Precision Nutrition by Heinri Spangenberg (Ph.D.

Includes Trace (Pr.Sci.Nat. Reg.no. 400005/00)

Westside Enterprises (Pty) Ltd
Minerals
IntelliBond

Precision “[Nutritionists] are often much

more lenient regarding trace
Nutrition Includes mineral nutrition and more often

Trace Minerals than not just include the feed

concentration levels in parts per
million (ppm) recommended by
the NRC or the premix house.
However, these recommendations
are often exceeded because raw
material (RM) contributions are
not taken into account and are
therefore further escalated “to
make sure” there is adequate
supply without any substantial
reason.”

“ [when deciding] which

available source of Zn, Mn and
Cu to use for supplementing
the calculated requirement, it is
fair to assume that cost and
bioavailability will be the major
issues influencing this decision
BUT, it is also important to
ensure that the chosen source
does not harm the other
additives in the premix, the
ingredients in the feed, the
microorganisms in the rumen
and the animals general health
and well-being. “

02
 IntelliBond

“It is important to analyse RM for

trace mineral content in order to
have a firm grip on basal
contribution in total trace mineral
supply (to ensure adequate and
not excessive TM supply).” “We now know that sulphates
may cause more harm to
“…dietary trace mineral ruminant performance than
contribution and efficiency of previously realised. As shown
absorption has been taken into in this article, a well formulated,
account with the NRC, 2001 high-quality premix containing
recommendations. It is therefore IntelliBond TM’s will contribute
very important to take raw material 4% to the RM cost of a high-end
trace mineral content into account dairy meal. The IntelliBond TM’s
in diet formulation in order to will contribute 18% to the total RM
ensure adequate and not cost of the premix and 0.75% to
excessive supply in the quest for the total RM cost of the dairy
precision nutrition.” meal. Therefore, backed by solid
research and at a fraction of the
total feed cost comes complete
“The mineral requirement in most,
peace of mind in terms of the
if not all, U.S.-based nutrition
optimal health, production and
models come directly from the
reproduction of the herd.
NRC. Because of the potential
So, why compromise?”
problems associated with both
under and over supplementation
of trace minerals, most diets
should not deviate greatly from
NRC requirements.”
- Dr Bill Weiss

03
IntelliBond

Precision Nutrition
Includes Trace Minerals
Claims such as “This feed is optimally formulated for or to supply the correct balance of minerals and trace
minerals” is often seen in brochures, advertisements and promotional articles. But is it really? Many articles have
been published about precision farming, including precision nutrition. As nutritionists, we spend a lot of time
developing and improving nutrition models in an effort to perfect animal production predictions with actual
on-farm performance. This focuses mainly on the evaluation of protein and energy systems in all its complexity
within digestion physiology.

Nutritionists are often much more lenient regarding trace mineral nutrition and more often than not just
include the feed concentration levels in part per million (ppm) recommended by the NRC or the premix house.
However, these recommendations are often exceeded because raw material (RM) contributions are not taken
into account and are therefore further escalated “to make sure” there is adequate supply without any
substantial reason.

We need to supply adequately, not excessively, otherwise it might cause more problems if not justified by factors
that will be explained in this article. It is important to follow the same disciplined process of supplying the required
amount of trace elements for specific animals and performance targets after RM contribution is taken into
account. It is also important to supply the required amount using a trace mineral source that do not harm the
other additives in the premix, the ingredients in the feed, the microorganisms in the rumen and the animals
general health and well-being.

Trace Mineral Function

The role of trace minerals in animal nutrition is extremely important as functional components of
numerous metabolic events. According to Underwood and Suttle (1999) trace mineral functions can be
categorized into four broad types of functions, namely structural, physiological, catalytic and regulatory.

Structural function refers to minerals forming structural components of body organs and tissue. An example is
the contribution of zinc to molecular and membrane stability.

Physiological function occurs when minerals in body fluids and tissues act as electrolytes to maintain osmotic
pressure, acid base balance, and membrane permeability.

Catalytic function refers to the catalytic role of metalloenzymes in enzyme and hormone systems and is probably
the largest category for trace minerals. Trace elements serve as structural components of metalloenzymes and
when trace elements are removed or deficient, the enzyme activity is lost. Numerous metalloenzymes are required
for a wide range of metabolic activities such as energy production, protein digestion, cell replication, antioxidant
activity and wound healing.

Regulatory function, such as the influence on transcription by zinc, and iodine serving as a constituent of
thyroxine, which is a hormone associated with thyroid function and energy metabolism.

04
 IntelliBond

Precision
Nutrition
The first step in trace mineral nutrition is to establish the requirement for a specific animal or animal group
relative to the specific production objectives.

Calculated Zn, Mn and Cu requirements of 680kg cow producing 45kg milk per day (NRC, 2001) Table 1
Table 1 is an example
680 kg Cow 45kg milk per day ZINC MANGANESE COPPER
of the typical Zn, Mn
Parameter
and Cu requirements for
1 Endogenous fecal loss mg/kg/BW 0,033 0,000 0,007
a 680kg Holstein cow,
2 Urinary loss mg/kg/BW 0,012 0,000
3 Maintenance Total mg/kg/BW 0,045 0,002 0,007 producing 45kg milk
4 Maintenance Total mg for 680kg cow 680 30,600 680 1,360 680 4,828 with a 26.9kg DMI (NRC,
5 Milk Prod Total mg/kg/Milk 4,000 0,030 0,150 2001, pg. 266, Table
6 Milk Prod Total mg for 40kg milk 45 180,000 45 1,350 45 6,750 14-7, column 3) is
7 Total mg per day required 210,600 2,710 11,578
calculated stepwise.
8 DIETARY CONC PPM for 25kg DMI 27 7,829 27 0,101 27 0,430
9 Efficiency of dietary absorption 15% 1404,000 0,75% 361,333 4% 289,450
10 DIETARY CONC PPM for 25kg DMI 27 52,193 27 13,432 27 10,760
11 Weiss Factor (or your own factor) 1,2 62,63 2,5 33,58 1,2 12,91
300 kg Heifer Growth
12 Maintenance Total mg/kg/BW 0,045 0,002 0,007
13 Maintenance Total mg for 300kg heifer 300 13,500 300 0,600 300 2,130
14 Growth Total mg per 1kg ADG 1,0 24,000 1,0 0,700 1.0 1,150
15 Growth Total mg per 0.7kg ADG 0,7 16,800 0,7 0,490 0.7 0,805
16 Total mg per day required 30,300 1,090 2,935
17 DIETARY CONC PPM for 6kg DMI 6 5,050 6 0,182 6 0,489
18 Efficiency of dietary absorption 15% 202,000 0,75% 145,333 4% 73,375
19 DIETARY CONC PPM for 6kg DMI 6 33,667 6 24,222 6 12,229
680 kg Cow Growth
20 Growth Total mg per 1kg ADG 1,0 24,000 1,0 0,700 1,0 1,150
21 Growth Total mg per 0.078kg ADG 0,078 1,872 0,078 0,055 0,078 0,090
22 Total mg per day required 1,872 0,055 0,090
23 DIETARY CONC PPM for 25kg DMI 27 0,070 27 0,002 27 0,003
24 Efficiency of dietary absorption 15% 12,480 0,75% 7,280 4% 2,243
25 DIETARY CONC PPM for 25kg DMI 27 0,464 27 0,271 27 0,083
680 kg Cow Gestation
26 Fetus and Uterus retention mg/day 12,000 0,300 1,500
27 Total mg per day required 12,000 0,300 1,500
28 DIETARY CONC PPM for 25kg DMI 27 0,446 27 0,011 27 0,056
29 Efficiency of dietary absorption 15% 80,000 0,75% 40,000 27 37,500
30 DIETARY CONC PPM for 25kg DMI 27 2,974 27 1,487 4% 1,394

31 Total mg per day required 224,472 3,065 13,168

32 DIETARY CONC PPM for 25kg DMI 27 8,345 25 0,123 25 0,527
33 Efficiency of dietary absorption 15% 1496,480 0,75% 408,613 4% 329,193
34 DIETARY CONC PPM for 25kg DMI 17 55,631 27 15,190 27 12,238
35 Weiss Factor 1,2 66,76 2,5 37,98 1,2 14,69

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IntelliBond

This example is to clarify how the requirements in the tables on the last page are determined, taking into account
the parameters in the table. When endogenous fecal loss, urinary loss, maintenance and milk production is taken
into account, the dietary required concentration in ppm for Zn, Mn and Cu (row 10) is the same as in the NRC,
2001, pg. 266 as mentioned above. The NRC stipulates that this is a 680kg mature cow and therefore growth
would not be taken into account. For the purpose of this exercise, 710kg is considered mature weight and the
680kg cow in third lactation is 96% of mature weight. Growth is therefore calculated as 0.078kg per day to reach
mature weight at the start of the fourth lactation which amounts to the additional dietary required concentration
in ppm Zn, Mn and Cu (row 25). The required concentrations for gestation are shown in row 30, but this is only
taken into account in the last 30 to 60 days of gestation.

It is important to take note of the daily required mg of these trace minerals (row 7) and the required dietary
concentration in ppm (row 8). This is the actual requirement if it is assumed that bioavailability is 100%. Therefore,
if absorption is 100%, only this small quantity needs to be available in the duodenum. HOWEVER, the efficiency of
absorption from the diet must be taken into account and in this case it is 15% for Zn, 0.75% for Mn and 4% for Cu
(row 9). The dietary requirement after efficiency of absorption (row 10) is therefore much higher than the actual
requirement (row 8). This means that dietary trace mineral contribution and efficiency of absorption has
been taken into account with the NRC, 2001 recommendations. It is therefore very important to take raw
material trace mineral content into account in diet formulation in order to ensure adequate and not
excessive supply in the quest for precision nutrition.

The second step is to decide if it is necessary to use safety factors, e.g. Weiss factor for Zn, Mn and Cu used in
this exercise (row 11). This must be based upon sound research and recommendations such as suggested by Drs.
Bill Weiss and Matthew Faulkner of The Ohio State University and summarized in Table 2. In his owns words “The
mineral requirement in most, if not all, U.S.-based nutrition models comes directly from the NRC. Because of the
potential problems associated with both under and over supplementation of trace minerals, most diets should not
deviate greatly from NRC requirements.”

The only exceptions are Mn and Co where the NRC, 2001 requirements may be too low and should be adjusted as
recommended in Table 2. We can be assured that the problem areas regarding requirements will be properly
addressed in the new NRC (publication pending). When the safety factors have been applied, the actual required
dietary concentrations in ppm for Zn, Mn and Cu are shown in row 11.

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 IntelliBond

Trace NRC Safety Table 2

Comment
mineral requirement1 factor2 Approximate 2001
NRC requirements for
May increase milk yield in early lactating dairy cows
Chromium Not established NA
lactation at ~ 0.5ppm. and suggested safety
factors for trace
NRC recommendations may not minerals. (Updated by
Cobalt 0.11 ppm 2-4x
maximize vitamin B-12 status. Weiss and Faulkner,
2014).

1.2x NRC should be fed to

reduce the risk of deficiency
because of uncertainty in supply
and requirements. The safety
factor must be increased as
Copper 10-12 ppm 1.2-3x
dietary (includes minerals from
water) sulphur and Mo
concentrations increase about
0.25% and 1 ppm, respectively.
Cu should not exceed 3x NRC.

Iodine 3.3 mg/100 lbs 1x No new data justifying need for a

BW safety factor.

No evidence that NRC level is not

Iron 15-18 ppm 1-1.2x adequate; most basal diets contain
more than adequare Fe.

Studies have shown that NRC is not

Manganese 12-18 ppm 2.5-3.5x adequate; studies suggest 35 to 50
ppm is adequare.

0.3 ppm FDA regulations prohibit greater

Selenium 1x
(supplemental) supplementation rates.

1.2x NRC should be fed to

reduce the risk of deficiency
Zinc 43-50 ppm 1.2x
because of uncertainty in supply
and requirements.

Requirement assumes typical absorption coefficients and typical dry matter intakes.
1

2
Values expressed relative to NRC (2001) requirement. For example, if requirement is
12 ppm and safety factor is 1.25, diet should contain 12 * 1.25 = 15 ppm.

07
IntelliBond

The third step is to determine the amount of Zn, Mn and Cu to supplement by subtracting the dietary
content from the requirement calculated in row 11. Therefore, it is important to analyze the RM’s for trace
mineral content in order to have a firm grip on basal contribution in total supply (to ensure adequate and
not excessive TM supply). In the absence of raw material analysis, and purely as a guideline, basal contributions
can typically be taken at 50% of SA maize-, lucerne-, by-product-based diets which contain 30 – 40 ppm Zn, 25 – 35
ppm Mn and 5 – 9 ppm Cu. At least 50% of these values can be regarded as contributing to the trace mineral
requirements of the animal, BUT it is actually 100% because efficiency of absorption has already been taken into
account in the calculation for requirements. Therefore, when only 50% (or any percentage you decide upon) is
taken as the contribution, it is considered as another safety factor, e.g. to make accommodation for soil
contamination of forages such as hay and silages. It is also recommended to analyze drinking water to
determine its contribution to the daily trace mineral requirements of the animals.

The fourth step is to decide which available source of Zn, Mn and Cu to use for supplementing the
calculated requirement. It is fair to assume that cost and bioavailability will be the major issues
influencing this decision BUT it is also important to ensure that the chosen source does not harm the
other additives in the premix, the ingredients in the feed, the microorganisms in the rumen and the
animals general health and well-being.

The TM supplementary sources are derived from three major groups of trace minerals. The first is the
inorganic group, which includes oxides and sulphates and were developed in early 1900’s. The second is the
organic group, which are either complexed or chelated to organic ligands such as amino acids or polysaccharides
and have been in use since 1970. The third is the hydroxy group, which was developed more recently by
Micronutrients in 1995 and commercialised as the IntelliBond range.

As a general rule, the bioavailability of all sources are measured relative to sulphates (RBV). Oxides are almost
insoluble with a very low RBV and price but should not be considered as a TM source in ruminant nutrition.
Sulphates are highly soluble with a medium RBV and price. Sulphates are still widely used today, either on their
own or in combination with organic sources and have been effective in correcting as well as preventing trace
mineral deficiencies in cattle. However, in the presence of certain antagonists, bioavailability of inorganic trace
mineral sources can be low. Various feed grade sources of a particular metal can also differ in purity and other
factors that can affect bioavailability of the mineral. Table 3 illustrates the relative bioavailability of Zn from
different feed grade oxide and sulphate sources in chicksa (Table presented by Dr. Jerry Spears in 2014)

Zinc Source Colour RBV,%

ZnS04 - analytical grade white 100

ZnS04 - feed grade 1 white 86

ZnS04 - feed grade 2 white 87

Zn0 - analytical grade white 89

Zn0 - feed grade 1 pale yellow 94

Zn0 - feed grade 2 greenish-brown 34 Table 3

Zn0 - feed grade 3 charcoal 44 RBV of Zn from
Zn0 - feed grade 4 gray-white 84 different feed grade
oxide and sulphate
a
RBV based on weight gain in chicks fed a Zn deficient diet, Edwards & Baker, 1999
sources in chicksa
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 IntelliBond

Organic sources vary in solubility with a high RBV and price, while the IntelliBond hydroxy TM’s have a low
solubility, high RBV and an intermediate price. Micronutrients transformed hydroxy TM technology by the
development of IntelliBond with its unique smart bonds in a crystalline structure (known as smart minerals). They
also developed and patented the OptiSize particles, which are highly uniform in the size of the spheres (100-300
micron) making them inert, non-hygroscopic, dust free and ideal for uniform mixability. This unique technology
ensures a RBV of 196% and 204% for Cu and Zn respectively, or an average of 200%, which is at least the same as
some organic TM’s BUT comes at a substantially lower cost – all supported by solid science and empirical data
(please also refer to the article “If it doesn’t say IntelliBond it isn’t IntelliBond” – also available on our website).

A further point to make, using Zn as an example, is that according to NRC, 2001, ZnSO4 has an absorption
coefficient (AC) of 0.20 or efficiency of absorption of 20% (terminology used in Table 1). This is higher than the 15%
efficiency of dietary absorption used in Table 1. The amount of Zn that needs to be supplemented, as calculated
and described in step 3 (the amount after subtracting dietary contribution) is based on 15% dietary absorption
(see Table 1). This can be further optimized to take into account the real AC of ZnSO4 (NRC, 2001, Table 15.4).
Alternatively, take the amount based upon 15% as a safety factor. Assuming the RBV of sulphates is 100, this
amount will then be divided by 1 if supplemented as ZnSO4. Both good organic TM’s and IntelliBond have a RBV of
200, twice the bioavailability of ZnSO4 and therefore could be supplemented at half the amount
of ZnSO4.

(NRC requirement as calculated in Table 1 x correction factor) - ((dietary contribution x safety factor for
contribution) + (water contribution x safety factor for contribution)) = required amount to supplement.
A Divide this by 1 if supplemented in sulfate and with dietary absorption efficiency OR correct for
sulfate AC as described above.

B Divide A by up to 2 if IntelliBond is used as a source.

Table 4 is an example of a premix formulation for Zn, Mn and Cu to be included in a dairy meal fed at 60% of
the total mixed ration (TMR). Column 3 x column 4 = column 5. The average for trace minerals analyzed on a
specific farm are shown in column 6. These values were multiplied with a safety factor of 60% to give the values in
column 7. Column 5 – column 7 = column 8/0.6 = column 9, which is the required trace mineral inclusion for a
dairy meal that contributes 60% to the TMR. As described above, IntelliBond can replace SO4 at 50% of
requirement. In this example SO4 was replaced with 75% IntelliBond TM’s which is the calculated value in column
8 x 75%, therefore a 25% safety factor.

Safety factor 1: Applied as suggested by Weiss & Falkner, 2014.

Safety factor 2: Only 60% of dietary content taken as contribution.
Safety factor 3: Dietary efficiency of absorption and not real AC for trace minerals.
Safety factor 4: Sulphates replaced with 75% IntelliBond instead of 50%.

09
IntelliBond

Table 4
An example how to calculate the required Zn, Mn and Cu to supplement in dairy meal

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Active Source ppm NRC Rec Corr NRC x Corr TM TM in TMR Rec PX Rec PX
Factor Factor in TMR x safety Supply Supply
Weiss factor TMR Meal

Avg 60% 75% 60,00%

WHEN SUPPLEMENTED WITH SO4

ZnSO4 (Active) ppm 55,00 1,20 66,00 30,00 18,00 48,00 80,00
MnSO4 (Active) ppm 18,00 2,50 45,00 30,00 18,00 27,00 45,00
CuSO4 (Active) ppm 12,00 1,20 14,40 6,00 3,60 10,80 18,00
WHEN SUPPLEMENTED WITH IB

Zn Intellibond (Active) ppm 55,00 1,20 66,00 30,00 18,00 36,00 60,00
Mn Intellibond (Active) ppm 18,00 2,50 45,00 30,00 18,00 20,25 33,75
Cu Intellibond (Active) ppm 12,00 1,20 14,40 6,00 3,60 8,10 13,50

Table 5 is an example of various options and ratios when formulating premixes for Zn, Mn and Cu. In this
example the aim is to include 18ppm Cu, 45ppm Mn and 80ppm Zn in a dairy meal. The first column depicts
different combinations of sulphates, organics and IntelliBond. The second column shows the percentage inclusion
of the requirement relative to sulphates (RBV 100) and the third column ratios, e.g. the typical use of 75%
sulphates : 25% organics. The economics for each mineral and the option is then calculated. The last column
shows the total cost that each option will have on the dairy meal cost. If only sulphates are used, the cost will be a
mere R7.27 as opposed to R27.82 for the typical use of 75:25 sulphates:organics. If IntelliBond is used at 75% of
the recommendation as described in the example (see Table 4), it will cost R25.56. This is cheaper than the
sulphates:organics combination and with NO SULPHATES included. If a combination of 75% sulphates : 25%
IntelliBond is used, it will cost only R13.96 with the same RBV as it would be with a good source of organics. If
organics have to be included, it is recommended to include 75% of the recommendation or requirement with 80%
IntelliBond : 20% organics (or 60% IntelliBond and 15% organics). See table 5 on the next page.

Summary
Reassurance of product quality and consistent animal performance excellence outweighs the low cost of cheap
product development and feed formulation. When it comes to premix development, IntelliBond hydroxy trace
minerals ensure (1) very high active ingredient compared to other sources, (2) stable covalent bonds that will not
dissolve and react with antagonists that renders the trace mineral unavailable for absorption or act as
pro-oxidants that can damage lipids and fat-soluble vitamins in the premix, TMR or in the rumen. “We now know
that sulphates may cause more harm to ruminant performance than previously realised. As shown in this
article, a well formulated, high-quality premix containing IntelliBond TM’s will contribute 4% to the RM
cost of a high-end dairy meal. The IntelliBond TM’s will contribute 18% to the total RM cost of the premix
and 0.75% to the total RM cost of the dairy meal. Therefore, backed by solid research and at a fraction of
the total feed cost comes complete peace of mind in terms of the optimal health, production and
reproduction of the herd. So, why compromise?”

For more information and inquiries visit our website at www.westside.co.za or message us at info@westside.co.za

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 Incl 12 Cu Incl 35 Mn Incl 60 Zn

Combination Economics: % of Ratio Required Total material Total material

Recomm Cost per kg Cost per g g /ton feed Cost/ton feed Cost per kg Cost per g Incl/ton feed Cost/ton feed Cost per kg Cost per g Incl/ton feed Cost/ton feed

Sulphate only 100% 100% R 34,10 R 0,034 12 R 1,64 R 12,50 R 0,013 35 R 1,38 R 14,90 R 0,015 60 R 4,26 R7,27

Sulphate 75% 100% 75% R 34,10 R 0,034 9 R 1,23 R 0,013 26 R 1,03 R 0,015 45 R 3,19
Organics 25% 25% R 102,45 R 0,102 3 R 3,07 R 0,00 R 0,079 9 R 8,59 R 0,00 R 0,086 15 R 10,71
Total R 4,30 R 9,62 R 13,90 R27,82

Sulphate 50% 100% 50% R 34,10 R 0,034 6 R 0,82 R 0,013 18 R 0,69 R 0,015 30 R 2,13
Organics 50% 50% R 102,45 R 0,102 6 R 6,15 R 78,50 R 0,079 18 R 17,17 R 85,65 R 0,086 30 R 21,41
Total R 6,97 R 17,86 R 23,54 R48,37

Intellibond Hydroxychloride 100% of spec 100% 100% R 227,00 R 0,227 12 R 5,04 R 136,00 R 0,136 35 R 10,82 R 167,00 R 0,167 60 R 18,22 R34,08
Intellibond Hydroxychloride 75% of spec 75% 75% R 227,00 R 0,227 9 R 3,78 R 0,136 26 R 8,11 R 0,167 45 R 13,66 R25,56
Intellibond Hydroxychloride 60% of spec 60% 60% R 227,00 R 0,227 7 R 3,03 R 0,136 21 R 6,49 R 0,167 36 R 10,93 R20,45

Intellibond Hydroxychloride 75% 90% 75% R 227,00 R 0,227 9 R 3,78 R 0,136 26 R 8,11 R 0,167 45 R 13,66
Organics 15% 15% R 102,45 R 0,102 2 R 1,84 R 0,079 5 R 5,15 R 0,086 9 R 6,42
Total R 5,63 R 13,27 R 20,09 R38,98

Intellibond Hydroxychloride 60% 75% 60% R 227,00 R 0,227 7 R 3,03 R 0,136 21 R 6,49 R 0,167 36 R 10,93
Organics 15% 15% R 102,45 R 0,102 2 R 1,84 R 0,079 5 R 5,15 R 0,086 9 R 6,42
Total R 4,87 R 11,64 R 17,35 R33,87

Sulphate 25% 100% 25% R 34,10 R 0,034 3 R 0,41 R 0,013 9 R 0,34 R 0,015 15 R 1,06
Intellibond Hydroxychloride 75% 75% R 227,00 R 0,227 9 R 3,78 R 0,136 26 R 8,11 R 0,167 45 R 13,66
Total R 4,19 R 8,46 R 14,73 R27,38

Sulphate 50% 100% 50% R 34,10 R 0,034 6 R 0,82 R 0,013 18 R 0,69 R 0,015 30 R 2,13
Intellibond Hydroxychloride 50% 50% R 227,00 R 0,227 6 R 2,52 R 0,136 18 R 5,41 R 0,167 30 R 9,11
Total R 3,34 R 6,10 R 11,24 R20,68

Sulphate 75% 100% 75% R 34,10 R 0,034 9 R 1,23 R 0,013 26 R 1,03 R 0,015 45 R 3,19
Intellibond Hydroxychloride 25% 25% R 227,00 R 0,227 3 R 1,26 R 0,136 9 R 2,70 R 0,167 15 R 4,55
Total R 2,49 R 3,74 R 7,75 R13,97
formulation.
Table 5

Zn, Mn and Cu premix

Various options for source,
combinations and ratios for
IntelliBond

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 T +27 21 686 8265
W www.westside.co.za
E info@westside.co.za