Chemistry 10 Portfolio 2022-23 (Revised)

Chemistry Portfolio
Class X
Portfolio/Chemistry/ X / AKS, South Page 1 of 40

Aga Khan School, South
Certificate of Completion
It is hereby certified that Mr. / Miss_____________________________
of class __________________ has carried out the necessary practical
work as prescribed by the Aga Khan University Examination Board for the
year 2022 to 2023
_________________________ __________________
Teacher’s name Initial
Date: ________________

Index
S. No Date Experiment Page No Sign
1 To determine the pH of different solutions by the help of pH 4-6

paper.
2 To standardize the given NaOH solution by using standard 7- 11
solution of HCl.
3 To determine the exact molarity of solution of oxalic acid. 12-15
4 To identify chloride (Cl-), bromide (Br-) and iodide ion (I-) 16-18
in sodium chloride, sodium bromide and sodium iodide.
5 . Identify sodium, calcium, strontium, barium, copper and 19-21
potassium ions by flame test
6 Identify ketones using 2,4- dinitrophenyl hydrazine test. 22-24
7 Identify the functional group (aldehyde) in the given organic 25-28

compound using Fehling’s and Tollen’s test.
8 Identify the carboxylic acids using sodium carbonate test 29-31
(C.T lime water test for evolution of CO2).
9 Identify phenol using ferric chloride test 32-33
10 Identify saturated and unsaturated organic compound by 34-35

KMnO4.
11 Demonstrate that sugar decomposes into elements or other 36-37
compounds
12 To study the temporary and permanent hardness of water and 38-40
ways of removing permanent hardness of water.

EXPERIMENT NO:1 DATE: ___________________
OBJECT:
To determine the pH of different solutions by the help of pH paper.
BASIC KNOWLEDGE:
pH:
The pH concept is very convenient for expressing hydrogen ion concentration. It was introduced by
Sorensen in 1909. It is define as “the negative logarithm (log) of Hydrogen ion (H +)
concentration”.
Mathematically:
pH = - log [H+]
where [H+] is the concentration of hydrogen ions in moles per liter.
pH Scale:
The scale on which pH values are computed is called pH scale.
The range of pH scale from 0 to 14. A pH value higher than seven indicates a base, while a pH value
less than seven indicates and acid. A pH of seven indicates that the substance is neutral. The stronger
the acid the low is its pH value while the stronger the base the higher is its pH value.
APPARATUS/ CHEMICALS
PH paper, given solution (lemon juice, soap solution, table salt, sodium bicarbonate (baking soda),
curd, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, garden soil, caustic soda, soil etc), pH colour chart, beakers, test
tubes, test tube stand, test tube holder, petri dish
PROCEDURE
1. Take about 2 mL of each substance (given in the table below) in different test tubes/ petri dish and
write the names of solutions on test tubes with marking pencil. Then dip the pH paper in one
solution.
2. The pH paper will change its colour. Now compare this colour with the pH colour chart.
3. Note the pH of solution.
4. Repeat the experiment with other solutions one by one and note down the observations in the
given table.

OBSERVATIONS
S. No Substances Colour of PH of solution Substances

PH paper (1 -14) acidic/basic / neutral
1 Baking soda
2 HCl
3 Soap solution
4 Curd
5 Garden soil
6 Table salt
7 Caustic soda
8 Vinegar
9 Lemon juice
10 Apple juice
11 Orange juice
12 Oxalic acid
PRECAUTIONS
1. Never touch the end of pH paper with the finger which is to be dipped in the solution.
2. Compare the colour of pH paper with the pH colour chart.
3. Use distilled water for preparing the solution if solid substances are provided.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT!!!!!!!!!!
1. Why pure water has pH value 7?
_____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. The pH of various solutions is given in the table. Indicate them as acidic, basic or neutral.

S. No pH value Nature (acidic/ basic/ neutral)
1 3.8
2 12.9
3 8.9
4 0.7
3. What is the range of pH scale?

_______________________________________________________________________________
4. If pH of a solution is 5.5, what will be its pOH?

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
5. What is the pH of human blood?

_________________________________________________________________________________
6. What is the advantage of finding the pH of soil?

_________________________________________________________________________________
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7. Why is it important to know the pH of a substance?
8. What is ant acid and why it is used in acidity of stomach?

EXPERIMENT NO: 2 DATE: ___________________
OBJECT:
To standardize the given NaOH solution by using standard solution of HCl
BASIC KNOWLEDGE:
Titration:
Titration is the process by which the strength of one solution can be determined by allowing it to react with a
solution of know strength.
Standard solution:
A solution of known strength or concentration is called standard solution.
Titrant:
The solution which is taken in the burette in titration is called titrant.
Titrant:
The solution which is taken in the conical flask is called titrant.
Indicator:
Indicator is a weak organic acid or base, which changes its colour with variables in pH value of the solution to
which it is added.
Molarity:
Number of moles of solute dissolve in one liter solution is called Molarity. It is represented by M.
Molarity equation:
M1V1 = M2V2
n1 n2
APPARATUS
Burette, burette stand, beaker, funnel, glass rod. Pipette
CHEMICALS
Sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid and phenolphthalein
CHEMICAL EQUATION
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
MOLE RATIO:
Hydrochloric acid: sodium hydroxide
1:1
STANDARD SOLUTION
0.1 M Hydrochloric acid
INDICATOR
Phenolphthalein

PROCEDURE
1. Clamp a clean burette in the stand vertically. Fill the burette up to the zero mark with the given
HCl solution.
2. Now take 10mL of NaOH solution by the help of pipette in a conical flask and add two drops of
indicator.
3. Note the initial reading of the acid in the burette (slip a piece of white paper behind the graduation
of burette. This will help to note correct reading). Run down the acid drop by drop into NaOH
solution by pressing the pinch cork or stop cork.
4. Go on adding the acid till the pink colour just disappears.
5. Note down the final reading. T
6. he difference between the final and initial readings will be the volume of HCl required to
neutralize 10mL of sodium hydroxide.
7. Repeat the experiment to get at least three concordant readings.

OBSERVATION
Pipette Reading (NaOH): 10mL
S. No Burette Reading (HCl)
Initial Reading (mL) Final Reading (mL) Difference (mL)

1
Mean Reading: ___________mL
Calculation for Finding Molarity

RESULT:
_________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
PRECAUTIONS
1. Note the lower meniscus of HCl and NaOH solution in pipette and burette respectively.
2. Remove the air bubble from the jet of the burette.
3. Clamp the burette vertically in the stand.
4. Don’t blow the last drop of HCl solution from the pipette.
5. Use two drops of phenolphthalein indicator for each titration.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
1. What is the standard solution?

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
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2. Define an acid.
_________________________________________________________________________________
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3. Name acids present in

i) Sour milk_______________________
ii) Grapes ________________________
iii) Vinegar_______________________
4. Name two gases which led to the term acid rain. Also write the chemical reactions for the
formation of theses acids.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

5. What is meant by concordant reading?
_________________________________________________________________________________
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6. What is the colour of phenolphthalein in acid medium?
_________________________________________________________________________________
7. Some stings are basic e.g., bettle stings and wasp stings. They contain basic substance histamine.
How will you treat a person bitten by a wasp?
_________________________________________________________________________________
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8. What will you do if the soil of an area is too much acidic?

_________________________________________________________________________________
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9. In which part of the body HCl is present?

________________________________________________________________________________
10. Why ammonia turns red litmus into blue?

_________________________________________________________________________________
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11. What is the difference between hydrogen chloride and hydrochloric acid?
_________________________________________________________________________________
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OBJECT:
To determine the exact molarity of solution of oxalic acid.
APPARATUS
Burette, burette stand, beaker, funnel, glass rod. Pipette
CHEMICALS
Sodium hydroxide, oxalic acid and phenolphthalein
BASIC KNOWLEDGE:
Titration:
Titration is the process by which the strength of one solution can be determined by allowing it to
react with a solution of know strength.
Standard solution:
A solution of known strength or concentration is called standard solution.
Molarity:
Number of moles of solute dissolve in one liter solution is called Molarity. It is represented by M.
Molarity equation:
M1V1 = M2V2
n1 n2
CHEMICAL EQUATION
COOH COONa
│ .2H2O + 2 NaOH → │ + 4H2O
COOH COONa
MOLE RATIO:
Oxalic acid: sodium hydroxide
1: 2
STANDARD SOLUTION
0.1 M sodium hydroxide
INDICATOR
Phenolphthalein
PROCEDURE
1. Clamp a clean burette in the stand vertically. Fill the burette up to the zero mark with the given
oxalic acid solution.
2. Now take 10mL of NaOH solution by the help of pipette in a conical flask and add two drops of
indicator.
3. Note the initial reading of the acid in the burette (slip a piece of white paper behind the graduation
of burette. This will help to note correct reading). Run down the acid drop by drop into sodium
hydroxide solution by pressing the pinch cork or stop cork.
4. Go on adding the acid solution till the pink colour just disappears.
5. Note down the final reading. The difference between the final and initial readings will be the
volume of acid required to neutralize 10mL of sodium hydroxide.
6. Repeat the experiment to get at least three concordant readings.

OBSERVATION
Pipette Reading (NaOH): 10mL
S.No Burette Reading (H2C2O4.2H2O)
Initial Reading (mL) Final Reading (mL) Difference (mL)

1
Mean Reading: __________

Calculation for Finding Molarity
RESULT:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Remove the air bubbles from the jet of the burette.

2. Clamp the burette vertically in the stand.
3. Don’t blow the last drop of the solution from the pipette.
4. Slip a piece of white paper behind the graduation of the burette. It will help to note the correct
reading.
5. Rinse the burette with oxalic acid.
6. Rinse the pipette with sodium hydroxide.
7. Note the lower meniscus of oxalic acid and sodium hydroxide solution in the burette and pipette
respectively.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
1. Is oxalic acid liquid or solid?

___________________________________________________________________________
2. What is meant by primary standard? Give some examples of primary standards?

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
3. How many molecules are present as the water of crystallization in oxalic acid?
________________________________________________________________________________
4. What is the common name of sodium hydroxide?

________________________________________________________________________________
5. Why sodium hydroxide has corrosive action on skin?

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
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EXPERIMENT NO: 4 DATE:___________________
OBJECT:
To identify chloride (Cl-), bromide (Br-) and iodide ion (I-) in sodium chloride, sodium bromide
and sodium iodide.
BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE:
Salt:
Salt is an ionic compound which is formed by the complete or partial neutralization reaction of an
acid with a base.
Acidic radical:
It is that part of the salt which is obtained from the acidic part during salt formation. Acidic radical is
also known as anion or negative part of the acid. An acidic radical usually contains a non metal or a
group of non metals. For examples
Cl-, Br-,I-, CO3-2, HCO3-, NO3-etc
Basic radical:
It is that part of the salt which is obtained from the basic part during salt formation. Basic radical is
also known as cation or positive part of the base. A basic radical usually contains a metallic in nature
except ammonium ion NH4+. For examples
Na+1, K+1, Zn+2, Cu+2, Al+3etc
Precipitates:
When two or more solutions are mixed and an insoluble solid substance is formed. The insoluble
substance is called a precipitate.
APPARATUS
Test tubes, test tube rack, test tube holder, burner
CHEMICALS
Sodium chloride, sodium bromide, sodium iodide salts, distilled water, concentrated sulphuric acid,
aqueous silver nitrate, manganese dioxide, ammonium hydroxide solution.
PROCEDURE
Carry out the identification of chloride, bromide and iodide ions on the following scheme.
Experiment Observation Inference and Chemical Equations

SALT A
Preliminary Test
1.Take about I mL of
aqueous solution of salt
“A”in a test tube Greenish yellow gas comes This is chlorine gas and this salt
2. Add managanese dioxide out from the test tube contains chloride ions
and pour about 1mL of 2NaCl + MnO2 +2H2SO4 →
conc. H2SO4 MnSO4 + Na2SO4 + 2H2O + Cl2 ↑
3. Heat the mixture on the
flame.

Confirmatory Test
a. Take about I mL of White curdy precipitate is White curdy precipitate is insoluble
aqueous solution of salt “A” produced in AgCl
in another test tube NaCl + AgNO3 →AgCl ↓ +
and add aqueous solution NaNO3
of silver nitrate to it.
b. Add a little ammonium The presence of chloride (Cl -) ion in

hydroxide solution to the salt A is confirmed
ppt of AgCl
SALT B
Preliminary Test
1.Take about I mL of
aqueous solution of salt Reddish brown orange These fumes are the vapours of
“B”in a test tube fumes come out from the bromine and this salt contains the
2. add managanese dioxide test tube bromide ion
and pour about 1mL of 2NaBr + MnO2 +2H2SO4 →
conc. H2SO4 MnSO4 + Na2SO4 + 2H2O + Br2 ↑
flame.
Confirmatory Test
a.Take about I mL of
aqueous solution of salt Pale yellow precipitate is This pale-yellow precipitate is
“B”in another test tube produced insoluble AgBr
and add aqueous solution NaBr + AgNO3 →AgBr ↓ +
of silver nitrate to it. NaNO3
b. Add a little ammonium The ppt is soluble in The presence of bromide ions (Br-) in
hydroxide solution to the excessive amount of salt “B” is confirmed
ppt of AgBr ammonium hydroxide
SALT C
Preliminary Test violet fumes come out from These fumes are vapours of iodine
1.Take about I mL of the test tube and thus, this salt contain iodide ions.
aqueous solution of salt 2NaI + MnO2 +2H2SO4 →
“C”in a test tube MnSO4 + Na2SO4 + 2H2O + I2 ↑
2. add managanese dioxide
and pour about 1mL of
conc. H2SO4
flame.

Confirmatory Test Yellow precipitate is This yellow precipitate is insoluble
a.Take about I mL of produced AgI
aqueous solution of salt NaI + AgNO3 →AgI ↓ + NaNO3
“C”in another test tube
and add aqueous solution
of silver nitrate to it.
The ppt remains insoluble The presence of iodide ions (I-) is
b. Add a little ammonium in ammonium hydroxide confirmed in salt “C”
hydroxide solution to the solution
ppt of AgI
PRECAUTIONS
1. Use the minimum amount of the chemicals.
2. Use clean and dry test tubes.
3. Solutions should be prepared in the distilled water.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT!!!!!!!!!
1. What are the physical states and colour of Cl2, Br2 and I2?
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the difference between Cl, Cl- and Cl2?
Cl Cl- Cl2
3. Which element of halogen does not occur naturally?
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Which halogen is radioactive?
______________________________________________________________________________

EXPERIMENT NO: 5 DATE:___________________
OBJECT:
To identify sodium, calcium, strontium, barium, copper, potassium radical by flame test
Flame test is used to identify the presence of some metal ions in a compound. It is a very quick way
to identify these ions. Not all the metal ions give colour to the flame.
When the element is subjected to flame, the electrons are in high energy state and when they come
back sown to sable state, energy is released in the form of light. The colour emitted depends on the
amount of energy released which is the characteristics of the element. The different colours of lights
emitted are caused by different quantities of electrons losing energy in different elements.
Metal chlorides are usually preferred for performing flame test because these are more volatile than
the other salts and hence easily impart a characteristic colour to the flame.
APPARATUS
Bunsen burner, match box, watch glass, beaker, platinum wire
CHEMICALS
salt of each sodium, calcium, strontium, barium, copper, potassium, concentrated hydrochloric acid
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
PROCEDURE
Take a platinum wire and dip it many times in concentrated HCl. Heat it again to oxidizing flame till
the wire imparts no colour to the flame. Now make the paste of the given salts with HCl (conc) in a
watch glass. Dip the clear platinum wire in the paste and take it into oxidizing flame. Note the colour
of flame by naked eyes. Repeat the procedure with all salts.
S.No Salt Colour of flame through naked eyes Inference
1 Copper Cu+2
2 Calcium Ca+2
3 Strontium Sr+2
4 Barium Ba+2
5 Sodium Na+1
6 Potassium K+1

PRECAUTIONS
1. Always add few drops of HCl (conc) in the salt to make its paste.
2. Never touch the paste with your fingers, because acid will harm you.
3. Platinum wire must be cleaned and free from any impurities.
4. Before using platinum wire for other salt, dip it many times in HCl(concentrated) and heat it again
in the oxidizing flame till it impart no colour to the flame.
1. Why platinum wire must be cleaned before performing flame test?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Can we use copper wire in flame test? Justify your answer.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

3. Why do we use concentrated hydrochloric acid in flame test?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What is the purpose of using blue glass in flame test?
______________________________________________________________________________
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Object: Identify ketones using 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine test.
Apparatus:
 Test tubes
 test tube holder
 Bunsen burner
 match box
 dropper
 safety goggles
Chemicals:
1. fructose solution
2. distilled water
3. 2,4 dinitrophenyl hydrazine
4. ethanol
Theory:
Aldehyde:
Aldehydes are the organic compound which have aldehydic group (- CHO) attached to an alkyl
group (R-). General formula of an aldehyde is R-CHO.
Ketone:
ketones are the organic compound which haveketonic group (-COR)attached to an alkyl group (R-).
General formula of a ketone is R-COR. Both alkyl group may be same or differents.
2,4-dinitrophenyl Hydrazine:
2,4-dinitrophenyl Hydrazine is often abbreviated as 2,4-DNP or 2,4-DNPH. it is a red, crystalline
powder with a melting point of approximately 200 oC. This reagent is prepared by dissolving 2,4-
dinitrophenyl hydrazine in ethanol. This reagent is used for the identification of aldehydes and
ketones. The aldehyde or ketone is converted to its hydrazone by reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenyl
Hydrazine.
Procedure:
1. Add few grams of 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine in 5 cm 3ethanol and add 8 to 10 drops of
concentrated sulphuric acid cautiously. Use this solution to test any ketone.
2. In a test tube, take 2 cm 3 of ethanol and add a few crystals of fructose. Shake it to dissolve
fructose.

3. Add 3 cm3 of 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine reagent In the above mixture. Shake vigorously
and if no precipitate appears immediately allow the solution to stand for a few minutes. If no
precipitate appears dilute the solution carefully with 1M H2SO4.
4. Occasionally, it may be necessary to heat the solution gently on a water bath to accelerate the
slow reaction.
5. Record your observations.
Experiment Observation Inference Equation

Mix fructose Orange or Ketonic
solution yellow group is
with 3 cm3 precipitate is present
solution of formed.
2,4-
dinitropheny
l hydrazine
Observation:
Experiment test Observation Inference Equation
Mix fructose solution
with 3 cm3 solution of
2,4-dinitrophenyl
hydrazine
1. Take 0.25 of 2,4
DNPH in 5 ml ethanol
and add 8 to 10 drops of
concentrated sulphuric
acid carefully.
2. Take 2 ml of 95%
ethanol and add a few
crystals of fructose in a
test tube. Shake it to
dissolve fructose.
3. Now add 3 ml of 2, 4-
DNPH reagent in the
above mixtures and
shake it vigorously if no
precipitate appears
immediately allow the
solution to stand for a
few minutes even then if
no precipitate appears
dilute the solution with I
M of H2SO4

Precaution:
1. Do not taste any chemical or solution.
2. Before performing the experiment make sure that the apparatus must clean and dry.
3. Handle the concentrated sulphuric acid carefully, it may cause burning of skin.
Result:
Given organic compound contains ketonic group.

OBJECT: Identify the functional group (aldehyde) in the given organic compound using Fehling’s
and Tollen’s test.
Aldehydes are the organic compound which have aldehydic group (- CHO) attached to an alkyl
group (R-). General formula of an aldehyde is R-CHO. Aldehydes are identified by the help of
Fehling’s test and Tollen’s test.
Fehling’s Solution:
It is made initially as two separate solutions known as Fehling’s solution A and Fehling’s solution B.
Fehling’s solution A is a blue aqueous solution of copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate CuSO 4.5H2O
crystals. While Fehling’s solution B is a clean aqueous solution of potassium sodium tartrate in
sodium hydroxide. To identify an aldehyde, the two solutions are mixed in equal quantities and are
then added to the given aldehyde.
Tollen’s Reagent:
Tollen’s reagent is a colourless, basic, aqueous solution which contains silver ions attached to
ammonia. It is prepared by adding sodium hydroxide dropwise to an aqueous solution of silver
nitrate (AgNO3). A white precipitate appears which dissolves on adding aqueous ammonia. The
solution so prepared is ammonical silver nitrate or Tollen’s reagent.
APPARATUS
Test tube, burner, test tube holder, test tube rack, dropper, Bunsen burner and match box
CHEMICALS
Fehling’s solution, diluted sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) solution, freshly prepared ferric chloride
(FeCl3) solution,30% Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution, reducing sugar (glucose)

Preliminary Test
Brown resinious Aldehyde is indicated
Pour about 2 mL 30% product is obtained
NaOH solution to about
0.1g of organic
compound (glucose)in the
test tube and shake the
content.
Confirmatory Tests
1.Fehling’s Test Red ppts of Cu2O Red ppts indicate the presence of compound
1.Dissolve a few crystals are formed with aldehydic group such as glucose.
of organic
compound(glucose) in

3mL water.
2. Now add about 1mL of
dilute solution of Na2CO3
with 1mL Fehling
solution A and 1mL
Fehling solution B and
then boil the content.
(Note: Mix equal volume

of Fehling solution A and
B immediately before
use)
2. Tollens’s Test
1. Take 2mLof 10% Formation of silver mirror or ppts of silver
AgNO3 solution in a test librates and deposits within the wall of test tube
tube Formation of silver indicates the presence of aldehydes both
2. Now add 2mL of dilute mirror or ppts of aromatic and aliphatic.
NaOH solution drop wise silver librates and
to the solution and deposits within the
NH4OH solution drop wall of test tube
wise until ppts of Ag2O
produced just dissolved.
3.Now add organic
compound (glucose) in
the above ammoniacal
silver nitrate solution.
4. Put the test tube in a
hot water bath for a few
minutes and note down
the observation.
Diagram for Fehling’s Test Diagram for Tollen’s Test

PRECAUTIONS
1. Prepare the solution in distilled water.
2. Copper sulphate pentahydrate is toxic if ingested.
1. Why an organic compound appears to be coloured?

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2. Which is more reactive, an aldehyde or ketone?

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3. What is the composition of Fehling’s solution?

______________________________________________________________________________
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5. What is Tollen’s test?

______________________________________________________________________________
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6. What is meant by aliphatic and aromatic compounds?

______________________________________________________________________________
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7. What is the common name of methanol?

_____________________________________________________________________________
8. Name the simple aldehyde.

_____________________________________________________________________________
9. What is the formula of acetaldehyde?

_____________________________________________________________________________
10. What is formalin?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
11. Which test is called silver mirror test and why?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
12. What is the general formula of aldehyde?
______________________________________________________________________________

OBJECT: Identify functional group (carboxylic acids) by ferric chloride and soda lime test
The organic compound containing carboxylic group (-COOH) as a functional group are called
carboxylic acid.
Some important carboxylic acids with their formula are:
Formic acid HCOOH.
Acetic acid CH3COOH.
Oxalic acid H2C2O4.2H2O
APPARATUS
Test-tube, test-tube holder, test tube rack, Bunsen burner and match box
CHEMICALS
Sodium bicarbonate, organic compound (acetic acid), lime water, Ferric chloride

Preliminary Test
Take organic compound Effervescences took Phenol is absent and carboxylic

(acetic acid) in a test tube place and CO2 is evolved group is indicated
and add cold solution of
NaHCO3 in it.
Confirmatory Tests
1.Lime water Test
1.Take organic compound
(acetic acid) in a test tube Lime water turns milky Carboxylic group is confirmed
2. Now add cold solution of
NaHCO3 in it.
3.Now pass the gas which is
evolved in the reaction
through lime water.
(Note: Perform step 3 with
the preliminary test)
2. Ferric chloride Test Buff coloured Carboxylic group is confirmed.

Add organic compound (Dull yellow) ppts are
(acetic acid) in the test tube obtained
to the neutral solution of
ferric chloride

3.Soda lime Test
Take organic compound Vapours of C6H6 given Carboxylic group is confirmed.
(acetic acid) in a test tube out which burns with
and add soda lime Ca (OH)2 smoky(white) flame
in it. Now heat the content.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Before performing the experiment makes sure that the apparatus is clean and dry.
2. Carefully observe effervesces formed from metallic carbonate with organic substance.
1. What are the products when carboxylic acid reacts with sodium bicarbonate?
(Write chemical equation also to support your answer)
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________________________________________________________________________________
2. Why pure acetic acid is called glacial acetic acid?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
3. Which test you will perform to know whether the given substance is aliphatic or aromatic?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
4. What is the chemical name and formula of lime water?

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5. What is the chemical name and formula of slaked lime?

______________________________________________________________________________
6. What happens when we pass carbon dioxide gas through lime water?
________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
7. What is the ratio by mass between carbon and oxygen in CO2 ?

_____________________________________________________________________________

8. What is meant by esterification?
______________________________________________________________________________
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9. How will you change aspirin to make it water soluble?
______________________________________________________________________________
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10. Which two functional groups are joined together to give a carboxylic acid group?
_____________________________________________________________________________
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11. Name any four (4) commonly used carboxylic acids
______________________________________________________________________________
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12. While preparing cakes flour swells up on adding baking soda. Give reason of your answer.
____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
13.Which is more basic, Na2CO3 OR NaHCO3 ?
______________________________________________________________________________
14.Which acid is injected when red ants bite and what is their aim behind it?
_____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

OBJECT: Identify the functional group (phenol) in the given organic compound using ferric
chloride and soda lime test
APPARATUS
Test tube, test tube holder, test tube rack,
CHEMICALS
Ammonium hydroxide, ferric chloride, organic compound (phenol), ethanol, hydrochloric acid

Preliminary Test
Take organic compound No effervescences and no

Phenol group is indicated
(phenol) in the test tube CO2 is evolved
then add freshly prepared
cold solution of NaHCO3
Confirmatory Tests
1. FeCl3 Test
1.Take small amount of
organic compound (phenol)
Violet colour is appeared
in a test tube. Phenol is confirmed
(Note: Colour could be red/
2.Now add one or two drops
blue/ green/purple)
freshly prepared FeCl3
solution in the test tube by
the help of dropper.
3.Note down your
observation.
2.Soda lime Test

1.Take small amount of
No smoky flame or
organic compound (phenol)
blacking without
in a test tube. Phenol is confirmed
effervescences
2. Add about 1mL soda
lime to the content.
3.Heat the organic
compound with the soda
lime.
3.Note down your
observation.

PRECAUTIONS
1. Take small quantity to perform the test.
2. Differentiate between various colours to identify the result.
3. It is must to be looking towards the test tube for noting down any changes in the colour of
solution.
4. While pouring concentrated acid into test tube great care must be taken.
1. What is the nature of phenol? acidic, basic or neutral?

______________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the difference between an alcohol and a phenol while both possess hydroxyl group?
_____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. How will you distinguish between phenol and carboxylic acid, while both are acidic towards
litmus paper?
_____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What is the formula of phenol?
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. What is the other name of phenol?
__________________________________________________________________________
6. Why does phenol give ferric chloride test?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

OBJECT: Identify saturated and unsaturated organic compound by KMnO4
APPARATUS
Test-tube, test-tube holder, test tube rack
CHEMICALS
Acidified Potassium permanganate, organic compound (saturated compound -ghee OR tartaric acid
unsaturated compound – oil OR cinnamic acid), acetone
.
Potassium Permanganate
Test (Test for
unsaturation)
1. Take about 1.0g of the Disappearance of colour of KMnO4
Disappearance of colour of
given substance in water or solution indicates the presence of a
KMnO4 solution.
acetone. double or triple bond in the given
2. Now add 1 to 3 drops of compound.
2% aqueous potassium
permanganate solution and
shake.
3.Record your observation.
Potassium Permanganate
Test (Test for saturation) No change in colour of KMnO4
1.Take about 1.0g of the solution indicates the presence of
given substance in water or No change in colour of single bond in the given compound.
acetone. KMnO4 solution. Hence saturated compound is
2. Now add 1 to 3 drops of confirmed.
2% aqueous potassium
permanganate solution and
shake.
3. Record your observation.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Since the change in colour shows the completion of reaction. Therefore, you must be looking
towards the test tube for noting change in colour.
2. Use dry test tubes for preceding the performance.

1.Which two tests are performed to find unsaturation in a compound?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. Why double bond compounds are more reactive than single bond?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Name the product obtained when acidified KMnO4 reacts with ethane. Also write equation for
the reaction?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Why vegetable oil is called polyunsaturated organic compound?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. How many double bonds are there in benzene and how does it behave?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

OBJECT: To demonstrate that sugar decomposes into elements or other compounds.
APPARATUS
 Test tube
 Test tube holder
 Cobalt chloride paper
 Bunsen burner
 Match box
 Spatula
 Safety goggles
CHEMICAL
1. Sugar.
BACKGROUND KNOWLDEGE:
The chemical reaction in which a substance is broken down into two or more simpler substances is
called decomposition reaction.
The thermal decomposition of sugar results in its decomposition into carbon and steam.
CHEMICAL EQUATION
heat
C12H22O11 12C + 11H2O
PROCEDURE:
1. Fill about one third of the dry test tube with sugar crystals.
2. Hold the test tube by test tube holder.
3. Now heat the test tube gently with a Bunsen burner by using blue flame since it is hotter and
cleaner.
4. Bring dry cobalt chloride paper near the mouth of the test tube and observe the change in its colour.
PRECAUTION
1. Heat the test tube on blue flame.

2. Give to and fro motion to test tube.

OBSERVATION:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
RESULT
On heating strongly in a test tube, it decomposed to water and carbon.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
1. What are carbohydrates?

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrate?
________________________________________________________________________________.
3. What is meant by invert sugar?

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
4. Name any compound which is more than sweet as compared to sugar.
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. Write the chemical equations for the reaction of sugar with concentrated sulphric acid.
__________________________________________________________________________

OBJECT:
To study the temporary and permanent hardness of water and ways of removing permanent hardness
of water
APPARATUS
Beakers, test tubes, china dish, funnel, iron stand, funnel stand, filter paper, Bunsen burner,
CHEMICALS
Lime water, soap/ soap solution, sodium carbonate, sodium- zeolite
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
Temporary hardness of water is due to presence of bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium in water
Ca (HCO3)2 (aq)→ Ca++ + 2HCO3
Mg (HCO3)2(aq)→ Mg++ +2HCO3
Permanent hardness of water is due to the dissolved chlorides or sulphates of calcium and
magnesium.
CaCl2(aq) → Ca++ + 2Cl -
MgSO4 (aq) → Mg++ + SO4-2

Removal of temporary hardness
of water
i) Boiling
1. Take about 100mL hard water in
china dish and boil it for about
5min.
2. Cool and filter the water.
3. Take a small amount in test tube
and add a small piece or soap
solution in it.
4. Shake the content in test tube,
and record your observation
ii) Clark’s method

1. Take temporary hard water in a
beaker and add the calculated
amount of calcium hydroxide in it.
2. The white precipitate of calcium
carbonate is removed by filtration.
3. Take a small amount of filtrate
(which is now soft water) in a test
tube, add a small piece of soap/
solution and shake it.

Removal of permanent hardness

of water
i) By adding Washing Soda
1. Add washing soda to the hard
water
2. The precipitate of calcium
carbonate is removed by filtration.
3. Add the soap or soap solution to
the filtrate, shake and record the
observation.
ii) By Ion Exchange Method

1. Pass the water through a column
filled with sodium zeolite, the ion
exchanger
2. Collect the soft water from the
bottom.
3. Add the soap / soap solution to
the collected water and shake
4. Record your observations.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Use clean and dry test tubes.
2. Filtration should be done with great care.
3. Take small amount of filtrate (soft water) to test with soap solution.
1. What is the cause of temporary and permanent hardness of water?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

2. Write any three disadvantages of hard water.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
3. Name the reagents use to remove temporary and permanent hardness of water.
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Name the main sources of water pollution.
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. How can sodium- zeolite is regenerated?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
6. The best method to remove the permanent hardness of water is distillation.

Why this method is not common?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
7. Do the term hard water and heavy water convey the same thing?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8. Regular use of hard water in the boilers reduces their heat conducting property. Why?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Chemistry 10 Portfolio 2022-23 (Revised)

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Chemistry Portfolio

Portfolio/Chemistry/ X / AKS, South Page 1 of 40

It is hereby certified that Mr. / Miss_____________________________

of class __________________ has carried out the necessary practical

year 2022 to 2023

Teacher’s name Initial

Portfolio/Chemistry/ X / AKS, South Page 2 of 40

1 To determine the pH of different solutions by the help of pH 4-6

7 Identify the functional group (aldehyde) in the given organic 25-28

9 Identify phenol using ferric chloride test 32-33

10 Identify saturated and unsaturated organic compound by 34-35

Portfolio/Chemistry/ X / AKS, South Page 3 of 40

Portfolio/Chemistry/ X / AKS, South Page 4 of 40

S. No Substances Colour of PH of solution Substances

FOOD FOR THOUGHT!!!!!!!!!!

1. Why pure water has pH value 7?

Portfolio/Chemistry/ X / AKS, South Page 5 of 40

3. What is the range of pH scale?

4. If pH of a solution is 5.5, what will be its pOH?

5. What is the pH of human blood?

6. What is the advantage of finding the pH of soil?

7. Why is it important to know the pH of a substance?

8. What is ant acid and why it is used in acidity of stomach?

Portfolio/Chemistry/ X / AKS, South Page 6 of 40

Portfolio/Chemistry/ X / AKS, South Page 7 of 40

Portfolio/Chemistry/ X / AKS, South Page 8 of 40

Initial Reading (mL) Final Reading (mL) Difference (mL)

Mean Reading: ___________mL

Calculation for Finding Molarity

Portfolio/Chemistry/ X / AKS, South Page 9 of 40

FOOD FOR THOUGHT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

1. What is the standard solution?

3. Name acids present in

Portfolio/Chemistry/ X / AKS, South Page 10 of 40

6. What is the colour of phenolphthalein in acid medium?

8. What will you do if the soil of an area is too much acidic?

9. In which part of the body HCl is present?

10. Why ammonia turns red litmus into blue?

Portfolio/Chemistry/ X / AKS, South Page 11 of 40

Portfolio/Chemistry/ X / AKS, South Page 12 of 40

Initial Reading (mL) Final Reading (mL) Difference (mL)

Mean Reading: __________

Portfolio/Chemistry/ X / AKS, South Page 13 of 40

Portfolio/Chemistry/ X / AKS, South Page 14 of 40

1. Remove the air bubbles from the jet of the burette.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

1. Is oxalic acid liquid or solid?

2. What is meant by primary standard? Give some examples of primary standards?

4. What is the common name of sodium hydroxide?

5. Why sodium hydroxide has corrosive action on skin?

Portfolio/Chemistry/ X / AKS, South Page 15 of 40

Experiment Observation Inference and Chemical Equations

Portfolio/Chemistry/ X / AKS, South Page 16 of 40

b. Add a little ammonium The presence of chloride (Cl -) ion in

Portfolio/Chemistry/ X / AKS, South Page 17 of 40

FOOD FOR THOUGHT!!!!!!!!!

2. What is the difference between Cl, Cl- and Cl2?

3. Which element of halogen does not occur naturally?

Portfolio/Chemistry/ X / AKS, South Page 18 of 40

S.No Salt Colour of flame through naked eyes Inference

Portfolio/Chemistry/ X / AKS, South Page 19 of 40

FOOD FOR THOUGHT!!!!!!!!!!

1. Why platinum wire must be cleaned before performing flame test?