 CaCl 2.2H 2O Calcium chloride di hydrate
Sodium thiosulphate Na 2S 2O 3 Na 2S 2O 3 5H 2O Sodium thiosulphate

pentahydrate
Activity 5:
Boil about 100 ml of ground water in a vessel to dryness
After all the water get evaporated observe the inner wall of the vessel. Can you
observe any deposits?
Ans :
This is the deposit of dissolved salts present in water.
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121 UNIT -17
BIOLOGY
UNIT - 17. Animal Kingdom

Mind Map
Invertebrates
Animal Kingdom
Chordates
Prochordates Vertebrates
TEXT BOOK EXERCISES

1. Find the group having only marine members
a) Mollusca c) Coelenterata c) Echinodermata d) Porifera
Ans : c) Echinodermata
2. Mesoglea is present in
a) Porifera b) Coelenterata c) Annelida d) Arthropoda
Ans : b) Coelenterata
3. Which one of the following pairs is not a poikilothermic animal
a) Fishes and Amphibians b)Amphibians and Aves
c) Aves and Mammals d) Reptiles and Mammals
Ans : c) Aves and Mammals
4. Identify the animal having four chambered heart
a) Lizard b) Snake c) Crocodile d) Calotes
Ans : c) Crocodile
5. The animal without skull is
a) Acrania b) Acephalia c) Apteria d) Acoelomate
Ans : a) Acrania
6. Hermaphrodite organisms are
a) Hydra, Tape worm, Earth worm, Amphioxus
b) Hydra, Tape worm, Earth worm, Ascidian
c) Hydra, Tape worm, Earth worm, Balanoglossus
d) Hydra, Tape worm, Ascaris, Earth worm
Ans : b) Hydra, Tape worm, Earth worm, Ascidian
7. Poikilothermic organisms are
a) Fish, Frog, Lizard, Man b) Fish, Frog, Lizard, Cow
c) Fish, Frog, Lizard, Snake d) Fish, Frog, Lizard, Crow
Ans : c) Fish, Frog, Lizard, Snake
8. Air sacs and pneumatic bones are seen in
a) Fish b) Frog c) Bird d) Bat
Ans : c) Bird
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122 UNIT -17
9. Excretory organ of tape worm is

a) flame cells b) nephridia c) body surface d) solenocytes
Ans : a) Flame cells
10. Water vascular system is found in.
a) Hydra b) Earthworm c) Star fish d) Ascaris
Ans : c) Star fish

1. The skeletal framework of Porifera is ______________. Ans : Spicules
2. Ctenidia are respiratory organs in ______________. Ans : Phylum Mollusca
3. Skates are ______________ fishes. Ans : Cartilaginous
4. The larvae of an amphibian is ______________. Ans : Tadpole
5. _________ are jawless vertebrates. Ans : Cyclostomes
6. __________ is the unique characteristic feature of mammal. Ans : Placenta
7. Spiny anteater is an example for ______________ mammal. Ans : Egg laying
III. State whether true or false. If false correct the statement.

1. Canal system is seen in coelenterates.
Ans : False. Correct statement: Canal system is seen in Porifera
2. Hermaphrodite animals have both male and female sex organs. Ans : True
3. Trachea are the respiratory organ of Annelida.
Ans : False. Correct statement: Trachea is the respiratory organ of Arthropoda.
4. Bipinnaria is the larva of Mollusca.
Ans : False. Correct statement: Bipinnaria is the larva of Echinodermata.
5. Balanoglossus is a ciliary feeder Ans : True
6. Fishes have two chambered heart Ans : True
7. Skin of reptilians are smooth and moist
Ans : False. Correct statement: Skin of Amphibians are smooth and moist
8. Wings of birds are the modified forelimbs Ans : True

9. Female mammals have mammary glands.
Ans : True.
IV. Match the following :
PHYLUM EXAMPLES
(A) Coelenterata (i) Snail
(B) Platyhelminthes (ii) Star Fish
(C) Echinodermata (iii) Tapeworm
(D) Mollusca (iv) Hydra
Ans :
PHYLUM EXAMPLES
(A) Coelenterata (iv) Hydra
(B) Platyhelminthes (iii) Tapeworm
(C) Echinodermata (ii) Star Fish
(D) Mollusca (i) Snail
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1. Define taxonomy ?
Ans : Taxonomy is the science of classification which makes the study of wide variety of
organisms easier.
2. What is nematocyst ?
Ans : The tentacles bear stinging cells called cnidoblast or nematocyst.
3. Why coelenterates are called diploblastic animals?

Ans : Coelenterates are called as diploblastic animals because, the body wall is made
up of two layers of cells namely the outer ectoderm and inner mesoderm.
4. List the respiratory organs of amphibians

Ans : 1. gills, 2. skin, 3. bucco-pharynx, 4. lungs.
5. How does locomotion take place in starfish?

Ans : In starfish the locomotion is affected by tube feet.
6. Are jelly fish and star fish similar to fishes? If no justify the answer.
Ans : Jelly fish - Coelenterata - Invertebrates
Star fish - Echinodermata - Invertebrates
Fish - Vertebrates - chordata
7. Why are frogs said to be amphibians?

Ans :
¬ Frogs have dual adaptation, they live in land as well as in water.
¬ Hence, they are known as amphibians.
VI. Answer briefly.

1. Give an account on phylum Annelida.
Ans : Phylum Annelida (Segmented worms):
« These are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, first true coelomate animals with
organ-system grade of organization.
« Body is externally divided into segments called metameres joined by ring like
structures called annuli.
« It is covered by moist thin cuticle.
« Setae and parapodia are locomotor organs.
« Sexes may be separate or united (hermaphrodites).
« e.g- Nereis, Earthworm, Leech.
2. Differentiate between flat worms and round worms?

Ans :
S.No. Flat worms Roundworms
1. It belongs to the phylum It belongs to the phylum Nematoda.
platyhelminthes
2. Alimentary canal is absent or simple The alimentary canal is a straight tube.
3. Acoelomate Pseudocoelomate
4. Having both male and female They reproduce sexually and the sexes
reproduction organism a single are separate.
individual.
5. Most of them are parasitic in nature. They exist as free - living soil forms.
6. E.g : Liver fluke E.g : Ascaris
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3. Outline the flow charts of Phylum Chordata?

Ans :
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Subphylum
Cephalochordata
Subphylum
Urochordata Vertebrata
e.g. Ascidian e.g. Amphioxus
Vertebrates Vertebrates
without Jaws with Jaws
Class : Cyclostomata
e.g. Lamprey, Hagfish
Class: Pisces Class :Amphibia Class :Reptilia Class: Aves Class :Mammalia
e.g. Shark,Mullet e.g. Frog, Toad e.g. Lizard, Snake e.g .Pigeon,Ostrich e.g. Rabbit, Man
4. List five characteristic features of fishes

Ans :Characteristic features of fishes:
1) Fishes are poikilothermic, aquatic vertebrates with jaws.
2) The body is streamlined.
3) Locomotion is by paired and median fins.
4) Their body is covered with scales.
5) Respiration is through by gills.
5. Comment on the aquatic and terrestrial habits of amphibians

Ans : Aquatic habits of amphibians:
« Amphibians undergo metamorphosis in ater.
« Respiration is through by gills, skin.
« Hind limbs have webbed feet to swim.
Terrestrial habits of amphibians:
« In land, amphibians replaces gills with lungs as their respiratory oxygen.
6. How are the limbs of the birds adapted for avian life?
Ans :
« Forelimbs are modified into wings for flight.
« Bones are filled with air (Pneumatic bones).
VII. Answer in detail.

1. Describe the characteristic features of different Prochordates.
¬ The prochordates are considered as the forerunner of vertebrates.
¬ Based on the nature of the notochord, prochordata is classified into subphylum
Urochordata and subphylum Cephalochordata.
(i) Subphylum Urochordata :
Notochord is present only in the tail region of free-living larva.
¬ Adults are sessile forms and mostly degenerate.
¬ The body is covered with a tunic or test.
¬ E.g. Ascidian
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(ii) Subphylum Cephalochordata :

¬ Cephalochordatas are small fish like marine chordates with unpaired dorsal fins.
¬ The notochord extends throughout the entire length of the body.
¬ Eg: Amphixous.
2. Give an account on phylum Arthropoda.

Ans : Phylum Arthropoda (Animals with jointed legs) :
« Arthropoda is the largest phylum of the animal kingdom.
« They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and coelomate animals.
« The body is divisible into head, thorax and abdomen.
« Each segment bears paired jointed legs.
« Exoskeleton is made of chitin and is shed periodically as the animal grows.
« The casting off and regrowing of exoskeleton is called moulting.
« Body cavity is filled with haemolymph (blood).
« The blood does not flow in blood vessels and circulates throughout the body (open
circulatory system).
« Respiration is through body surface, gills or tracheae (air tubes).
« Excretion occurs by malphigian tubules or green glands.
« Sexes are separate.
« E.g., Prawn, Crab, Cockroach, Millipedes, Centipedes, Spider, Scorpions.

I. Choose the best answer :
1. Tapeworm is and example of an....................
a) Pseudocoelomate b) Acoelomate c) Coelomate
Ans : b) Acoelomate
2. In Protozoa, locomotion occur through....................
a) Cilia b) Flagella c) Pseudopodia
Ans :c) Pseudopodia
3. Amoebic dysentry is caused by ....................
a) Entomoeba histolytica b) Plasmodium sp c) Ascaris lumbricoides
Ans : a) Entomoeba histolytica
4. .................... was the first bird
a) Common Emerald Dove b) Albatross c) Archacopteryx
Ans :c) Archacopteryx
II. Fill in the blanks:

1. .................... introduced the method of naming the animals.
Ans : Carolus Linnacees
2. Cutturing of aquatic organisms is referred to as.................... Ans : Aqua culture
III. True or False:

1.The body of Urochordata is enveloped by a tunic or test. Ans : True
IV. Answer in briefly.

1. Name t he smallest vertibrate.
Ans : Phillippine goby / dwarf pygmygoby
2. Define - Coelom.
Ans : Coelom is a fluid-filled body cavity. It separates the digestive tract from the body
wall.
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3. Define Pseudocoleomates.
Ans :
« Pseudocoleomates- False body cavity which is not bounded by true epithelial lining
« E.g. Roundworm
4. Identify the name of the largest amphibian in the world?

Ans :
« The Chinese giant salamander Andrias davidians is the largest amphibian in the
world.
« Its length is about five feet and eleven inches.
« It weighs about 65 kg, found in Central and South China.
5. Define Mammals.
Ans :
« Mammals : Warm-blooded vertebrate animals that possess hairs, mammary glands
and feed their young ones.
6. Define - Toads
Ans : Anurans with smooth skin than that of frogs, terrestrial and leap rather than
jump.
7. Define - Amphibian.
Ans : Cold-blooded vertebrate animal of a class that comprises the frogs, toads,
newts, salamanders.
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135 UNIT - 19
UNIT - 19. Plant physiology

Mind Map
Tropic movements Plant movements Nastic movements
Physiological Functions of Plants
Photosynthesis Transpiration
TEXT BOOK EXERCISES

1.The tropic movement that helps the climbing vines to find a suitable support is
............
a) phototropism b) geotropism c) thigmotropism d) chemotropism
Ans : c) thigmotropism
2. The chemical reaction occurs during photosynthesis is ..............
a) CO 2 is reduced and water is oxidized b) water is reduced and CO 2 is oxidized
c) both CO 2 and water are oxidized d) both CO 2 and water are produced
Ans : a) CO 2 is reduced and water is oxidized
3. The bending of root of a plant in response to water is called..............
a) Thigmonasty b) Phototropism c) Hydrotropism d) Photonasty
Ans : c) Hydrotropism
4. A growing seedling is kept in the dark room. A burning candle is placed near it
for a few days. The tip part of the seedling bends towards the burning candle. This
is an example of........................
a) Chemotropism b) Geotropism c) Phototropism d) Thigmotropism
Ans : c) Phototropism
5. The root of the plant is.................
(i) positively phototropic but negatively geotropic
(ii) positively geotropic but negatively phototropic
(iii) negatively phototropic but positively hydrotropic
(iv) negatively hydrotropic but positively phototropic
a) (i) and (ii) b) (ii) and (iii) c) (iii) and (iv) d) (i) and (iv)
Ans : b) (ii ) and ( iii )
6. The non-directional movement of a plant part in response to temperature is
called.......
a) thermotropism b) Thermonasty c) chemotropism d) thigmonasty
Ans : b) Thermonasty
7. Chlorophyll in a leaf is required for .....................
a) photosynthesis b) tropic movement c) transpiration d) nastic movement
Ans : a) photosynthesis
8. Transpiration takes place through................
a) fruit b) seed c) flower d) stomata
Ans : d) stomata
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136 UNIT -19

1. The shoot system grows upward in response to __________
Ans : sunlight
2. __________ is positively hydrotropic as well as positively geotropic.
Ans : Root
3. The green pigment present in the plant is __________ Ans : chlorophyll
4. The solar tracking of sunflower in accordance with the path of sun is due to
___________. Ans : photonasty
5. The response of a plant part towards gravity is __________. Ans : Geotropism
6. Plants take in carbondioxide for photosynthesis but need __________ for their living.
Ans : Oxygen
III. Match column A with column B

S.No. Column A Column B
1. Roots growing downwards a) Positive phototropism
into soil
2. Shoots growing towards b) Negative geotropism
the light
3. Shoots growing upward c) Negative phototropism
4. Roots growing downwards d) Positive geotropism
away from light
Ans :
S.No. Column A Column B
1. Roots growing downwards d) Positive geotropism
into soil
2. Shoots growing towards a) Positive phototropism
the light
3. Shoots growing upward b) Negative geotropism
4. Roots growing downwards c) Negative phototropism
away from light
IV. State whether true or false. If false, correct statement.

1. The response of part of plant to the chemical stimulus is called phototropism.
Ans : False. Correct statement: The response of a part of plant to the chemical
stimulus is called chemotropism.
2. Shoot is positively phototropic and negatively geotropic.
Ans : True
3. When the weather is hot, water evaporates lesser which is due to opening of
stomata.
Ans : False. Correct statement : When the weather is hot, water evaporates more
which is due to opening of stomata.
4. Photosynthesis produces glucose and carbon dioxide.
Ans : False. Correct statement : Photosynthesis produces glucose and Oxygen.
5. Photosynthesis is important in releasing oxygen to keep the atmosphere in
balance.
Ans : True
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6. Plants lose water when the stomata on leaves are closed.

Ans : False. Correct statement : Plants lose water when the stomata on leaves are
opened.

1. What is nastic movement?
Ans : Nastic movements are non-directional response of a plant or part of a plant to
stimulus.
2. Name the plant part

a) Which bends in the direction of gravity but away from the light.
Ans : Root
b) Which bends towards light but away from the force of gravity.
Ans : Shoot
3. Differentiate phototropism from photonasty.

Ans : S.No. Phototropism Photonasty
1. Movement of a plant part Movement of a part of a plant in
towards light. response to light.
2. Growth dependent Growth independent movements
movements
3. Growth of stem towards light E.g. : Taraxacum officinale, blooms
in morning and closes in the evening.
4. Photosynthesis converts energy X into energy Y.

a) What are X and Y ?
Ans : X - Light energy
Y - Chemical energy
b) Green plants are autotrophic in their mode of nutrition. Why ?
Ans : Green plants are autotropic in their mode of nutrition because they prepare their
food materials through a process called photosynthesis.
5. Define transpiration.
Ans : The loss of water in the form of water vapour from the aerial parts of the plant
body is called as transpiration.
6. Name the cell that surrounds the stoma.

Ans : Guard cells.
VI. Answer in briefly.

1. Give the technical terms for the following :
(a) Growth dependent movement in plants.
Ans : Tropic movements.
(b) Growth independent movement in plants.
Ans : Nastic movements.
2. Explain the movement seen in Pneumatophores of Avicennia.

Ans :
¬ Nagatively geotropic roots.
O
¬ These roots turn 180 upright for respiration
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138 UNIT -19
3. Fill in the blanks :

sunlight
6CO 2+ ______ _______ +6 O 2
Chlorophyll
Ans :
sunlight
6CO 2+ 6H 2O C 6H 12O 6 + 6 O 2
(Carbon (water) Chlorophyll
di oxide) (Glucose) (Oxygen)
4. What is chlorophyll?
Ans : Green pigment present in leaves
5. Name the part of plant which shows positive geotropism. Why?

Ans :
¬ The part of plant which shows positive geotropism is Root,
¬ Because the roots grow downwards towards gravity to provide stability for the plant.
6. What is the difference between movement of flower in sunflower plant and

closing of the leaves in the Mimosa pudica.?
Ans :
S.No. Movement in Sunflower Movement in Mimosa pudica
1. Photonasty Thigmonasty
2. Movement of a part of plant in response Movement of a part of plant in
to light response to touch.
7. Suppose you have a rose plant growing in a pot, how will you demonstrate
transpiration in it?
Ans : To demonstrate transpiration in a rose plant :
« Take a plastic bag and tie it over a leaf and place the plant in light.
« You can see water condensing inside the plastic bag.
8. Mention the differences between stomatal and lenticular transpiration.

Ans :
S.No. Stomatal Transpiration Lenticular Transpiration
1. Loss of water from plants through Loss of water from plants as vapour
stomata. through the lenticels.
2. It accounts for 90 - 95% of the water A very small percentage of water is lost by
transpired from leaves. through plants lenticular transpiration.
9.To which directional stimuli do

(a) roots respond
Ans : Roots respond - Gravity
(b) Shoots respond
Ans : Shoots respond - Light
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VII. Answer in Detail.

1. Differentiate between tropic and nastic movements.
Ans :
S.No. Tropic movements Nastic movements
1. Unidirectional response to the stimulus. Non-directional response to the stimulus.
2. Growth dependent movements. Growth independent movements.
3. More or less permanent and irreversible. Temporary and reversible.
4. Found in all plants. Found only in a few specialized plants.
5. Slow action. Immediate action.
2. How will you differentiate the different types of transpiration?

Ans : There are three types of transpiration:
(i)Stomatal transpiration:
« Loss of water from plants through stomata. It accounts for 90- 95% of the water
transpired from leaves.
(ii)Cuticular transpiration:
« Loss of water in plants through the cuticle.
(iii)Lenticular transpiration:
« Loss of water from plants as vapour through the lenticels. The lenticels are tiny
openings that protrude from the barks in woody stems and twigs as well as in other plant
organs.
VIII. Higher Order Thinking Skills.

1. There are 3 plants A, B and C. The flowers of A open their petals in bright light
during the day but closes them when it gets dark at night. On the other hand, the
flowers of plant B open their petals at night but closes during the day when there is
bright light. The leaves of plant C fold up and droop when touched with fingers or
any other solid object.
a) Name the Phenomenon shown by the flowers of plant A and B.
Ans : Photonasty
b) Name one plant each which behaves like the flowers of plant A and B
Ans : Plant A - Taraxacum officinale (Common Dandelion)
Plant B - Ipomoca albe (Moon flower)
c) Name the phenomenon exhibited by the leaves of plant C
Ans : Thigmonasty
d) Name the plant which behaves like the leaves plant C.
Ans : Mimosa pudica
2. Imagine that student A studied the importance of certain factors in

photosynthesis. He took a potted plant and kept it in dark for 24 hours. In the early
hours of the next morning, he covered one of the leaves with dark paper in the
centre only. Then he placed the plant in sunlight for a few hours and tested the leaf
which was covered with black paper for starch.
a) What aspect of photosynthesis was being investigated?
Ans : To show that sunlight is essential for photosynthesis.
b) Why was the plant kept in the dark before the experiment?
Ans : The plant was kept in the dark before the experiment for destarching
c) How will you prove that starch is present in the leaves?
Ans : The presence of starch in the leaves is proved by the Iodine test
d) Name the raw materials needed for photosynthesis ?
Ans : Chlorophyll, Water, Carbon di oxide (from air), Sunlight.
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140 UNIT -19

Fill in the blanks.
1. ................. transpiration accounts for 90-95% of the water transpired from leaves.
Ans : Stomata
2. ................. of stomata are green but cannot photosynthesize.
Ans : Guard cells
Draw the structure of stomata and mark its parts.

Ans :
Guard cells
Cell wall
Chloroplast Nucleus
Stomata
Vacuole
structure of stomata
Activity 1 Take a glass trough and fill it with sand. Keep a flower pot containing
water, plugged at the bottom at the centre of the glass
trough. Place some soaked pea or bean seeds around Water
the pot in the sand. What do you observe after 6 or 7
days? Record your observation. Pea
Porous seedling
Ans : pot
Hydrotropism : Movement of a plant or part of a plant Hydrotropic
curvature
towards water. sand
E.g. : root of a plant.
Activity 2 :
Take pea seeds soaked in water overnight. Wait for the pea seeds to germinate.
Once the seedling has grown put it in a box with an opening for light on one side.
After few hours, you can clearly see how the stem has bent and grown towards the
light.
Ans : Movement of a part of a plant in response to light. E.g: Taraxacum
Activity 3 :
Pluck a variegated leaf from Coleus
plant kept in sunlight. De- starch it by
keeping in dark room for 24 hours.
Draw the picture of this leaf and mark
the patches of cholorphyll on the leaf.
Immerse the leaf in boiling water
followed by alcohol and test it for
starch using iodine solution. Record
your observation.
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Activity 4 :
Place a potted plant in a dark room for about 2 days to de- starch its leaves.
Cover one of its leaves with the thin strip of black paper as shown in the
picture. make sure that the leaf is covered on both sides.
Keep the potted plant in bright sunlight for 4 to 6 hours.
Pluck the selected covered leaf and remove the black paper.
Immerse the leaf in boiling water for a few minutes and
then in alcohol to remove chlorophyll.
Test the leaf now with iodine solution for the presence of
starch.
The covered part of the leaf does not turn blue-black
whereas the uncovered part of the leaf turns blue-black
colour.
Why are the changes in colour noted in the covered and uncovered part of the
leaf?
Ans : These activities show that certain things are necessary for photosynthesis.
They are :
1. Chlorophyll - Green pigment in leaves
2. Water
3. Carbon dioxide (from air)
4. Sun light.
Activity 5 :
Take a plastic bag and tie it over a leaf and place the plant in light. You can see
water condensing inside the plastic bag. The water is let out by the leaves. Why
does this occur?
Ans : Transpiration
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154 UNIT - 21
UNIT - 21. Nutrition and Health

MIND MAP
Disorder due to lack of protein, Importance of
Vitamins and minerals Nutrients
Nutrition and
Health
Food Hygiene
Food Food Food Food

Spoilage Preservation Adulteration Quality Control
TEXT BOOK EXERCISES

1. The nutrient required in trace amounts to accomplish various body functions
is .................
a) carbohydrate b) protein c) vitamin d) fat Ans : c) vitamin
2. The Physician who discovered that scurvy can be cured by ingestion of

citrus fruits is ................
a) James Lind b) Louis Pasteur c) Charles Darwin d) Isaac Newton
Ans :a) James Lind
3. The sprouting of onion and potatoes can be delayed by the process of ...............
a) freezing b) irradiation c) salting d) canning
Ans :b) Irradiation
4. Food and Adulteration Act was enforced by Government of India in the year.......
a) 1964 b) 1954 c) 1950 d) 1963 Ans : b) 1954
5. An internal factor responsible for spoilage of food is ............

a) Wax coating b) Contaminated utensils c) Moisture content in food
d) Synthetic preservatives
Ans :c) Moisture content in food

1. Deficiency diseases can be prevented by taking.................. diet.
Ans :balanced
2.The process of affecting the natural composition and the quality of food substance is
known as ............... Ans :adulteration
3. Vitamin D is called as..................... vitamin as it can be synthesised by the body from
the rays of sun light. Ans : sunshine
4. Dehydration is based on the principle of removal of....................
Ans : water / moisture
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155 UNIT - 21
5. Food should not be purchased beyond the date of................ Ans : expiry
6. AGMARK is used to certify.............. and ............... products in India.
Ans : Agriculture , Livestock
III. State whether true or false. If false, correct the statement

1. Iron is required for the proper functioning of thyroid gland. Ans :False
Correct Statement : Iodine is required for the proper functioning of thyroid gland.
2. Vitamins are required in large quantities for normal functioning of the body. Ans :False
Correct Statement : Vitamins are required in Minute quantities for normal functioning of
the body.
3. Vitamin C is a water soluble Vitamin Ans :True
4. Lack of adequate fats in diet may result in low body weight Ans : True
5. ISI mark is mandatory to certify agricultural products. Ans :False
Correct Statement : AGMARK mark is mandatory to certify agricultural products.
IV) Match the following

Column A Column B
1. Calcium a. Muscular fatigue
2. Sodium b. Anaemia
3. Potassium c. Osteoporosis
4. Iron d. Goitre
5. Iodine e. Muscular cramps
Ans :
Column A Column B
1. Calcium c. Osteoporosis
2. Sodium e. Muscular cramps
3. Potassium a. Muscular fatigue
4. Iron b. Anaemia
5. Iodine d. Goitre
V) Fill in the blanks with suitable answers
Vitamins Dietary Source Deficiency disease

Calciferol Rickets
Papaya Night blindness
Ascorbic acid
Whole grains Beriberi
Ans :
Vitamins Dietary Source Deficiency disease

Calciferol Dairy Products Rickets
Retinol Papaya Night blindness
Ascorbic acid Citrus fruits Scurvy
Thiamine Whole grains Beriberi
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156 UNIT - 21
VI) Give abbreviations for the following.

i. ISI ii. FPO iii. AGMARK iv. FCI v. FSSAI
i. ISI - Indian Standards Institution
ii. FPO - Fruit Process Order
iii. AGMARK - Agricultural Marking
iv. FCI - Food Corporation of India
v. FSSAI - Food safety and standards Authority of India
VII. Assertion and Reason

Direction : In the following question, a statement of a Assertion is given and a
corresponding Reason is given just below it. Of the statements given below, mark
the correct answer as:
1. Assertion : Haemoglobin contains iron.
Reason : Iron deficiency leads to anaemia.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and the Reason is the correct explanation of
Assertion
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of
Assertion
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false
(d) If both Assertion and Reason is false
Ans : (d) If both Assertion and Reason is false
2. Assertion : AGMARK is a quality control agency.

Reason : ISI is a symbol of quality.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and the Reason is the correct explanation of
Assertion
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of
Assertion
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false
(d) If both Assertion and Reason is false
Ans : (b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the
correct explanation of Assertion .
VIII. Give reasons for the following statements.

a) Salt is added as a preservative in pickles.........................
Ans : Salt removes the moisture content and prevents growth of bacteria. So,
Salt is added as a preservative in pickles.
b) We should not eat food items beyond the expiry date........................

Ans : We should not eat food items beyond the expiry date, because it will be
adulterated and may lead to serious health issues.
c) Deficiency of calcium in diet leads to poor skeletal growth...............

Ans : Deficiency of calcium in diet leads to poor skeletal growth because
calcium is the major consituent of bone.
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IX. Answer briefly.

1. Differentiate
a) Kwashiorkar from Marasmus.
Ans :
S.No. Kwashiorkar Marasmus
1. It is a condition of severe protein It is due to the diet is poor in Carbohydrates
deficiency . fats and protiens.
2. It affects children between 1-5 It usually affects infants below the age of one
years of age. year.
b) Macronutrients from micronutrients.

Ans :
S.No. Macronutrients Micronutrients
1. Nutrients required for the growth and Nutrients required for the growth and
development of the body in large development of the body in small
quantities are called Macronutrients. quantities are called Micronutrients.
2. Eg. Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Eg. Sulfur, Iron, Chlorine, Cobalt,
Sodium and Magnesium. Copper, Zinc, Manganese,
Molybdenum, Iodine and Selenium.
2. Why salt is used as preservative in food.

Ans :
« Addition of salt removes the moisture content in the food by the process of osmosis.
« This prevents the growth of bacteria and reduces the activity of Microbial enzymes.
3.What is an adulterant?
Ans : Adulterants is defined as the addition or subtraction of any substance to or form
food, so that the natural composition and the quality of food substance is affected.
4. Name any two naturally occuring toxic substances in food.

Ans :
« Toxic substances in certain Poisonous mushrooms.
« Prussic acid in seeds of apples and cherry.
5.What factors are required for the absorption of Vitamin D from the food by the
body?
Ans : 1) Sunlight 2) Dehydro Cholestrol.
6. Write any one function of the following minerals.

a) Calcium b) Sodium c) Iron d) Iodine
Ans :
SI.no Minerals Functions
a) Calcium Constituent of bones
b) Sodium Maintains fluid balance
c) Iron Important component of haeomoglobin
d) Iodine Formation of thyroid hormones
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7. Explain any two methods of food preservation.

Ans : Methods of Food Preservation:
a) Freezing:
« It is one of the widely used methods of food preservation.
o
« This process involves storing the food below 0 c at which micro organisms cannot
grow, chemical reactions are reduced and Metabolic reactions are also delayed.
b) Addition of sugar:
« Sugar/Honey is added as a preservative to increase the shelf life of fruits and fruit
products like jams, jellies, squash, etc.
« The hygroscopic nature of sugar/honey helps in reducing the water content of food
and also minimizing the process of oxidation in fruits.
8. What are the effects of consuming adulterated food?

Ans : Effects of consuming adulterated food:
Consumption of these adulterated foods may lead to serious health effects like,
1) Fever
2) Diarrhoea
3) Nausea
4) Vomiting
5) Gastrointestinal disorders
6) Asthma
7) Allergy
8) Neurological disorder
9) Skin allergies
10) Immune suppression
11) Kidney and liver failure
12) Colon cancer
13) Birth defects
X. Answer in detail.
1. How are vitamins useful to us? Tabulate the sources, deficiency diseases and
symptoms of fat soluble vitamins.
Ans : a) Vitamin : Vitamins are vital nutrients required in minute quantities of perform
specific physiological and biochemical functions.
b) Fat soluble vitamins :
Vitamins Sources Deficiency disorders Symptoms
Vitamin A Carrot,papaya, leafy Xerophthalmia Dryness of Cornea
(Retinol) vegetables, fish liver oil Nyctalopia Unable to see in the
egg yolk, liver, diary (Night blindness) night (dim light)
products Scaly skin
Vitamin D Egg,liver, diary products, Rickets Bow legs, defective ribs,
(Calciferol) Fish, synthesized by the (in children) development of pigeon
skin in sunlight chest
Vitamin E Whole wheat, meat , Sterility in rats, Sterility
(Tocopherol) Vegetable oil, milk Reproductive
abnormalities
Vitamin K Leafy vegetables, Blood clotting is Excessive bleeding due
(Derivative of Soyabeans, milk prevented to delayed blood clotting
Quinone)
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2. Explain the role of food control agencies in India.

Ans : FCI (Food Corporation of India) : was set up in the year 1965 with the following
objectives:
« Effective price support operations for safeguarding the interest of farmers.
« Distributing food grains throughout the country.
« Maintaining satisfactory levels of operational and buffer stock of food grains to
ensure national security.
« Regulate the market price to provide food grains to consumers at reliable price.
Role of Food control agencies, their standardized mark and role in food safety.
ISI (Indian Standards Certifies industrial products

Institution )known as like electrical appliances
Bureau of Indian like switches, wiring cables,
Standard(BIS) water heater, electric motor
kitchen appliances etc.
AGMARK Certifies agricultural and

(Agricultural livestock products like cereals,
Marking) essential oils, pulses, honey,
butter etc.
FPO (Fruit Process Certifies the fruit products like juice,

Order) jams, sauce, canned fruits and
vegetables, pickles etc.,
Fssai (Food Safety and Responsible for protecting and

Standards Authority promoting the public health through
of India) regulation and supervision of food
safety.
XI. Higher Order Thinking Skills.

1. Look at the picture and answer the question that follows
a) Name the process involved in the given picture.
Ans : Pasteurization of milk
b)Which diary food is preserved by this process?
Ans : Milk
c) What is the temperature required for the above process?
o
Ans : 63 c
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2. The doctor advices an adolescent girl who is suffering from anaemia to include
more of leafy vegetables and dates in her diet. Why so?
Ans :
« Anaemia is a condition resulting from deficiency of haemoglobin in the blood
« Iron is necessary for the formation of a haemoglobin.
« Therefore the doctor advices the girl to include leafy vegetables and dates in her diet
since they are rich in iron content.
3.Sanjana wants to buy a jam bottle in a grocery shop. What are the things she
should observe on the label before purchasing it ?
Ans :
1) Standaralized marks like ISI, FPO
2) Date of manufacture
3) Date of expiry
4) Contents / Ingredients
5) Net weight
6) Manufacturer's details
7) Maximum Retail Price (MRP)

I. Short answers.
1. Write the classes of nutrients.
Ans :
« Carbohydrates, « Proteins, « Fats, « Vitamins, « Minerals
2. Define Carbohydrate.
Ans : Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen.
3. Define Proteins.
Ans : Proteins are the essential nutrients and also the building blocks of the body.
4. Define Vitamins.
Ans : Vitamins are the vital nutrients, required in minute quantities to perform specific
physiological and biochemical functions.
5. What is a minerals.
Ans : Minerals are inorganic substances required as an essential nutrient by
organisms to perform various biological functions necessary for life. They are the
constituents of teeth, bones, tissues, blood, muscle and nerve cells.
6. Define Drying.
Ans : Drying is the process of preservation of food by removal of water / moisture
content in the food.
7. Define pasteurization.
Ans : Pasteurization is a process of heat treatment of liquid food products.
e.g. For preservation of milk and beverages.
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8. Natural preservatives - Define.

Ans : Some naturally available materials like slat, sugar and oil are used as food
preservatives.
Activity 1:
Let each of the student bring any food packet (jam, juice, pickle, bread, biscuit,
etc). Note down the details like name of the product, manufacturer's details,
contents/ ingredients, net weight, Maximum Retail Price (MRP), date of
manufacture, date of expiry/usage from the date of manufacture and standardized
marks (ISI, AGMARK or FPO) printed on the label for each of the item. What is the
aim of such practice?
Activity 2 :
Some simple techniques used to detect adulterants at home
1. Milk: Place a drop of milk on a slanting polished surface. Pure milk flows slowly
leaving a trail behind while the milk adulterated with water will flow fast without
leaving a trail.
2. Honey: Dip a cotton wick in honey and light it with a match stick. Pure honey
burns while adulterated honey with sugar solution gives a cracking sound.
3. Sugar: Dissolve sugar in water. If chalk powder is added as an adulterant, it will
settle down.
4. Coffee powder: Sprinkle a few pinches of coffee powder in a glass of water.
Coffee powder floats. If it is adulterated with tamarind powder it settles down.
5. Food grains: They have visible adulterants like marble, sand grit, stones, etc.
These are removed by sorting, hand picking, washing etc.
9 Sci - 11
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UNIT - 22. World of Microbes

MIND MAP
MICROBES
Protista Bacteria Fungi Virus Beneficial Role
Virions Vaccine Production
Medicine
Shapes Diseases
Viroids Antibiotic Production
Cocci Airborne Waterborne
Prions Biological Scavengers
Tuberculosis, Typhoid,
Agriculture
Bacilli
Whooping, Cholera Bacterio- Biocontrol Agents
Cough, phages
Spiral Diptheria Biofertilizers
Diseases
Curd Production
Industrial Uses
Airborne Waterborne Organic Acid Production

Virus Transmitted
Through Insect
And Animal Enzyme and Vitamin
Vectors Production
Fermented Beverages
Influenza, Diarrhoea, Chikungunya,
Common Cold, Poliomyelitis, Dengue,
Measles, Mumps, Hepatitis - A Swine Flu, Avian,
Chickenpox Influenza
TEXT BOOK EXERCISES

1. Which of the following is transmitted through air?
a) Tuberculosis b) Meningitis
c) Typhoid d) Cholera Ans : a)Tuberculosis
2. One of the means of indirect transmission of a disease is
a) sneezing b) coughing
c) vectors d) droplet infection Ans : c) vectors
3. Diptheria affects the
a) Lungs b) Throat
c) Blood d) Liver Ans : b) Throat
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4. The primary organ infected during tuberculosis is

a) bone marrow b) intestine
c) spleen d) lungs Ans : d) lungs
5. Microbes that generally enter the body through nose are likely to affect
a) gut b) lungs
c) liver d) lymph nodes Ans : b) lungs
6. The organ affected by jaundice is
a) liver b) lungs
c) kidney d) brain Ans : a) liver
7. Poliomyelitis virus enters the body through
a) skin b) mouth and nose
c) ears d) eye Ans : b) mouth and nose

1. _________ break down organic matter and animal waste into ammonia.
Ans : Putrefying bacteria
2. Typhoid fever is caused by ________. Ans : Salmonella typhi
3. H1N1 virus causes _________. Ans : Swine Flu
4. __________is a vector of viral disease dengue. Ans : Aedes aegypti mosquito
5. ________ vaccine gives considerable protection against tuberculosis. Ans : BCG
6. Cholera is caused by _________ and malaria is caused by _________.
Ans :Vibrio cholerae, Plasmodium
III. Expand the following.

1) ORS - Oral Rehydration Solution
2) HIV - Human Immuno Deficiency Virus
3) DPT - Diptheria, Pertussis, Tetanus
4) WHO - World Health Organisation
5) BCG - Bacillus Calmette Guerin
IV. Pick out the odd one.

i) AIDS, Retrovirus, Lymphocytes, BCG,
Ans :
Odd one : BCG
ii) Bacterial disease, Rabies, Cholera, Common cold and Influenza

Ans :
Odd one : Rabies
V. State whether True or False. If false correct the statement.

1. Rhizobium, associated with root nodules of leguminous plants fixes atmospheric
nitrogen. Ans : True
2. Non- infectious diseases remain confined to the person who develops the disease
and do not spread to others. Ans : True
3. The process of vaccination was developed by Jenner . Ans : True
4. Hepatitis B is more dangerous than Hepatitis A. Ans : True
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VI. Match the following.

1. Swine flu a) Human Papilloma virus
2. Genital warts b) Human Immunodeficiency Virus
3. AIDS c) Mycobacterium
4. Tuberculosis d) Influeuza virus H1N1
Ans :
1. Swine flu d) Influeuza virus H1N1
2. Genital warts a) Human Papilloma virus
3. AIDS b) Human Immunodeficiency Virus
4. Tuberculosis c) Mycobacterium
VII. Define the following.

1. Pathogen
Ans :
« A pathogen is a biological agent that causes disease to its host.
« Eg: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi.
2. Bacteriophages
Ans :
« Virus that infect bacterial cells.
« Eg : T 4 bacteriophage.
3. Vaccines
Ans :
« Vaccines are preparation of living or killed micro organisms or their products used for
prevention or treatment of diseases.
4. Prions
Ans :
« Prions are viral particles which contain only proteins.
« They do not contain nucleic acid.
VIII. Answer very briefly.

1. Distinguish between Virion and Viroid.
Ans :
S.No. Virion Viroids
1. A simple virus particle is often called a The protein free pathogenic RNA of
virion. virus is viroids.
2. They can live inplants, animals, human They are found in plant cells and
being and even bacteria cause disease in plants.
2. Name the vector of the malarial parasite. Mention the species of malarial
parasite which cause malignant and fatal malaria.
Ans :
a) Vector of the malarial parasite : The female Anopheles mosquito.
b)Malignant and fatal malaria : Plasmodium falciparum
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3. What is triple antigen? Mention the disease which can be prevented by using
the antigen.
Ans :
a) DPT (Triple vaccine) triple antigen.
b) Diseases prevented by DPT antigen :
H Diphtheria,
H Pertussis (Whooping cough)
H Tetanus
4. Name the chronic diseases associated with respiratory system.

Ans : 1. Tuberculosis 2. Diphtheria 3. Whooping cough
5. Name the organism causing diarrhoeal disease and give one precaution
against it.
Ans :
a) Rotavirus
b) Proper sanitation and hygiene.
6. Name two common mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit.

Ans :
H Female Anopheles Mosquito - Malaria
H Aedes aegypti - Dengue, Chikungunya
IX. Answer briefly.

1. Give an account of classification of bacteria based on the shape.
Ans : Shapes of bacteria
Based on the shapes, bacteria are grouped as:
1. Spherical shaped bacteria called as cocci
(or coccus for a single cell).
2. Rod shaped bacteria called as bacilli
(or bacillus for a single cell).
3. Spiral shaped bacteria called as spirilla
(or spirillum for single cell).
2. Describe the role of microbes in agriculture and industries.

Ans : Microbes in Agriculture :
Microbes play an important role in agriculture as biocontrol agents and
biofertilizers.
(i) Microbes as biofertilizers :
H Microorganisms which enrich the soil with nutrients are called as biofertilizers.
H Eg : Bacteria, Cyanobacteria and Fungi.
H Nitrogen is one of the main source of plant nutrients.
H Atmospheric nitrogen has to be converted to available form of nitrogen.
H This is done by microbes either in free living conditions or by having symbiotic
relationship with the plants.
H e.g. Azotobacter, Nostoc (free living), symbiotic microbes like Rhizobium, Frankia .
(ii) Microbes as biocontrol agents :
H Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a species of bacteria that produces a protein called as
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166 UNIT - 22
'cry' protein. This protein is toxic to the insect larva and kills them.
Microbes in Industries :
Microorganisms play an important role in the production of wide variety of valuable
products for the welfare of human beings.
(a) Production of fermented beverages:
H Beverages like wine are produced by fermentation of grape fruits by Saccharomyces
cerevisiae.
(b) Curing of coffee beans, tea leaves and tobacco leaves:
H Beans of coffee and cocoa, leaves of tea and tobacco are fermented by the bacteria
Bacillus megaterium.
H This gives the special aroma.
(c) Production of curd:
H Lactobacillus sp. converts milk to curd.
(d) Production of organic acids, enzymes and vitamins:
H Oxalic acid, acetic acid , citric acid are produced by fungus Aspergillusniger.
H Enzymes like lipases, invertase, proteases and glucose oxidase are derived from
microbes.
H Yeasts are rich source of vitamin-B complex.
3. Explain the various types of viruses with examples.

Ans : Types of Viruses :
Viruses are categorised as given below :
I. Plant virus:
Virus that infect plants. e.g. Tobacco mosaic virus, 18 X 250 nm
Cauliflower mosaic virus, Potato virus. RNA
ii. Animal virus:
Virus that infect animals. e.g. Adenovirus, Capsid
Retrovirus(HIV), Influenza virus, Polio virus.
Tobacco mosaic virus

Capsomere 70-90 nm (diameter) Membranous 80-200 nm (diameter)
envelope
DNA RNA
Capsid
Glycoprotein
Glycoprotein Influenza virus
Adenovirus influenza virus
Animal virus
80x225 nm
Head
iii. Bacteriophages: DNA
Virus that infect bacterial cells. Tail
e.g. T4 bacteriophage. sheath
Tail fibre
Bacteriophage
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4. Suggest the immunization schedule for a new born baby till 12 months of age.
Why it is necessary to follow the schedule?
Ans : a)Immunization Schedule for Children
Age Vaccine Dosage
New born BCG 1 st dose
15 days Oral Polio 1 st dose
6th week DPT and Polio 1 st dose
9 -12 months Measles 1 st dose
b)It is necessary to follow the schedule to protect the children from infectious diseases.
X. Assertion and Reason type Questions.

Mark the correct statement as.
1. Assertion: Chicken pox is a disease indicated by scars and marks in the body.
Reason: Chicken pox causes rashes on face and further spreads throughout the body.
a) If both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A
b) If both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
c) If A is true but R is false
d) If both A and R are false
Ans : a) If both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A
2. Assertion: Dengue can be treated by intake of antibiotics.

Reason: Antibiotics blocks the multiplication of viruses.
a) If both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A
b) If both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
c) If A is true but R is false
d) If both A and R are false
Ans : d) If both A and R are false
XI. Higher order Thinking Skills.

1. Suggest precautionary measures you can take in your school to reduce the
incidence of infectious disease.
Ans :
1) Using a hand kerchief while sneezing or coughing
2) Staying away from an infected student
3) Drinking clean and hygienic water
4) Keeping the toilet neat and clean
2. Tejas suffered from typhoid while, Sachin suffered from tuberculosis. Which
disease could have caused more damage and why?
Ans :
H Tuberculosis causes more damage to the patient than Typhoid.
H It is mostly affect the lungs.
H Infected person has to be treated with anti-tuberculosis drugs for a long period of 6
months to one year.
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Additional Questions & Answers

1. ................ was the first microbiologist designed his own microscope.
(a) Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek (b) Robert koch
(c) Louis pasteur (d) Edward Jenner
Ans :(a) Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek
2. ............. means proteinaceous infective particle.
(a)Viroids (b) Virion
(c) Prion (d) Plasmid Ans :(c) Prion
3. Occurence of goitre in sub-Himalayan regions is ........... disease
(a) Sporadic (b) Epidemic
(c) Pandemic (d) Endemic Ans :(d) Endemic

1. The body of the fungus is ............. Ans : Thallus
2. ............. are rich source of vitamin -B Complex. Ans : Yeasts
3. Filaria is transmitted by the bite of infected ............. mosquito. Ans : Culex
III) Match the following :

1. World Health Day - 25 th April
2. World Malaria Day - 24 th March
3. World AIDS Day - 7 th April
4. World Anti-Tuberculosis Day - 1st December
Answer :
1. World Health Day - 7 th April
2. World Malaria Day - 25 th April
3. World AIDS Day - 1 st December
4. World Anti -Tuberculosis Day - 24 th March
IV. Draw the structure of a bacterial cell and label the parts.
structure of a bacterial cell

V. Answer the following :
1. Tabulate the vaccines produced against diseases.
Ans : Vaccines produced against diseases :
Type of Vaccine Name of the vaccine Disease
Live attenuated MMR Measles, Mumps and
Rubella
BCG (Bacillus Calmette Tuberculosis
Guerin)
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Inactivated Inactivated polio virus (IPV) Polio

(Killed antigen)
Subunit vaccines Hepatitis B vaccine Hepatitis B
(Purified antigens)
Toxoid Tetanus toxoid (TT) Tetanus
(Inactivated antigen) Diphtheria toxoid Diphtheria
Activity :1
• Take the root nodules of any pulse or leguminous plant available in your locality.
• Wash it throughly with water. Crush the nodules on a
clean glass slide.
• Add a drop of distilled water to the crushed material on
the glass slide.
• Observe the preparation under compound microscope.
Ans :
Root Nodule :
* It is a swelling on the root of a leguminous plant, that
contains a bacteria called Rhizobium having symbiotic Rhizobium
relationship with the plants.
* It is capable of Nitrogen fixation.
Activity : 2
Consume
Observe the mosquitoes that are active during the protein
rich food
day time. Catch them using an insect net and observe
their body and legs. What do you observe?. Why are Drink juice
extracted
Increase
your water
from Papaya
cases of Dengue reported in large numbers during leaves
intake
post-monsoon season?
Ans :
H Dengue is in large numbers during post-monsoon Have more Eat more of
Green leafy
season because, when there is continuos rainfall, the of Fresh
fruits
Eat easily
vegetables
mosquito larvae get washed away. digestible

foods
H After the rainfall when there is a lot of water
accumulation the breeding of mosquito starts.
Activity : 3
Recently in 2018, Nipah virus was in the headlines of the daily newspaper. Collect
the following information.
(a) What is Nipah virus?
(b) How it gets transmitted?
(c) Mention the preventive measures taken by the government to check the
disease.
Ans :
a) Nipah virus (NIV) is a member of family paramyxoviridae causes encephalitis.
b) It gets transmitted through infected pigs, and bats
c) Preventive measures :
H Intensive supportive care
HAvoid visiting endemic area
HAvoid fruits that are fallen off from the trees.

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Namma Kalvi

SI system Physical quantities Measuring instruements

Fundamental Fundamental Derived Vernier Screw gauge

Rules and conventions

TEXT BOOK EXERCISES

4. Which among the following is not a device to measure mass?

II. Fill in the blanks.

III. State whether True or False. If false, correct the statement :

IV. Match the following.

V. Assertion and reason type .

2. Assertion (A) : 0 ° C = 273.16K. For our convenience we take it as 273K after

VI. Answer very briefly.

2. Define standard unit.

3. What is the full form of SI system ?

4. Define least count of any device.

5. What do you konw about pitch of screw gauge ?

VII. Answer briefly.

2. Write the need of a standard unit.

3. Differentiate mass and weight.

4. How will you measure the least count of vernier caliper ?

VIII. Answer in detail.

2. How will you find the thickness of a one rupee coin ?

IX. Numerical problems.

4. Find the mass of an object weighing 98N.

~ Mass of an object m = 10kg

Additional Questions and Answers

4. Expression for Pressure is ....................

II. Fill in the blanks.

III. Short questions :

2. Define Astronomical unit

3. Define Light year.

4. Write a short note on alpha centauri.

5. Define Atomic mass unit.

10. What is derived quantities.

Velocity g Velocity g Velocity g

UNIT - 4. Electric charge and electric current

Electric Charges Electric Current ElectricCiruit Type of Effect of Electric

TEXT BOOK EXERCISES

I. Choose the correct answer

II. Match the following

III. State whether True or False. If false correct the statement.

IV. Fill in the blanks

3. Can electroplating be possible with alternating current?

VI. Answer the following

2. What are electric lines of force?

3. Define electric field.

4. Define electric current and give its unit.

5. State Ohm's law.

8. List the safety features while handling electricity.

V (volt) 1.6 3.4 6.7 10.2 13.2

[Hint: plot V-I a graph and take slope] 14

3. An electric current is formed by ...........

III. Short questions.

2. Define Electric potential?

3. Differentiate e.m.f and potential difference

4. What are the effects of electric current?

III. Match the following

UNIT - 10. Matter Around Us

Pure substances Mixtures

Elements Compounds Homogenous Heterogenous

Metals Non-metals Metalloids Noble gases

Insoluble Soluble Two miscible Two immiscible

Filtration, Fractional Separating

TEXT BOOK EXERCISES