By Kamal Ahmad LGS OPF

Topic: Experimental Design or Common Apparatus

1- Beaker
It is used to hold liquids.

2- Measuring cylinder
It is used to measure volume of a liquid. Read the mark exactly at the level of your eyes. Always observe the
lower meniscus. Measuring cylinder does not have good accuracy.

3- Volumetric Pipette
It is used to measure fixed volume of a liquid like 25 cm3. Use pipette filler or safety bulb to fill the pipette.
This is used to prevent the liquid from entering into the mouth.

1
 By Kamal Ahmad LGS OPF

4- Burette
It is the most accurate apparatus for measuring any volume of liquid from 0-50 cm3.

5- Titration or Conical flask

It is used to carry out titration reactions like an acid-base reaction.

6- Gas syringe
It is used to collect and measure the volume of a gas.

7- Stopwatch
It is used to record time.

2
 By Kamal Ahmad LGS OPF

8- Thermometer
It is used to record the temperature.

9- Balance
It is used to measure the mass of a substance.

10- Volumetric flask or Measuring flask

It is used to measure the volume of a solution e.g. 250, 500, 1000 cm3 etc

Solutions
What is a solution?
It is a mixture of a solute (a substance that is relatively lesser in amount) dissolved in a solvent (a substance
that is relatively larger in amount).
Saturated solution:
A solution that contains the maximum amount (concentration) of a solute dissolved in a specific amount of
solvent at a given temperature.