Shallow Foundation

1. Strip Footing
It is generally provided for load-bearing walls or row of columns are closely
spaced. It is also known as wall footing or continuous footing. These are used
where the building loads are carried by entire walls rather than isolated
columns, such as in older buildings made of masonry.
 2. Pad foundations are a form of spread foundation formed by rectangular,
square, or sometimes circular concrete 'pads' that support localised single-point
loads such as structural columns, groups of columns or framed structures. This
load is then spread by the pad to the bearing layer of soil or rock below.

3. Mat or Raft Foundation

Raft foundation is very useful when the load coming on the soil is practically
uniform while the soil is soft clay or reclaimed soil.

The method consists of providing RCC slab of suitable thickness and with
necessary reinforcement. The raft is designed in this way that the allowable
bearing power of the soil is not exceeded. If required slab and beam
construction in RCC. Can also be carried out. The raft is designed as an
inverted RCC roof with a uniformly distributed load of the soil pressure and
supported by wall, beam and columns.
If more than 50% of the plan area of a building gets covered by the combined
plan areas of all the individual or combined footing, that needed to be
provided. It is usually more economical to make a mat or raft. A raft is
structurally rigid and when it settles, settle uniformly as a monolithic entity.

Deep Foundation
1. Pile foundation
Pile foundation is a deep foundation used where the topsoil is relatively weak.
Piles transfer the load to a lower stratum of greater bearing capacity by way of
end bearing or to the intermediate soil through skin friction. This is the most
common type of deep foundation generally used for buildings where a group
of piles transfer the load of the superstructure to the sub-soil.
What Is Pier Foundation?
A pier foundation is a collection of large diameter cylindrical columns to support the
superstructure and transfer large super-imposed loads to the firm strata below. It stood
several feet above the ground. It is also known as “post foundation”.
or

Drilled pier foundations, the subject matter of this article, belong to the same
category as pile foundations. Because piers and piles serve the same purpose, no
sharp deviations can be made between the two.

The distinctions are based on the method of installation. A pile is installed by

driving, a pier by excavating. Thus, a foundation unit installed in a drill-hole may
also be called a bored cast-in-situ concrete pile.