ANGUS Technical Data Sheet

CORRGUARD -95
®
Key Performance
Advantages High Performance Amino Alcohol for Metalworking Fluids
••Extends fluid life Today’s metalworking-fluid formulators require raw materials that are easy and
relatively safe to handle, provide multi-functional benefits and are of consistent high
••Minimizes leaching of cobalt quality. CORRGUARD®-95 (2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol with 5% water), a primary
••Cost effective amino alcohol that has been used successfully in metalworking fluids for many years,
possesses these attributes. CORRGUARD-95 corrosion inhibitor is a strong base with
low molecular weight, and is a very efficient neutralizer of acidic ingredients such as
carboxylic acids and phosphate esters.

The benefits of the unique chemical and physical properties of CORRGUARD-95 include:

••Cost efficient alkaline pH development and neutralization of acidic components

••Reduced microbial degradation
••Stable emulsions at high pH
••Enhanced performance of triazine biocides
••Minimal ammonia release
••Minimizes leaching of cobalt

Metalworking Fluids

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Typical Properties Table 1
Cost Efficient pH Development
The following are typical properties of CORRGUARD-95. Synthetic Fluid with CORRGUARD-95 vs. TEA-99
They are not to be considered product specifications.
Ingredients, wt %
Base strength (pKa @ 25°C) 9.82
TEA-99 CORRGUARD-95
Molecular weight (of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol) 89.1 TEA-99
pH (0.1M Aqueous) 11.3 Deionized Water 52.8 60.3
Amine Value (mg KOH/g) 592
Inversely Soluble Ester [A] 6.0 6.0
Chlorinated Fatty Acid [B] 9.2 9.2
Vapor pressure @ 20°C mm Hg (anhydrous) 0.34 Amine Carboxylate [C] 6.0 6.0
Specific gravity @ 25°C 0.942 Amino Alcohol 25.0 1.5/16.0
Biocide [D] 1.0 1.0
Weight per gallon @ 25°C 7.85 lb
100.0 100.0
Viscosity @ 25°C (77°F) 147 cp
pH @ 20:1 Dilution 8 .9 9.0
@ 10°C (50°F) 561 cp

Freezing point -3°C/28°F

Flash point

Tag Closed Cup 78°C/172°F

The low molecular weight of CORRGUARD-95 means more
Tag Open Cup 83°C/182°F
amine per unit weight is available for neutralizing acidic
Surface tension contaminants, such as byproducts of microbial growth,
As supplied 37 dynes/cm oxidation, etc. This is often referred to as reserve alkalinity.
In 10% aqueous solution 58 dynes/cm The relative amounts of reserve alkalinity for equal weights of
CORRGUARD-95 and TEA-99 are shown in Figure 1. This shows
the volume of 1N hydrochloric acid required to completely neutralize
one pound (454 grams) of each amine. CORRGUARD-95 provides
Key Benefits 60% more reserve alkalinity than TEA-99.

Cost Efficient Alkaline pH Development

Development and maintenance of alkaline fluid pH is an Figure 1
important factor in determining fluid performance and service Reserve Alkalinity
life. Inadequate pH control can result in loss of fluid stability, CORRGUARD-95 vs. TEA-99
corrosion of tools and parts, and increased opportunity for
microbial degradation of the fluid. Proper pH control can help
reduce end-user operating costs by minimizing fluid changes,
waste disposal, and downtime.

CORRGUARD-95 corrosion inhibitor is the product of choice

for developing and maintaining alkaline pH because it has
high base strength, low molecular weight, and is less reactive
with atmospheric CO2 than other common amines. High base
strength, along with low molecular weight, means less amine is
needed to develop alkaline pH. CORRGUARD-95 may improve
cost efficiency when used in combination with amines of
lower base strengths and higher molecular weights, such as
triethanolamine (TEA-99). This is particularly true with fluids
formulated at pH 9 or above, where the 100-fold greater base Amine retention and reactivity with atmospheric CO2 in a circulating
strength of CORRGUARD-95 relative to TEA-99 is a major metalworking fluid system can significantly influence pH stability.
advantage. An example of this benefit is shown in Table 1 for Results of a 14-day aquarium study (Figures 2 & 3) reveal that
a synthetic fluid. Replacement of 25 parts TEA-99 with 1.5 CORRGUARD-95 corrosion inhibitor is well retained in a re-
parts CORRGUARD-95/16 parts TEA-99 resulted in equal pH circulating aqueous solution. In addition, CORRGUARD-95 is less
development in the diluted fluid. reactive with atmospheric CO2 than other strong amines, resulting
in better pH stability.

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Figure 2 Tankside Benefits
Amine Retention/ Tankside pH adjustment is sometimes needed to maintain fluid
Carbon Dioxide Reactivity performance and longevity, and CORRGUARD-95 corrosion
inhibitor is an extremely efficient product for adjusting pH.
Figure 4 compares the amounts of CORRGUARD-95, TEA-99,
and potassium hydroxide (45% aqueous) needed to raise the
pH of 100 gallons (378.5L) of a typical use-diluted synthetic fluid
from 8.0 to 9.0. CORRGUARD-95 and KOH-45% are significantly
more efficient than TEA-99. CORRGUARD-95 is the product of
choice for tankside pH control due to its efficiency and safety
advantages.

Figure 4
Tankside pH Adjustment*

Figure 3
pH Stability

*Synthetic dilution pH adjusted from 8.0 to 9.0

Efficient Neutralization of Acidic Components

Many metalworking fluid ingredients must be neutralized to
Table 2 make them water soluble and to perform properly. Examples
Reserve Alkalinity include phosphate esters, mono- and dicarboxylic acids, fatty
Soluble Oils with CORRGUARD-95 and TEA-99 acids, and boric acid. Neutralization efficiency is related to the
combination of base strength and molecular weight of the
neutralizer. Performance depends upon the types of neutralizers
CORRGUARD-95/ CORRGUARD-95 TEA-99 CORRGUARD-95/TEA-99
and acidic materials that are used.
Naphthenic Oil [E] 79.25 78.00 78.50
Sodium Petroleum Sulfonate [F] 14.00 14.00 14.00
CORRGUARD-95, with an effective molecular weight of ~95
Tall Oil Fatty Acid [G] 2.40 2.40 2.40
Propylene Glycol n-Butyl Ether [H] 1.60 1.60 1.60 as supplied (Active Ingredient = 89.1), is a much more efficient
Amino Alcohol 0.75 2.00 0.5/1.0 neutralizer than TEA-99 (molecular weight 149). ANGUS
Deionized Water 1.00 1.00 1.00
Biocide [D] 1.00 1.00 1.00 recommends use of combinations of these products to balance
Reserve Alkalinity @ 20:1 Dilution cost and performance.
(mL 0.1N HCl/50g) 2.70 4.10 3.60
pH @ 20:1 Dilution 9.00 8.70 8.90 Stable Emulsions at High pH
Amine Cost/ 100 lbs $1.26 $1.00 $1.34
When formulating soluble oils, one of the main goals is
Raw Material Key The Dow Chemical Company achievement of a stable emulsion at the desired pH. It is often
[A] Inversol 170 [E] Hydrocal 100 desirable to formulate emulsions at pH 9 or greater, and an
Dover Chemical Company Calumet Refining Company amine that provides good stability at higher pH levels is required.
[B] CW-105A [F] Actrabase PS-470 Afton Chemical
Dover Chemical Company [G] Latol 4 Afton Chemical
As shown in Table 3, it is often difficult to formulate a stable
[C] Synkad 6000 [H] DOWANOL™ PNB
Dover Chemical Company The Dow Chemical Company emulsion in the higher pH range with TEA-99; the soluble
[D] BIOBAN P-1487™ oil formula shown in Table 2 was used for this comparison.
CORRGUARD-95 can be used alone or in combination with
TEA-99 to provide stable emulsions at elevated pH.

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Table 3 In a similar test of four synthetic metalworking fluids without
Stable Emulsions at Higher pH biocide, two based on TEA and two based on CORRGUARD-95,
the fluids containing CORRGUARD-95 showed superior
20:1 Dilution (tap water) bioresistance to the TEA-based fluids. The data is shown in
mL Cream @ Figure 6.
Amine System pH 24 hours*
TEA-99 8.7 1 /2
TEA-99 8.8 >1/2 Figure 6
CORRGUARD-95/TEA-99 8.9 <1/2 Bacterial Resistance - Synthetic Metalworking Fluid
CORRGUARD-95 9.0 1 /2
CORRGUARD-95 9.2 1 /3
*on 50 mL emulsion

Resistance to Microbial Degradation

Microbial degradation of fluid components results in loss
of performance and shortened fluid life. Recognizing this,
metalworking fluid formulators have searched for more
“bioresistant” materials from which to build their fluids.

However, the term bioresistant is often confused with the

term biocidal. In order to clarify the issue, we define the
term bioresistance as follows: A bioresistant material is one
which, while it does not kill microorganisms, is not readily
chemically decomposed by microbial attack. Simply put, a
bioresistant material does not provide a ready food source for
microorganisms. Under equal conditions, a fluid made from
bioresistant ingredients will typically last longer than one made
from biosupportive ingredients.
Several common acidic components were diluted to 5000 ppm
in distilled water and neutralized to pH 9.5 with CORRGUARD-95
corrosion inhibitor or a blend of TEA-99 and KOH. These
salt solutions were given a mixed inoculum of 106 Colony
Forming Units (CFU)/mL bacteria and 104 CFU/mL fungi. The
CORRGUARD-95 salts were all resistant to bacterial growth
while the TEA salts were biosupportive as shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5
Biostability of Amine-Based
Metalworking Fluid Additives*
pH Stability in Microbially Contaminated Systems
The degree to which amino alcohols biodegrade in metalworking
fluid formulations has an impact on the pH stability of the fluid.
The more bioresistant the fluid components, the less microbial
growth occurs, and hence fewer acidic byproducts are produced.
In addition to its reserve alkalinity and efficient pH boosting
properties, CORRGUARD-95 corrosion inhibitor, as a bioresistant
amine, exhibits superior pH stability in the presence of microbial
contamination. The data in Figure 7 shows pH stability of
a synthetic metalworking fluid based on CORRGUARD-95
compared to that of the same fluid based on TEA/KOH. The
fluids were dosed with a mixed inoculum of bacteria and fungi
and then tested for pH change after 12 weeks. The results
show that fluids containing CORRGUARD-95 exhibit superior pH
stabilization as compared to fluids with TEA.
Figure 7
pH Stability – Synthetic Metalworking Fluids

*0.5% acid solutions neutralized to pH 9.5 and inoculated at start with mixed
bacterial/fungal inoculum “0” on this chart indicates no change from starting pH

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Enhanced Performance of Triazine Biocides
Triazine biocide [hexahydro-1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-s-triazine] is
an effective antibacterial agent in metalworking fluids, but does
not normally control fungal growth except at very high use levels.
CORRGUARD-95 has been shown to enhance the antifungal
performance with triazine biocide. An example is shown in
Figure 8 for the synthetic fluid formulations in Table 4. Fluid with
the triazine/CORRGUARD-95 system resisted fungal growth for
three weeks, while fluids containing triazine and TEA-99 or TEA/
KOH failed at one week. CORRGUARD-95 is not a biocide and is
not intended for use as an antimicrobial.
Figure 8
Triazine/CORRGUARD-95 Antifungal Benefits
This study also revealed fluids containing CORRGUARD-95
corrosion inhibitor that were microbially challenged released
significantly less NH3 than fluids containing ethanolamines
(Figure 9). Although a small amount of NH3 was released
initially from the CORRGUARD-95 fluid, the quantity released
over the 180-day test period was small compared with that
released by ethanolamine-based fluids. Olin concluded that
MEA, DEA, and TEA contribute to ammonia accumulation, while
CORRGUARD-95 does not.
Figure 9
Ammonia Release Study

*Failure is 1000 CFU/mL Cobalt Leaching

Leaching of cobalt binder from cemented tungsten-carbide
Table 4 during the manufacturing of carbide tools introduces potential
Synthetic Fluid Formulations safety and environmental hazards:
(Triazine/CORRGUARD-95 Antifungal Study)
••The presence of dissolved cobalt in machining fluids can create
Ingredients, wt. % dermatitis and inhalation problems for workers handling these
TEA-99/ fluids.
T EA-99 KOH CORRGUARD-95

Deionized Water 73 71 79
••Environmental regulations may limit the discharge of heavy
Amine Carboxylate [I] 5 5 5 metals such as cobalt into waterways.
Inversely Soluble Ester [A] 10 10 10
Amino Alcohol 1 0 10 4
In carbide tool production, it is important to select fluid
KOH (45%) – 2 –
Triazine [J] 2 2 2 ingredients that do not leach (dissolve) cobalt from the tool
100 100 100 material. Certain fluid components, such as amino alcohols and
pH @ 20:1 Dilution 8.8 9.6 9.7 amine-based additives (e.g. amides and carboxylate salts), are
Amine Cost/100 lbs $10.00 $10.20 $8.00 more problematic than others.
(includes KOH)

Since amino alcohols can leach cobalt from cemented carbide,

Ammonia Release
Release of ammonia (NH3) from metalworking-fluid systems can
result in worker complaints and, in severe cases, evacuation and
shutdown of operations.
A study by Olin Chemicals (now Lonza) showed that NH3
release is associated with microbial degradation of triazine
biocide, monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), and
triethanolamine (TEA). NH3 release occurs when fluid pH is
adjusted upward, converting dissolved ammonium hydroxide
(from microbial degradation) into its gaseous form.
a laboratory study was conducted to compare the leaching
properties of various products. A one percent solution of each
amine was prepared in deionized water and the pH of each
adjusted to 9.0 with acetic acid. The amine solutions were
vigorously mixed for five days with carbide swarf. At the end of
the test period, the fluids were filtered and the filtrates analyzed
by atomic absorption for dissolved cobalt. The test results
are shown in Figure 10. The solution with CORRGUARD-95
corrosion inhibitor had the least dissolved cobalt of all the amine
solutions tested. In fact, CORRGUARD-95 leached only slightly
more cobalt than deionized water with no amine (control).
CORRGUARD-95 is therefore the amine of choice for fluids
intended for carbide tool manufacturing.

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Figure 10 Foamy salts can lead to foamy metalworking fluids. In a study
Cobalt Leaching Study of soluble oils containing tall oil fatty acid and various strong
amines, the fluid with CORRGUARD-95 corrosion inhibitor
generated the least foam (Figure 12). This test, using a “Waring
Blender,” is very severe, simulating a high speed grinding
application.

Figure 12
Waring Blender Foam Results

Low Foam
Foam generation is undesirable because it results in loss of
cooling and lubrication, and can create a mess in the plant.
The addition of defoamers may result in concentrate stability
problems and poor adhesion of coatings to finished parts.

Several types of fluid components (fatty acid soaps, non-ionic

surfactants, etc.) can contribute to foaming. Studies have shown
that the amine portion of various salts can significantly affect
foaming potential. Test results with 0.5% solutions of amine
salts at pH 9.5 are shown in Figure 11.

Figure 11
Foaming Results
Cylinder Shake Test of Amine Salt Solutions

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Summary
CORRGUARD-95 offers numerous benefits to metalworking
fluid formulators. In cases where a particular benefit is
desired, for example bioresistance or low cobalt leaching,
ANGUS recommends formulating with CORRGUARD-95
exclusively. However, in many cases a balance of properties
is desired. To achieve the desired cost/ performance, the use
of CORRGUARD-95 with weaker amines such as TEA may be
preferred. Please contact your local ANGUS representative for
technical assistance.

Product Stewardship
ANGUS encourages its customers to review their applications
of ANGUS products from the standpoint of human health and
environmental quality. To help ensure that ANGUS products
are not used in ways for which they are not intended, ANGUS
personnel will assist customers in dealing with environmental
and product safety considerations. For assistance, product Safety
Data Sheets, or other information, please contact your ANGUS
representative at the numbers provided in this document.
When considering the use of any ANGUS product in a particular
application, review the latest Safety Data Sheet to ensure that
the intended use is within the scope of approved uses and can
be accomplished safely. Before handling any of the products,
obtain available product safety information including the Safety Data
Sheet(s) and take the necessary steps to ensure safety of use.

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Published March 2016 Form No. COR-1734-0415-TCG