PREMENTARY

CARTILLA DE ESTUDIO
 Let´s learn how to….

1.1 Describe your institution.

1.2 Describe your daily routine.

Lesson 1.1 – Describing my institution

LET’S GET STARTED

Look at the following activities

and match them with their
respective pictures:
a. b. c.
1 Coast Guard
2 Cadets/Cabin boys
3 Armed Forces
4 Shipping companies
5 Military Academy

d. e.

LET’S LISTEN

The following talks about the PMMA, a maritime institution in the Philippines. Please listen carefully and then answer the
questions:
a. What does PMMA stand for? b. Where is it located? c. What is its primary objective?
e. Why are the cadets trained so hard both
d. Which are some of its maritime majors?
academically and physically?

LET’S READ Now check your answers with the information in the text

THE PMMA
What is the PMMA? The Philippine Merchant Marine Academy (PMMA) is the premier
maritime institution of the Philippines. Its graduates are well-known for being highly trained,
not only in academics, but most especially in leadership and discipline. They are highly sought
after by shipping companies. But what does it actually take to mold these men and women
into becoming the leaders of this highly competitive industry? The answer to that is quite
complicated and might be impossible to explain entirely, but it all begins with a solid
foundation.
 What do they study at PMMA? The department of naval science and tactics conducts the
military training as PMMA cadets are required to be commissioned as reserve officers in the
Philippine Navy upon graduation. The maritime profession, whether in the Merchant Marine,
a Coast Guard, or Navy, involves a lot of physical work in conjunction with the theoretical
aspects. Therefore, it is very important to develop both the theoretical and practical skills
necessary for their future careers whether it's in the private sector or in the Armed Services.

Is it difficult to study at PMMA? It is regimented but it is not different from a shipboard environment where schedules and
routines are basically a way of life. By implementing this style of training PMMA stays true to its primary objective, to provide
the Philippine Merchant Marine with efficient and well-trained Marine officers capable of meeting the needs of an ever-
expanding foreign and coastwise trade and competent to serve as naval officers in time of war and national emergency. A
regimented daily routine is just one way in which the academy prepares cadets for a life at sea, because seafaring is not just
all about academics it is a way of life which only those who are intellectually emotionally and physically fit can never hope to
thrive in.

LET’S FOCUS ON GRAMMAR

Language focus: The verb to be

Subject pronoun Present simple form Contractions

Be is just one of many verbs in the English
language. It is used as a main or as an auxiliary I Am I’m
verb. The verb to be is an irregular verb and it has You Are You’re
eight different forms: be, am, is, are, was, were, She / he / it Is She’s / he’s / it’s
being, been. But first, let’s review the conjugation We Are We’re
of this verb in the present simple tense: They Are They’re

Let’s find some sentences in the reading “The PMMA” where they use the verb to be, use the verbs in bold as a guide and
highlight these sentences.

E.g., The Philippine Merchant Marine Academy (PMMA) is the premier maritime institution of the Philippines.

You can also replace the pronouns, he/she/it/they by proper nouns, and the conjugation will be the same.
Try filling the gaps in the next chart by adding the correct conjugation of the verb in the present simple tense and add a
complement to form a sentence (a sentence is a group of words composed of a subject, a conjugated verb, and a
complement):

Subject Be in present simple form Complement

(e.g.) Charlie Is a cadet at PMMA.
Mary
The school
The cadets/
cabin boys
Your classmates

Remember a sentence can be written in three main forms:
Affirmative (+): The cadets/cabin boys are highly trained.
Negative (-): It is not different from a shipboard environment.
Interrogative (?): Is it difficult to study at your academy?
What are the duties of a cadet/cabin boy?
LET’S WRITE
Focus on the position of the verb depending on the
form of the sentence and write three sentences about
your own academy:
+ _________________________________________
-__________________________________________
? _________________________________________
 LET’S LEARN SOMETHING NEW The adjectives
An adjective is a describing word. It tells you more about a noun. An adjective usually appears before the noun it “describes”
or “modifies”. Sometimes, though, the adjective appears after the noun, later in the sentence. Look at the following sentences
where the adjectives are in bold:

E.g., The PMMA is the premier maritime institution of the Philippines. Its graduates are well known for being highly trained.

Now, let’s go back to your reading and scan it to find the underlined adjectives. Focus on their position in the sentence and
the subjects they refer to. Try finding the adjectives in the third paragraph and underline them.

LET’S WRITE

Language goal: Describe your navy academy.

Your academy opened a new section in their website where new applicants can ask the current students about the
activities that take place there, and you were chosen to help them. Read the questions and answer with short sentences.

Hello, where is your Academy located? ___________________________________________

What is the academy like? _____________________________________________________
What do you like the most from it? ______________________________________________
What are some majors at ENAP/ENSUB? __________________________________________
What are the students and teachers like? _________________________________________

LET’S TALK

Language goal: talk about your navy academy.

At PMMA the cadets have a regimented routine. They put on their athletic uniforms
and eat very healthy food. Then, they study very hard until they develop the
necessary skills to achieve both, the academical and physical requirements.

Look at the example and think of your own academy. Now tell a
classmate a little bit about it, take turns so each one has the chance to speak. Try using
adjectives like the ones in bold.
 Lesson 1.2 – Describing my daily routine.

LET’S LEARN SOMETHING

NEW

Pay attention to the (34) Are You Tough Enough To Study in this Academy? | A Day in the Life of PMMA Cadets -
YouTube. Now, look at the following activities, and according with the video you just watched, discuss with a
partner and guess what they mean. Then, match them with their respective pictures. Use a dictionary if needed:

reveille – muster – colors - academic instructions – mess - taps - tattoo

a. (E.g.) Tattoo b. _________ c. _________ d._____________ e.____________ f.__________ g. __________

LET’S READ

The following describes the daily routine of the PMMA Cadets. Carefully, read the text while you fill in the blanks with the
words in the box, then listen and check your answers.

calisthenics and road run - morning colors - fix their bunks - call to formation - morning muster - signals reveille - morning mess

A day in the life of PMMA cadets

This is a typical day in the life of the Cadets of the Philippine Merchant Marine Academy (PMMA), from reveille to TAPS, we
go through the whole daily routine and show the unique training style of PMMA, which many maritime schools in the
Philippines try so hard to copy.

It's early in the morning, the quarterdeck (e.g.) ___________________. At the sound of the three-whistle blast, the cadets
wake up from their sleep. They have five minutes to ___________________, perform personal necessities, and shift in their
athletic uniforms. Two whistles mean standby along the hallway, this is in preparation for the final blast of the whistle, the
________________________. On the formation ground, they carry out ________________________. This is done to check
there is full house, and to ensure that no one is missing.

As soon as everyone is accounted for, the cadets proceed to the next routine, the ________________________. Physical
fitness is an important requirement for shipboard duty, which is why physical exercise is done every day in order to ensure
that PMMA cadets are all physically fit and ready to be deployed on board a ship without any issue in their pre-embarkation
medical exams. The exercises are composed of the standard navy dozen, as well as five rounds of running, which is equivalent
to a total distance of about four kilometers. After the morning exercise, a brief period is given for cleaning stations and
personal hygiene before the cadets go for ________________________, which is the time the cadets have a healthy
breakfast. Later, they are given a few minutes to prepare for _______________________. Patriotism is one of the major
qualities which the academy inculcates in the cadets. One simple way of doing this is by paying respect to the Philippine flag.

LET’S LISTEN TO CHECK THE ANSWERS

 LET’S FOCUS ON GRAMMAR
Language focus: the simple present
Use: the simple present tense is
mainly used to express habits and
routines, general facts, repeated
actions or permanent situations,
emotions, and desires.
E.g. In the changing over of the watch,
the cadets proceed to the academic
buildings for classroom instructions.
Academics take up most of the cadets’
time, this is the period when they
acquire the knowledge and skills
necessary for their future profession.
Write five habits or routines you have:
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
Structure: in the simple present,
most regular verbs use the root
form, except in the third-person
singular (he/she/it) which ends in
-s, -es – ies.
E.g., PMMA is well equipped with
various modern training equipment
and simulators and retains a faculty
with highly experienced master
Mariners and chief engineers. The
morning session knocks off at 1145h
to go way for noon mess.
Fill in the blanks with the correct form
of the verb:
1.Cadets ________ at 6 am every day.
(to line up)
2.The class ______________ at 4pm.
(to finish)
3.Each student ________ his laptop.
(to carry)
4.The semester __________ in June.
(to end)
5.I always _______________ at 4am.
(to wake up)
Practice: read the following
extract and identify the verbs in
the present simple tense.
Differentiate those regular from
the irregular verbs.
The cadets go back to the academic
buildings and resume classroom
instructions. The cadets are also
encouraged to visit the library,
which is stocked with a vast array of
reference materials as well as
internet access to aid them in
research and be updated with the
latest trends in the maritime field.
Fill in the blanks with the correct
form of the verb:
1. I ________ (to be) a student at the
Navy school.
2.The PMMA _________ (to have)
the best programs in the Philippines.
3.The physical training ______ (to be)
as hard as the academic lessons.
4.The midshipmen _________ (to be)
in charge of a battalion.
5.Brigadiers ________ (to have) the
duty of supervising discipline.

LET’S LISTEN

Now let’s listen what the cadets do at the end of the day, and match the activities in column A with their times in
column B.
A B

(E.g.)
Remember!
1. Evening colors __f__ 1. before evening
1. To talk about the time, we use 2. Evening mess _____ muster
the preposition at: 3. Cleaning stations 2. at 2145h
E.g., They wake up at 4 am. _____ 3. after evening muster
4. Personal hygiene 4. at 2100 hours
2. To talk about the order of the
_____ 5. before taps
events we use before and after.
5. Evening muster 6. at 1700h
E.g., They wash their hands before
_____ 7. after dinner
eating. 6. Order for study call 8. immediately after
After eating, they brush their teeth. _____ 1700h
7. Last mustard _____ 9. at 1845h
8. Tattoo _____ 10. after dinner
9. Order for taps _____
 LET’S PRACTICE

Write one sentence related to each picture and describe the activity the cadets at the PMMA do and the time
they do it. Do not forget the prepositions of time and the present simple tense structures.

1. 2.
E.g. At 1700h cadets proceed with the evening colors. _________________________________________

3. 4.
_________________________________________ _________________________________________

5. 6.
_________________________________________ _________________________________________

7. 8. ->
_________________________________________ _________________________________________

LET’S WRITE Language goal: describe your daily routine.

Think of your routine as a cadet/cabin boy, then use the vocabulary and the structures learned in the unit and
write an email to a friend telling him about your daily routine at the academy.

Writing strategies:
Brainstorm some single ideas and then join those sentences with linking words and punctuation to create a
paragraph.
E.g.
 I wake up at 4 am With linking words:
I wake up at 4 am. Then, at 4:15 I fix my bunk, wash my teeth, and take a shower.
 I fix my bunk at 4:05
Later, I have lunch at 12pm… etc.
 I wash my teeth at 4:10
 I take a shower at 4:15 *Use more linking words to improve your paragraph: first, later, then, before, after,
 I have lunch at 12pm. FANBOYS (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So).

LET’S TALK Language goal: to describe your routine.

Prepare a 5-minute video or presentation where you tell your teacher and classmates the
routine of a cadet. You can add pictures and visual aid to improve your presentation.
 ARE YOU A FOODIE UNIT 2
Let´s learn how to….

2.1. Talk about meals ready to eat

2.3. Talk about food and future events

Lesson 2.1 TALKING ABOUT MRE

LET’S READ
THE VALUE OF FOOD
I am Sergeant Charlie and right now I
am planning my next mission to Guatemala. My
fellows and I are travelling next week to a
conflict zone “El Estor”. We are training hard
these weeks to be ready for the mission. As we
are staying in the woods to find the biggest drug
trafficking leader, we need to take our MRE or
field rations. I am deciding what to take, believe
it or not this is my worst and best part of a mission because I love food and it makes me think
better and be calm. There are two things that I always bring, which are Beef stew with potatoes
and vegetables and the flameless heater. My dream is to be a chef, I am working as a military now
because my dad is a military and I want to continue with the tradition. But when I retire, I want
to study cuisine in Italy. I plan to have two different restaurants and one bakery because I really
love sweets and desserts. I believe food is a real connection with nature and life. We all should
value more the moment of eating and enjoy it the most we can.
Activity 1: Answer the following questions according to the reading:

1. When is Guatemala’s mission?

_____________________________________________
2. What are they doing there?
______________________________________________
3. What is Sergeant Charlie’s dream?
_____________________________________________
4. Why is he a military?
______________________________________________
5. What is the meaning of food for him?
______________________________________________
 LET’S LEARN SOMETHING NEW

Activity 1: Choose the MRE meals that can be traditionally Colombian

MRE EXAMPLES
 Beef Stew with Potatoes and Vegetables ● Goulash, Lentils w/sausage
 BBQ Chicken with Black Beans and Potatoes ● Rice w/meat & vegetables
 Chicken Noodle Stew with Vegetables ● a 100 g can of condensed milk
 Chicken Rice with Vegetables ● a bar of bocadillo
 Cheese Tortellini with Marinara Sauce ● 30 g of sweetened, thickened
Cream spread.
 Pasta Marinara with Veggie Crumbles ● Tuna w/Green vegetables
● Chicken w/potatoes
● ham & eggs
● cocoa beverage powder
●instant coffee w/milk

5 g sugar, 1 g salt, 2 paper towels, a plastic spoon, 2 water purification tablets, a multivitamin tablet,
and ration heating tablets

LET’S FOCUS ON GRAMMAR

PART 1:
Some / Any

DETERMINERS COUNTABLES UNCOUNTABLES

Affirmative There are some tomatoes. There is some cheese

Negative There aren’t any oranges. There isn’t any milk

Questions Are there any mangoes Have you got any oil?

Activity 1: Complete the sentences with SOME and ANY.

1. There isn´t ___________ hot water in the kettle.

2. The cadet has got ______ apples.
3. They haven´t got _______ money.
4. Is there ________ oil in the kitchen?
5. There is ________ water in the fridge.
6. There isn´t ______ coffee in the coffee maker.
FOOD CONTAINERS

A bottle of A bowl of A slice of

A bag of A cup of A drop of
A can of A glass of A carton of
A bucket of A piece of A dozen of
A box of A plate of

Extra activity: Make the drawing of each container in your notebook

LET’S LISTEN

ACTIVITY 1: 2.1
Mary and Gabriela are talking about food in a Colombia restaurant.
Listen to the recording and read along with the conversation. Review the key vocabulary.

MARY: Gabriela, are you looking at the menu?

GABRIELA: Yes, the food looks delicious.
MARY: What are you going to order?
GABRIELA: for the main course, I´ll have beef stew with
potatoes and vegetables.
MARY: And for the side dish?
GABRIELA: I am going to have chicken soup and water
to drink
MARY: I am getting ready to order too.
GABRIELA: What are you going to order?
MARY: I am going to order chicken noodle stew with vegetables.
GABRIELA: Yummy! And for drink?
MARY: An orange juice.
GABRIELA: Mary, I want to try Bandeja Paisa.
MARY: I am planning to invite you to Medellin. There, you can try that traditional dish.
GABRIELA: Thanks, Gaby.

LET’S WRITE
Activity 1:
Write down what food you buy when you go shopping. (Use the grammar and food containers)
For example: I usually buy some bags of rice.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
LET’S SPEAK

Activity 1: Imagine you are going on a mission, talk to your classmate about the food
that you would like to take with you.
Lesson 2.2 TALKING ABOUT FOOD AND FUTURE EVENTS

LET´S LISTEN AND READ

MAKING HEALTHY CHOICES IN YOUR DIET

In addition to exercise, proper nutrition plays a major role in maintaining total fitness. Good
dietary habits greatly enhance your ability to perform at your maximum potential. Eating a variety
of foods and maintaining adequate energy balance are basic guidelines for a healthy diet.

For Soldiers to get enough energy from the food they eat and to obtain the variety of foods
needed for nutritional balance, they eat three meals a day. Even snacking between meals can
contribute to good nutrition if the right foods are eaten.
Another dietary guideline for a proper Army diet and exercise plan, is to consume enough calories
to meet your energy and fitness needs. Proper weight is maintained as long as the body is in
energy balance, or, when the number of calories used equals the number of calories consumed.
The following guidelines may help build lean muscle mass and create more energy.

 Eat high protein, low fat items such as: fish, beans, whole wheat pasta, egg whites, skim
or 1 percent milk, and low fat yogurt. Avoid items such as: fried items, high fat meats, egg
yolks, and whole milk.
 For a good source of vitamins eat a diet rich in raw or steamed vegetables, green leafy
romaine, whole grain breads, and fruits with skin. Avoid fried vegetables, iceberg lettuce
(no nutrients), white bread, and canned fruits in syrup.
 Good fats versus bad fats: Try to choose non-trans fat bread spreads and heart healthy
margarine. Cook with olive oil or sunflower oil, omit or use less lard and meat fat. Limit
or omit creamy salad dressings high in fat content, cookies, cakes, pies, and pastry goods.
Furthermore, avoiding fast food is always a good way to help cut down on your fat intake.
Retrieved from: www.goarmy.com
Home/Lifestyles/Fitness&nutrition/componentsofnutrition/healthyDiet
Activity 1: Answer the following questions:
1. According to the article, is good quality food essential for a soldier?
_______________________________________________________
2. How many times a day is recommended to eat? And why?
_______________________________________________________
3. According to the article, is good quality food essential for a soldier?
______________________________________________________
LET’S FOCUS ON GRAMMAR

PART 1:
How much /many + quantities
ADVERBS UNCOUNTABLE COUNTABLE

Questions How much oil is there? How many tomatoes are there?
Large quatities There is too much oil. There are too many tomatoes.
There is a lot of oil. There are a lot of tomatoes.
There is enough oil. There are enough tomatoes.
Small quantities There isn´t much. There aren’t many.
There isn’t enough. There aren’t enough.
There is a little There are a few

Activity 1: Underline the correct word in each sentence.

1. There are too much / many apples in the bag.
2. There is too much / many orange juice in the jug.
3. How much / many milk is there in the fridge?

Activity 2: Complete the blanks with how

much / how many.
1. ________________ cheese is there on the
table?
2. ________________ jam is there in the jar?
3. ________________ cookies are there in
the packet?

A lot of, a little, a few, not much / many, enough

COUNTABLES UNCOUNTABLE

1.There are a lot of mangoes. 1. There is a lot of coffee

2. There are enough onions 2. There is enough yoghurt.
3. There are a few cookies. 3. There is a little oil.
4. There aren´t many eggs. 4. There isn’t much sugar.
5. There aren´t enough bananas. 5. There isn´t enough.

PART 2:
Present Continuous and Present continuous for future
When we talk about something happening at the moment or right now, we use the following
structure:
I am +
You are +
She isn’t -
He isn’t studying. -
It isn’t -
Are we ?
Are they ?
The use of expressions like “at the moment”, “right now”, “now” are optional, but if you don’t
use them, the meaning is clear. It is about a situation that is happening right now.

When we talk about something that is going to happen in the future and it is already arranged,
we use the same structure and change the time expressions:

I am +
You are +
She isn’t -
He isn’t studying tomorrow. -
It isn’t -
Are we ?
Are they ?

The use of expressions like “tomorrow”, “next week”, “tonight”, “next year”, etc. These are
necessary to indicate we are talking in future.

Activity 1: Fill in the gaps, use the present continuous for present or future:
I am really excited about next family BBQ. My mom says it __________ (go) to be very special
because some cousins that live in California ___________ (come). Right now, I ___________
(plan) the dessert that I want to make for them. My dad __________ (prepare) the meat and pork
on the grill and my sister ___________ (make) the cocktails. I am so happy to have them at home
again.

LET’S WRITE

Activity 1: Create a food festival in your academy and write down a letter to the
Academic Director explaining what you are doing and what food you are bringing to the event.

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

LET’S SPEAK

Activity 1: Talk to your classmate about what you are buying next time you go shopping
 LE´TS MOVE UNIT 3
Let´s learn how to. . .

3.1 Describe transportation means.

3.2 Compare the characteristics of transportation means.

Lesson 3.1 DESCRIBING TRANSPORTATION MEANS

Look at the pictures and discuss with a classmate the following
Before you
questions:
read What do you see in the pictures and what do you think is happening?

LET’S READ
Now, let’s listen and read the following article about the Naval Aviation in Colombia.

“Wings over the sea”

Did you know the Colombian Navy not only counts with
land transportation, but it is also provided with aircrafts?
This is the Naval Aviation, a division of the Navy that
contributes with its military capabilities such as logistical
support, safeguarding human life at sea and control of
maritime and
fishing traffic. It
works along with
the Coast Guard,
Marine Corps, and
the Army by using airplanes and helicopters embarked
on naval vessels. Some of the most common
transportation include: the Caravan Cessna 206-208, the
Airbus CASA CN235; The Atr42-300; and the Beechcraft
King 350-360. Does that mean the Naval Aviation belongs to the Air Force? Well, not exactly. The
naval pilots do not cease to be sailors just because they fly, but they become the eyes of the
Navy, far beyond the horizon, that’s why they are called “the wins over the sea.

LET’S LISTEN Now, let’s listen to a description of the following aircrafts and fill in
the gaps with the adjectives in the box:
Big – small – fast – expensive – heavy - light

ARC-101 – Beechcraft King Air 350 ARC-104 - Beechcraft King Air 360 ARC 409 - GAVILÁN G358M

1. ____________________________________ 2._________________________________3. _________________________

 ARC 432 - Caravan Cessna 206 ARC 703 - ATR 42-320 ARC 801 - Airbus CASA CN235

4. ______________________ 5. _____________________ 6. _______________________

LET’S LEARN SOMETHING NEW A- Match each picture with the name of
the vehicle.

TANK – HELICOPTER - JEEP – AIRPLANE - HUMVEE - CARGO TRUCKS – MOTORCYCLE - MILITARY AMBULANCE - PARACHUTE

1. _______________________ 2. ____________________________ 3. ______________________

4. _________________ 5. _____________ 6. ______________________

7. _________________ 8. _______________ 9. _______________ 10.______________

B- Put the vehicles above in the correct column:

Land Vehicles Aircrafts

LET’S WRITE:
We already discussed the military transport media, but what about the civil transportation? In 5
sentences tell us a little bit about the different vehicles and the places you go using these transports.
E.g. I take the metro to go to my university.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
 LET´S TALK

Tell your class about the transport media in your hometown.

E.g. A: In Cartagena there is a very good bus system called Trans Caribe.

Lesson 3.2 COMPARING CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSPORTATION

MEANS
Before you
read
Which of these two looks bigger and heavier? Discuss with your classmate.

Part 1: Listen and read the following information. Then, answer

LET’S READ
the questions by choosing the correct answer:

A WARRIOR is an armored infantry fighting vehicle. It has a 30mm cannon and a 7.62 mm machine
gun. The WARRIOR has a crew of three men, and it can carry seven men. It has a maximum speed of
75 Km/h. The WARRIOR weighs 25,500 kilos. It is 2.78 meters high and is three meters wide.

The FV432 is an armored personnel carrier. It has a crew of two men, and it can carry eight men.
Soldiers call it a battle taxi. The FV432 has a 7.62 mm MG. It has a maximum speed of 64 km/h. The
FV432 weighs 15.280 kilos and is 2.28 meters high with 2.8 meters wide.

LET’S WORK

1. Activity 1: Which vehicle is protected by an armor?

a) A WARRIOR b) The FV432 c) A WARRIOR and The FV432
2. Which vehicle can hold more people?
a) A WARRIOR b) The FV432 c) Both hold the same quantity
3. Which vehicle is faster?
a) A WARRIOR b) The FV432 c) The WARRIOR is as fast as the FV432
4. The FV 432 is lighter than a WARRIOR?
a) True b) False c) Not mentioned
5. Which vehicle is smaller?
a) A WARRIOR b) The FV432 c) They are equally small
6. Which vehicle is more useful for a battle?
a) A WARRIOR b) The FV432 c) It depends on the terrain
LET’S FOCUS ON GRAMMAR
Comparative adjectives
Short adjectives A boat is smaller than a Carrier BONUS
ADJECTIVE + ER Notice

Slow – SlowER
Long adjectives A jeep is more maneuverable than a tank
MORE + ADJECTIVE A corvette is less powerful than a frigate Nice – NiceR
LESS + ADJECTIVE Easy – EasIER

Irregular adjectives Sea vehicles are better than air vehicles Big – BigGER

Good – BETTER But

Bad – WORSE
Fun – MORE fun

Comparisons of equality Sea vehicles are AS efficient AS land vehicles

AS + Adjective + AS

Superlative adjectives
Short adjectives What is THE biggEST ship of all?
THE + ADJECTIVE + EST
Long adjectives What is the most difficult ship to maneuver?
THE MOST + ADJECTIVE What is the least expensive vehicle?
THE LEAST + ADJECTIVE
Irregular adjectives What is the best sea to navigate?
Good – THE BEST
Bad – THE WORST

BONUS Which vehicle has the most capacity?

THE MOST + noun

LET’S PRACTICE
Complete the dialogue with the correct form of the adjectives
in brackets.
A- Complete the sentences with the comparative form of the adjectives and add than if
needed. Then practice with a partner:
1. The military ambulance is ________________ (fast) a tank.
2. A HUMVEE is ___________________ (modern) a truck.
3. A helicopter is _________________ (heavy) an ultra-light aircraft.
4. The parachute is _________________ (light) a Zeppelin.
5. A HUMVEE is ___________________ (comfortable) a jeep.
6. It’s ____________ (good) to have a tank in a war.
7. Driving a truck is ________________ (difficult).
8. An armored bus is _______________ (safe) an airplane.
B- Choose the correct option: (Superlative forms)
 1) What’s _____________ (famous) ship in Colombia?
a) The Famousest b) The famous c) The most famous
2) What’s _____________ (interesting) place to visit?
a) The interestingest b) The most interesting c) The more interesting
3) What’s _______________ (bad) part of being on board?
a) The baddest b) The worst c) The worse
4) What’s __________________ (large) ship in the world?
a) The largest b) largest c) The most large
5) What’s ____________________ (good) option for a sea battle?
a) The best b) The goodest c) The most good
6) Which land vehicle can hold ___________ (soldiers)?
a) The soldiersest b) The most soldiers c) The more soldiers

Vocabulary Booster: More transportation means

Hot Air Balloon Rocket Spacecraft Zeppelin

Bicycle Ultra-light aircraft Armored bus

LET’S LISTEN Complete the following sentences with the right word from the
vocabulary above and the right superlative, according to audio file:
1) SpaceX shows the entire transmission of the ___________ launch on TV. It’s the
_____________.
2) I always take my _______________ to go to class; it is the ____________ way to go to
my classroom.
3) The _______________ is the ______________ way to transport a lot of marines at
once.
4) ________________ is not used anymore in the Army. It is the ____________ and
catches too much attention.
5) Although they look very pretty, I could not go in a _________________. Fearing the
heights is the _________.
6) The _____________ must be super-fast and the _________________ aircraft ever.

Now, listen again and check your work.

 LET’S WRITE:

1. Make 5 comparisons using both comparative and superlative forms:

2.

Speed: +++ Speed: ++ Speed: ++++

Weight: +++ Weight: ++++ Weight: ++
Capacity: ++++ Capacity: +++ Capacity: ++
Price: +++ Price: ++++ Price: ++
Effectiveness: ++ Effectiveness: +++ Effectiveness: ++
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

LET’S TALK What is your favorite transport media? Why and what characteristics does
it have for it to be the preferred one? Discuss with your classmate about
it.
E.g. A: My favorite is the motorcycle because it gives you independence and is faster than a car.
B: I prefer the metro, since it is the cheapest system, and it takes me everywhere.

Lesson 3.3 FLASH ON SKILLS

Read the article about modern myths.

FLASH ON SKILLS - Then, answer questions in the task
READING below.
MODERN MYTHS
1- Scientist at Oxford University did some research into the brains of different groups of mammals. They
looked at the changes in the size of the brains over the last 60 million years and they discovered that there
were bigger changes in dogs’ brains than there were in cats’ brains. They think that dogs are cleverer than
cats because they are more social.
2- There are 12 countries in South America including Argentina and Brazil. It has an area of 17.840.000 square
kilometers and its population is over 371.090.000. North America includes Canada and the USA but it also
contains the countries of Central America. It covers an area of about 24.709.000 square kilometers and
its population is nearly 529 million. This makes it bigger than South America.
3- When the British Medical Journal studied the number of people injured in traffic accidents in the UK, they
got a surprise. They discovered that for every 100 car passengers who went to hospital, there were 68
cyclists. However, a lot of people travel by car, and only a few go by bike, so the results show that cycling
is actually more dangerous than driving.
4- Experts have different opinions about margarine and butter, and there is a big argument about which one
is better for you. The truth is that margarine today is better than it was in the past because producers use
a different type of vegetable oil. Butter still contains a lot of animal fat. Margarine today contains less fat
which makes it healthier than butter.
Read the following sentences and write TRUE or FALSE:
a. Cats are less social than dogs _____
b. South America has more people than North America ______
c. Driving is safer than cycling _____
d. More people go by bike than by car _______
e. Using margarine is more dangerous for your health than using butter _____

WORK ON YOUR SKILLS- LISTENING

Listen to five mini-dialogues and complete the blanks with the right form of the adjective:
3.1.1 Conversation 1

Speaker 1: Daniel, who is the tallest?

Speaker 2: I am _______ than Maria, but Anna is the _________.
3.1.2 Conversation 2
Speaker 1: These cats are so fat, who is the _________?
Speaker 2: Tony is _________ than Leo, but Billy is the.
3.1.3 Conversation 3

Speaker 1: Daniel, who is the ________ student in your class?

Speaker 2: Samir is ________ than Carlos, but Ruberth is the _____________.
3.1.4 Conversation 4
Speaker 1: Carlos, Is English easy?
Speaker 2: Yes, English is easy. Actually, English is _________ than Chines, but Italian is the _________.
3.1.5 Conversation 5
Speaker 1: Edward, Is your apartment comfortable?
Speaker 2: My apartment is not very comfortable, but it is ____________ than my brother’s apartment.
Although my sister’s apartment is the _____________

WORK ON YOUR SKILLS - WRITING

Read the HELP box and write a letter to your parents in which you compare some interesting
places you have been able to visit as a cadet at the Navy school. Use comparative and
superlative forms:

________________________________________________________________ HELP box

________________________________________________________________ -Use superlative forms to add

extra information.
_______________________________________________________________
Eg: The Clock Tower is the most
beautiful monument in
_______________________________________________________________
Cartagena.

-Use comparative forms to

express your preferences or
likes.

Eg: Panama is better than

Colombia
 WORK ON YOUR SKILLS - SPEAKING

Activity 1:

Group work

Discuss these questions about your country. Find out as much information as you can about each fact.
Support your ideas. Compare your answers with your classmates.
What is the…

 Highest mountain? The largest river?

 The tallest building?
 Most dangerous armed group?
 Best time of the year to visit?
 City with the most historic sites?
 Most beautiful city?
 Most powerful Military force of Colombia?

Activity 2:

Pair work (Role-play)

You and your friend are cadets in the US Navy school, a big military school located in the
South-East of the United States. You want to become an engineer and your friend has
other plans. Today is Friday. You both are comparing your plans for the weekend and the
future. Use Comparatives and Superlative forms.
 SHIPWRECKS
UNIT 4
Let´s learn how to….

1. Describe the parts of a ship

2. Talk about crucial events that happened in a particular moment in the past

Lesson 4.1 Describe the parts of a ship

LET’S READ

Parts of a ship

The floors of a ship are called decks, the walls are called bulkheads, and the stairs are called ladders.
There are no halls or corridors in a ship, only passageways. There are no ceilings in a room, only the
overhead in the compartment. Openings in the outside of the ship are ports, not windows. Entrances
from one compartment to another are called doors. Openings from one deck to another are called
hatches. The handles on the watertight hatch or door are called dogs.
When you close a door or watertight hatch, you secure it. If you close down the dogs on the door or
hatch, you dog it down. You never scrub the floor or wash the walls, rather you swab the deck and
scrub the bulkheads. When you get up to go to work, turn to. You never go downstairs, you lay below,
and if you are going up from one deck to another, you lay topside. If you are going up the mast or
into the rigging you are going aloft.
You will serve in many ships in your career. But no matter what ship you are on, the parts are the
same. For example, every ship has a hull or frame. Below the waterline, a stem reaches from the keel
to the forecastle. A sternpost extends from the keel fantail or poop deck. Propellers or screws drive
the ship. Above the waterline, bulkwars line the weather deck. Decks above the weather deck are
part of the superstructure. A mast is still present on ships, but it does not support sails. Modern masts
carry flags and signal lights.

Activity 1: Read the text on Weapons and Defence and choose True or False:

All ships have a keel below the waterline. (T/F)

The sternpost is above the weather deck. (T/F)
Modern masts hold sails. (T/F)
 LET’S LEARN SOMETHING NEW

PARTS OF A SHIP

Activity 1: Match the words with the right meaning:

Waterline - Mast - Hull - Keel - Poop deck - Propeller - Weather deck - Sternpost
A part of a ship that extends from the keel
along the rear of a ship
A long vertical beam that extends up from a
ship
The shell of a ship
A long beam that runs along the bottom of a
ship
The level at which a ship’s surface meets the
water
A device with rotating blades that drives a ship
The top level of a ship that is exposed to air
The rear part of a main deck

TYPES OF VESSELS

Activity 2: Write the correct name under the picture:

BULK CARRIER SHIPS – CONTAINER SHIPS – GENERAL CARGO SHIPS – OFFSHORE VESSELS – TANKER
SHIPS – PASSENGER SHIPS – REFRIGERATOR CONTAINER SHIPS – COASTERS – ROLL-ON ROLL OFF SHIPS -
AMPHIBIOUS OUTLANDER VESSELS

1. ____________________ 2. _____________________ 3. __________________

4. ________________ 5. _______________ 6. _______________

7. ________________ 8. _______________ 9. ______________

10. __________________
 Activity 3: Match the definition with the name of the vessel:

Bulk carrier - Off-shore vessels - Coasters - Container ship

1. Holds huge quantities of cargo compacted in different types of containers

2. Transports dry cargoes in bulk quantities
3. Helps in oil exploration and construction jobs at sea
4. Used for trade between locations on the same island or continent

LET’S LISTEN

Adapted from: https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/colombia/infanteria-de-

marina.htm

1. Listen to the following document about the Colombian Marine Corps – ColMar and answer
the following questions:

1. What is the Colombian Navy responsible for?

2. What types of units contain The Colombian riverine force?
3. What is the main purpose of the units of greater capacity?

2. Listen to the document again and put the elements from the box in the right order:

A. Tugboats ____
B. Riverine Combat Elements Heavy and light ____
C. Riverine Support Boats ____
D. Fast Riverine Patrol Boat ____
E. Riverine Patrol Boat ___
F. Riverine Gunboats _1_
G. Heavy and Light Riverine Support Patrol Boat ___
H. Riverine Support Stations ____

3. Write the name for each picture. Use the vocabulary from point B.

___________________ _________________ _________________

_________________________ _________________________
Booster: Sea marks and Nautical signs:

Bouys Lighthouse Flags

Channel Hazard Shipwreck

Horns Radar Reflector

A. Complete the following sentences with the right word from the vocabulary above:
7) We could see the _____________ winking in the distance
8) Can you hear all the ships __________ beeping behind us?
9) The ship flies the American _________ to show the other ships that they are from the
US
10) They identified the first red ________ marking the sewage outfall
11) __________ are used at night in conditions of reduced visibility

LET’S WRITE

Activity 1:

Describe each ship’s functions

Tanker ship ___________________________________________________________________

Passenger ship ________________________________________________________________

Roll-on Roll-off ships____________________________________________________________

LET’S SPEAK: In pairs, Think of other ships and their functions. Can your classmate guess
what it is? Ask and answer.
 Lesson 4.2 Talk about crucial events that happened in a
particular moment in the past

LET’S LISTEN
Conversation between the director of Haverhill High school and the Captain of the Armed
Forces (SCRIPT)

Director: Hello, Captain. We’re very grateful you attended our meeting for our students to learn
more about maritime navigation.

Captain: Hello, everyone. I’m happy to be here and to tell you everything about it.

Director: So, Captain… What happens at the sea every day?

Captain: Life happens at the sea every day. And not only at the sea, but in the rivers. There is
water transport over the river and canal systems connecting inland destinations. There are tons
of goods that need to be transported by water because there is no other way to get to some
places.

Director: Sure. That’s interesting. Captain, what is the importance of maritime navigation?
Captain: Well, nowadays ship navigation casualties and incidents can result in serious loss of life
and pollution of the marine environment as modern ships can carry over 5,000 people and over
500,000 tons of petroleum. A wide variety of vessels move around the world every day. So, the
efficiency, safety and optimization of marine transportation are key issues.

Director: Captain, tell us the most difficult experience you had navigating a ship

Captain: When I was a cadet, my partners and I went to our navigation experience with the school.
We travelled to many countries and in one of them there was a storm that frightened us. We said
goodbye to each other because for us that was going to be a shipwreck. We don’t know how the
captain did, but everything started to get back to normal. It was the most difficult experience I
had.

Director: Wow. That is an experience that no one wants to live

Captain: Absolutely. But I definitely love to navigate. And I would love that many of you get
interested in this beautiful profession

Director: Thanks for coming today, Captain. It was such a pleasure

Captain: Thanks for inviting me.

ACTIVITY 1: 4.1

What is the conversation about?

What is maritime navigation and why is it important?
 LET’S READ

Read and listen again the conversation between the director of Haverhill Highschool and the
Captain of the Armed Forces and answer True or False:

Transportation by river is as important as transportation by sea (T)

The best experience the captain had was in his trip on a ship to other countries (F)
Maritime navigation is important because it helps to take care of people and goods (T)

LET’S FOCUS ON GRAMMAR

Examples

We were worried about the test results

She was in Hawaii last week
I was not in my house yesterday
Was she excited about going on a trip?

PAST SIMPLE
The simple past tense is used to talk about a completed action in a time before now. The simple
past is the basic form of past tense in English. The time of the action can be in the recent past or
the distant past and action duration is not important.
You always use the simple past when you say when something happened, so it is associated with
certain past time expressions

Frequency: often, sometimes, always I sometimes walked home at lunchtime.

A definite point in time: last week, when I was a We saw a good film last week.
child, yesterday, six weeks ago Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva.
She finished her work at seven o'clock
I went to the theatre last night
An indefinite point in time: the other day, ages People lived in caves a long time ago.
ago, a long time ago She played the piano when she was a child.

NEGATIVE I didn’t enjoy travelling on a ship

FORM Subject + didn’t + verb He didn’t arrive in Geneva

INTERROGATIVE Did + subject + verb …? Did you travel on a ship?

FORM Did she learn her lesson?

Activity 1: In English there are some verbs that are irregular. That means that their past
form does not finish in “-ed”. Enter the following link and look for the past form of the following
verbs: https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/grammar/beginner-grammar/past-simple-
irregular-verb

Have _____________ Speak ____________ Write _____________

Break _____________ Come ____________ Make _____________
Learn _____________ Catch ____________ Fall _____________
Know _____________ Dream ____________ Fly ______________
See _____________ Swim ____________ Choose ______________
 Activity 2: Complete the following sentences using the verb in past.

How _______ the trip on the ship? (be)

She________ a lot of money for that picture. (pay)
She ________the book and read a few lines (open)
How many hours ______ the cadets ______ last night? (sleep)
________ the officers awake? (be)

LET’S WRITE

Activity 1:

The RMS Titanic, a luxury steamship, sank in the early hours of April 15, 1912, off the coast of
Newfoundland in the North Atlantic after sideswiping an iceberg during its initial voyage. Of the
2,240 passengers and crew on board, more than 1,500 lost their lives in the disaster. Titanic has
inspired countless books, articles and films (including the 1997 “Titanic” movie starring Kate
Winslet and Leonardo DiCaprio), and the ship’s story has entered the public consciousness as a
cautionary tale about the perils of human hubris.

Imagine you are a news reporter, and you are going to interview a survivor from the Titanic. Write
a list of the questions you are going to ask. At least 5.

LET’S SPEAK
In pairs, play the role of the interviewer a classmate using the questions you created with another
classmate about your experience on the ship.
Lesson 4.2 Talk about crucial events that happened in a
particular moment in the past

LET’S READ

Read and listen again the conversation between the director of Haverhill Highschool and the
Captain of the Armed Forces and answer True or False:

Transportation by river is as important as transportation by sea (T)

The best experience the captain had was in his trip on a ship to other countries (F)
Maritime navigation is important because it helps to take care of people and goods (T)

LET’S FOCUS ON GRAMMAR

Examples

We were worried about the test results

She was in Hawaii last week
I was not in my house yesterday
Was she excited about going on a trip?

PAST SIMPLE
The simple past tense is used to talk about a completed action in a time before now. The simple
past is the basic form of past tense in English. The time of the action can be in the recent past or
the distant past and action duration is not important.
You always use the simple past when you say when something happened, so it is associated with
certain past time expressions

Frequency: often, sometimes, always I sometimes walked home at lunchtime.

A definite point in time: last week, when I was a We saw a good film last week.
child, yesterday, six weeks ago Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva.
She finished her work at seven o'clock
I went to the theatre last night
An indefinite point in time: the other day, ages People lived in caves a long time ago.
ago, a long time ago She played the piano when she was a child.

NEGATIVE I didn’t enjoy travelling on a ship

FORM Subject + didn’t + verb He didn’t arrive in Geneva

INTERROGATIVE Did + subject + verb …? Did you travel on a ship?

FORM Did she learn her lesson?
 Activity 1: In English there are some verbs that are irregular. That means that their past
form does not finish in “-ed”. Enter the following link and look for the past form of the following
verbs: https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/grammar/beginner-grammar/past-simple-
irregular-verb

Have _____________ Speak ____________ Write _____________

Break _____________ Come ____________ Make _____________
Learn _____________ Catch ____________ Fall _____________
Know _____________ Dream ____________ Fly ______________
See _____________ Swim ____________ Choose ______________

Activity 2: Complete the following sentences using the verb in past.

How _______ the trip on the ship? (be)

She________ a lot of money for that picture. (pay)
She ________the book and read a few lines (open)
How many hours ______ the cadets ______ last night? (sleep)
________ the officers awake? (be)

LET’S WRITE

Activity 1:

The RMS Titanic, a luxury steamship, sank in the early hours of April 15, 1912, off the coast of
Newfoundland in the North Atlantic after sideswiping an iceberg during its initial voyage. Of the 2,240
passengers and crew on board, more than 1,500 lost their lives in the disaster. Titanic has inspired
countless books, articles and films (including the 1997 “Titanic” movie starring Kate Winslet and
Leonardo DiCaprio), and the ship’s story has entered the public consciousness as a cautionary tale about
the perils of human hubris.

Imagine you are a news reporter, and you are going to interview a survivor from the Titanic. Write a list
of the questions you are going to ask. At least 5.
1. _______________________________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________________________
4. _______________________________________________________________________________
5. _______________________________________________________________________________

LET’S SPEAK
In pairs, play the role of the interviewer a classmate using the questions you created with another
classmate about your experience on the ship.
MISSION ACCOMPLISHED UNIT 5
Let’s learn how to:
1. Talk about some operations and different actions in past.
2. Make differences between past continuous and simple past

LET’S READ

Lesson 5.1 Operation Jaque

Operation “Jaque”

Operation Jaque, named after the first letter of the month of the operation, July, and referencing
check in chess, was a Colombian military operation that resulted in the successful rescue of 15
hostages, including former Colombian presidential candidate Ingrid Betancourt.

How did it all begin?

The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) were holding a big number of hostages
along the Apaporis River in the department of Guaviare when the National Army carried on with
an operation on July 2, 2008. However, the intelligence gathering for the operation began long
time before it was executed. According to one American official, Colombia managed to place a
mole* within the FARC a little more than a year before the operation. According to a colonel
involved in the operation, Colombia located the hostages four months before the rescue when
Colombian forces spotted five of the hostages while they were bathing in the Apaporis River
(including the three Americans), leading them to plant motion-sensors and video cameras along
the waterway. Later, General Freddy Padilla de Leon brought the rescue plan to his civilian
superiors of that time, such as Defense Minister, Juan Manuel Santos, who agreed quickly to the
plan and President Álvaro Uribe, who also approved it.
*In espionage jargon, a mole is a long-term spy, or espionage agent, who manages to get into the
target organization.

Activity 5.1: Let’s read.

Let’s read the first part of a text talking about Operation Jaque and then answer the questions below.

1. Why was that name given to the operation?

2. What politician was a main target in the rescue?
 3. What was the first success by the Colombian government that helped the final operation?
Who were the people involved on planning, approving, and executing of the operation?

LET’S LEARN SOMETHING NEW

LET’S LEARN SOMETHING

NEW

Activity 5.2:
Look at the words in the box and match them with the corresponding pictures:

a. Military Operation b. Rescue c. Hostages d. Guerrilla

Look at the words in the box and match them with the corresponding pictures:

1: __________________ 2: ___________________

3. __________________ 4. ____________________

LET’S FOCUS ON GRAMMAR

PAST SIMPLE TENSE:

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE

I /You I /You
He/She/It Targeted them. He/She/It Didn’t target them
We/You/They We/You/They

INTERROGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS

I /You
 Did He/She/It Plan the operation? Yes, I did.
We/You/They No, I didn’t

When did the operation take place? In July, 2008

Activity 5.3:
Complete the sentences with the correct past form of the verbs in the box.
Collaborated, Arrested, rescued, freed, took, created
1. The military __________________ 15 hostages in el Guaviare.
2. The Guerrilla members ___________ three American Contractors.
3. The military ______________ the some FARC members.
4. The Jaque Operation ___________ in el Guaviare.
5. France ________________ in Operation Jaque.

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE:

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE

I /He/She/It Was doing. I /He/She/It Wasn’t doing.

We/You/They Were doing. We/You/They Weren’t doing.

INTERROGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS

Was Doing?
I /He/She/It Yes, I was. / No, I wasn’t.
Were We/You/They Doing? No, you were. / No. you weren’t

Activity 5.4:

Write the sentences about the past. Use the past continuous.
1. All the hostages / for the military / wait / to rescue them.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. national television / The American / talk / contractors / on.
___________________________________________________________________________
3. the rescue / flight / with 15 hostages /helicopter / the Bogota city.
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Keith Stansell / his bad experience / describe / in the jungle.
__________________________________________________________________________
5. Marc Go salves / for joy /when he was freed / jump / up and down.
__________________________________________________________________________
 LET’S LISTEN

Activity 5.5:
Listen and watch the video of three American contractors kidnapped by the FARC Guerrilla and answer
the questions.

videoplayback
(3).mp4

1. What did they say in front of the cameras?

_____________________________________________________________________________
2. What happened in 2003 in the Colombian Jungle?
_____________________________________________________________________________. How
long did they Americans stay in the Jungle?
_____________________________________________________________________________

LET’S WRITE

Activity 5.6:
Imagine you accomplished a military operation last month. You are going to write about this with the
class using the “past continuous” and “past simple”. (70 words)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

LET’S SPEAK

Activity 5.7:
PAIRS WORK:
Talk to a friend about Operation Jaque or any other successful military operation in Colombia. Ask and
answer questions.
A. __________________________________________________________________________
B. __________________________________________________________________________
A. __________________________________________________________________________
B. __________________________________________________________________________
Lesson 5.2 LEARNING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PAST
CONTINUOUS AND PAST SIMPLE

LET’S READ

Activity 5.2.1:
Read the following text and answer the questions below:
Aren’t firefighters cool?

Yesterday, I was playing videogames in my room when I heard people screaming. I went out and saw
my neighbors’ house was on fire. In less than ten minutes, the firefighters arrived and fought

against the fire for one hour until they made it. Wow! They are really brave- One of them entered the
house and saved the Johnson’s dog that was trapped in the fire. I made a decision: I want to be a fireman
when I grow up. I will be strong and brave enough to fight against the fire, to save people’s life and
property. I can’t wait! I can already see it in the newspaper. “Brave fireman rescues a family of four”,
mom will be really proud.

1. What was the boy doing when the house caught fire?
____________________________________________________
2. Did he want to be a fireman before that day?
____________________________________________________
3. What qualities does he think are essential for being a fireman?
____________________________________________________
4. What does he see in the newspaper?
_____________________________________________________
LET’S FOCUS ON GRAMMAR

The past continuous is made from the past tense of the verb be and the –ing form of a verb:

I was

You were

She was Working

Talking
He was Speaking
Living
It was
Studying
We were
etc.
You were

They were

Past Continuous vs Past Simple

The past simple describes actions that happened in a specific moment in the past. On the
other hand, the past continuous describes actions that were in progress in the past.

Examples
I visited my grandparents in Bogotá last week (specific moment in the past)
I was visiting my grandparents in Bogotá when you went to my house (one action in
progress and a specific moment in the past)
 Uses of past continuous

Interrupted Use the past continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was
action in the past interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the simple
past.

I was watching TV when she called

While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.

Specific time as The past continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the simple past.
an interruption

Last night at 6PM, I was eating dinner.

Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work

Parallel actions When you use the past continuous with two actions in the same
sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the
same time.

I was studying while he was making dinner

While Anna was reading, Tom was watching television

Activity 5.2.2:
Complete the following exercises using Past Continuous or Past Simple:

I ____________ (sit) in a café when you ____________ (call) me.

Ana _____________ (watch) a movie when she ______________ (hear) the noise.
When the train _____________ (get) to the station, we ______________ (wait) on the platform.
At 7pm yesterday, we _____________ (listen) to music.

LET’S LISTEN

Activity 5.2.3
Listen to the conversation and fill in the gaps.

Student 1: Hi Tom. _______your class 1) ___________ ship today?

Student 2: We did. But we 2)________________.
Student 1: That's too bad. 3) How much ____________?__
Student 2: We never got below the weather deck. But I saw parts of the 4) _____________.
Student 1: My class saw that, too. One student ____________the 5) _______________ .
Student 2: We're going back tomorrow. We'll get a lecture on the structure below the 6)
______________ .
 LET’S WRITE

Activity 5.2.3
You had your first experience on a ship last month. You are going to write a letter telling someone
special what you did on the ship. (Use the parts of the ship and the past simple/past continuous)

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

LET’S TALK

Activity 5.2.4
Investigate if there are ship fire and what are the firefighters that they have on a ship. How do they do
when they have a fire emergency?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
 Let´s learn how to….
1. Express advice, obligation, and desires.
2. Use modal verbs.

LESSON 6.1 EXPRESSING ADVICE, OBLIGATION AND DESIRES

LET’S READ

Activity 1: Listen and read. Why does

Robledo have to go to the Academic Dean’s office?

Midshipman: Robledo, where were you? I went to

your classroom this morning, and you weren’t there.
Cadet Robledo: Good morning, my Midshipman. I
wasn’t in the classroom because I had to go to the
Healthcare Center. I had a headache, and I felt dizzy
too.
Midshipman: Isn’t this one of your many excuses to
skip classes again?
Cadet Robledo: No, my Midshipman. I’m not making anything up.
Midshipman: Okay... I’m going to believe you this time. Anyhow, I was looking for you because the
Academic Dean needs you to go to his office.
Cadet Robledo: What?! Am I in troubles again? Why does my Captain want me to go to his office?
Midshipman: I’m not quite sure. He just told me to look for you and to tell you to go to his office as soon
as possible.
Cadet Robledo: Received, my Midshipman. I’ll go to his office right away.
*At the academic dean’s office*
Cadet Robledo: Good morning, Captain.
Academic dean: Morning, Robledo. Have a seat, please... I asked you to come to my office because
there’s something really important we need to talk about. I received your grade report yesterday
afternoon and let me tell you that I’m quite concerned about your performance this semester. You
failed one subject on the first period and two on the second one. If you keep this up, you will end up by
failing the semester.
Cadet Robledo: Yes, Sir. I know these are not the grades a Cadet should be getting, but this semester
has been really difficult to me. I’m trying, but I can’t get along with online education.
Academic dean: The good thing is that this is only the second period, which means that you still have
one more chance to bring up your grades, but you must excel at every single subject in order to do so.
Plus, remember that if you fail more...
Cadet Robledo: Yes, Captain. I’m aware that one could be expelled from the Navy School if you fail more
than two subjects. I wouldn’t like that to happen to me.
Academic dean: Okay, Robledo. I just wanted to let you know what’s going on. By the way, from now
on, you’ll have to come to my office every week, so we can keep track of your progress throughout the
rest of the academic period.

Activity 2: Read the statements and write T (true) or F (false), then correct the false
statement.

A. Robledo was at the Naval Hospital. He had fever and a stomachache.

B. The academic dean isn’t worried about Robledo’s performance.
C. Robledo failed three subjects on the first period, but not a single one on the second one.
D. The Academic dean told Robledo that there wasn’t much he could do at this point of the
semester.
E. You could be expelled from the Navy School if you fail more than two subjects.

LET’S LEARN SOMETHING

NEW

Activity 3: VOCABULARY: NAVY ACADEMY RULES

• Match some of following words with the right picture:

A. RÉVEILLE E. SICK CALL H. FORMATION

B. TAPS AND LATE LIGHTS F. RELATIONSHIPS I. BARBERSHOP

C. BARRACKS G. MESS HALL J. HEALTHCARE CENTER

D. PERSONAL APPEARANCE

1. ________________ 2. ________________ 3. ________________

4. _________________ 5. ________________ 6. ________________

7. ________________
Activity 4: Match the following terms with the rule they imply. Some places or moments have more
than one rule.
A. RÉVEILLE 1. Students should not show any affective expressions with the
military personnel at the Navy School or outside of it while wearing
the uniform.
B. SICK CALL 2. Students’ racks must be clean and fixed at all times.

C. FORMATION 3. Midshipmen and cadets must be in their racks with all overhead
lights off at 2300R.
D. TAPS AND LATE 4. Students can’t take out food from the mess hall.
LIGHTS
E. RELATIONSHIPS 5. All sick calls should be reported to the battalion first thing in the
morning, immediately after the breakfast meal. You must obtain
your superior's permission before attending sick call.
F. BARBERSHOP 6. Cadets have to keep their nails clipped at all times. Female cadets
shouldn’t wear permanent make-up.
G. BARRACKS 7. The Course Commander have to fill out the daily report by
registering the day’s event.
H. MESS HALL 8. Cadets can’t ask to the barbers to get a different haircut to the ones
stipulated on the rules.
I. HEALTHCARE 9. Students must remain calm and silent at the health facilities.
CENTER
J. PERSONAL 10. Cadets must attend every scheduled formation.
APPEARANCE
11. Cadets must attend every formation. If they can’t attend by any
given reason, they must report it to the Brigadier.
12. Cadets have to keep their nails clipped at all times. Female cadets
shouldn’t wear permanent make-up

 At what times of the day or in which places of the School should these rules be followed?

Activity 5: Listen and read

Listen to the conversation between a Midshipman and a group of aspirants on their first instruction
day. What are some of the rules Plebes must follow? Listen to what’s said and write T (true) or F (false),
then correct the false statement.
 A) You can have smartphones, tablets, laptops, watches, or any kind of electronic devices on you.
B) You shouldn’t speak to anyone who’s not on the Binney Company.
C) You shouldn’t buy food from any of the grocery stores at the School. You can only eat what is
provided to you.
D) You can decide which sport you want to do or what to do with your free time.
E) You must respect every superior. You should look up the sky every time one of them passes by you.
F) You can walk freely at the School with the other Plebes.

LET’S FOCUS ON GRAMMAR

MODAL VERBS - RECAP
1. We use modals to talk about abilities.
My grandfather was a Marine who could shoot very well.
The Academic Dean can speak three languages.
When I was a first-year cadet, I could run 2 kilometers in less than two minutes.

MODAL VERBS -
2. We also use them to express probability, obligation, permission, desires, certainty, and advice.

You should pay more attention in classes. You could fail the
subject if you keep it like this.

 Advice/Probability

Cadets can’t / Mustn’t eat in the officer’s mess hall.

 Permission / Prohibition
 Students must get at least a 6,0 to pass the subject.
Midshipmen have to be off their racks at 0430R.  Obligation

Brigadiers are already whistling. It must be lunch time.

 Certainty

This pandemic sucks! I wouldn’t like to be here all year

along.

 Desires

Activity 6: Complete the sentences with Should / Shouldn’t:

1. You have a great job. You _______________ (change) it

2. You ___________________ (drink) so much coffee. It’s bad for your blood pressure

3. The government ____________ (help) poor people

4. It’s an incredible film. You _________________ (watch) it

5. It’s a very dangerous area. Tourists ______________ (go) there.

Activity 7: Complete with Must / Mustn’t:

1. Cadets __________ clean their rooms

2. People ____________ smoke in a hospital

3. Students ___________ be responsible

4. We ___________ cheat in a test

5. What _______ you ________ do every day?

Activity 8: Complete the sentences with HAVE TO / MUST:

1. We ___________ wait in line like everyone else. It’s the bank guideline

2. We ___________ brush our teeth every day

3. If you are under 13, you ________ to get your parents’ permission

4. Bicyclists _________ wear a helmet when riding their bicycles

5. She _______ work next weekend because her boss wants her to help him with some documents.
Activity 9: Complete the sentences by using the right modal verb. (would / must / could / can’t / couldn’t /
should)

A. cant get inside the classroom.

The cadets didn’t have the keys, so they _________
B. should be at the Healthcare center.
She didn’t feel good this morning. She __________
C. should take the Physics exam earlier because we have another class at 14:00R.
We _________
D. I __________
couldnt want to be in your shoes. Three final term exams in a single day ___________ be
something really stressful.
E. The English teacher spoke so fast that I _________ understand him.
F. You __________ pass the written exam. If you don’t, you will fail the subject.
G. It was a pretty difficult question, but, luckily, he __________ answer it.
H. I __________ like to go home. I miss my family so much

Activity 10: Read the sentences. Circle the right modal verb.

A. There are many things to clean. You couldn’t/shouldn’t be laying on your rack without doing
anything.
B. Sir, remember that you are at the Naval Hospital. You can’t/wouldn’t be smoking here.
C. He has been training for more than three hours. He must/should be tired after such hard work.
D. They have to/would prefer to get some rest.
E. I could/must speak English fluently when I was a child because I used to live in England, but
after we moved back to Colombia, I had very little exposure to the language and forgot
almost everything I knew as a child. Now, I can/can’t just say a few things in the language.
F. The Philosophy teacher said we could/have to read this book for our own pleasure, but we
mustn’t/can’t read if we don’t want to.
G. Take an umbrella with you. It could/would rain later.
H. You shouldn’t/couldn’t leave things lying outside the locker. You could/must be sanctioned
for doing that.
LET’S WRITE!

A) Write ten more rules from the Navy School. Use the modal verbs we learned in class to express
obligation and prohibition.
B) Write a 70-90 word-letter to a friend of yours who would like to be part of the Navy school one day.
Tell him about cadets’ responsibilities, obligations, prohibitions and give him some advice to take
into account before joining.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

LET’S TALK

Pair work:

A 4th year cadet and an Aspirant: A 4th year cadet gives some pieces of advice to an aspirant so that he can
know what is recommendable, prohibited, allowed at the Navy school. (use the modal verbs studied)

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Let’s learn how to:
1. Talk about rules in different tenses.
2. How to use conditionals to express penalties, causes and consequences plus facts in the military and
civilian life.

Lesson 7.1 Rules and some penalties in the Navy School

LET’S READ
5 most remarkable rules for the ENAP’s personnel

In any country of the world, each bad action has consequences and that is why there are laws in
place to show people not to break them and to punish the ones who go ahead to break it, a Navy
School is not the exception.
On this list, you will see 5 common rules in a Navy School, according to what cadets and
personnel can do and how they are regulated. It is related to what They have being doing every
single day:
1- Relationship between the ENAP’s personnel: The treatment between colleagues,
subordinates and superiors is framed under the norms of courtesy and respect for
human dignity.
2- The behavior in the bunk beds always adhere to the norms of culture and civility,
observing neatness, modesty and decorum, characteristics that every student of the
Navy School must have.
3- Students must use the towel to enter or exit the shared showers. It is not allowed to walk
naked in the corridors, or halls.
4- The purpose of staying in the barracks is to give a physical and intellectual rest to the
student staff after their work. Both time periods, at noon and at night, the student will be
able to enter the bathrooms and bedrooms of the barracks in order to carry out their
personal hygiene, carry out arrangements and wardrobe cleaning, as well as order their
particular elements.
5- The student's locker must be arranged and presented, for which upon arrival at a Navy
School finds a special format that indicates the exact way to arrange the elements in it.
 Activity 1: Read the text “5 most remarkable rules for the ENAP’s personnel” and math the definitions with
the words given:

1. The quality of being tidy with everything in its place _______

2. Plans for how something will happen ______
3. The way you behave towards someone _______
4. The way that you behave _______
5. The people who work for an organization ______
6. An accepted principle or instruction that states the way things are or
should be done, and tells you what you are allowed or are not allowed to
do ________

a. Arrangement
b. Treatment
c. Staff
d. Behavior
e. Neatness
f. Rule

LET’S LEARN SOMETHING NEW

LET’S TALK

Activity 2:

1. Talk about the influence of rules in your life.

Compare and socialize them with your partners. Try to
give at least 5 main rules.
2. Do you think rules are necessary to regulate the
military behavior? Give reasons
3. If rules don’t exist, the society will be the same?
Why?
 LET’S WRITE Activity 3: Write down the specific penalty according to each rule from your
experience in the ENAP:

Rule number 1: Relationship between the military personnel (between cadets

____________________________________________________________ ______________
Rule number 2: Bad behavior in the bunk beds
___________________________________________________________________________
Rule number 3: Shared-shower’s correct usage
____________________________________________________________________________
Rule number 4: not to behave correctly in the barracks
____________________________________________________________________________
Rule number 5: To have the locker disorganized
____________________________________________________________________________

LET’S WRITE
Activity 4: Write in 50 words the most difficult penalties that you suffered in
your life and why you had them

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

LET’S FOCUS ON
GRAMMAR
We use the conditional zero to talk about facts and the conditional one to talk about cause and
consequence
How to make zero conditional sentences:
The zero conditional talks about facts.
To make the zero conditional structure we use the simple present in both the condition and the
result part of the sentence.
 Don’t forget this: We can replace the “if” for “when” in the same position.
“when you milk the cow, you get milk”

EXAMPLE:

If you milk the cows, you get milk

Condition + Result
How to make conditional one sentences:
The first conditional or conditional one talks about cause and consequence.
To make the one conditional structure we use the simple present for the condition and future will
for the result. Example:

If you eat a lot, you will be/get fat

Condition + Result

LET’S FOCUS ON
Activity 5: Fill in the blanks about the specific penalty that you
GRAMMAR
receive in the ENAP by each action described using the conditionals 0 (facts) and 1 (cause and
consequence). Use your creativity and the correct penalties in each case.
ACTIONS:
1: If you kiss a partner and you have these signs of affection in the navy academy, you
breaking a rule
___________________________________________________________(conditional zero)
2: If you arrive late to classes, you
You will fail the subject
____________________________________________________________(conditional one)
sancionate
3: If you are a man and you go the lady’s room or bathroom, you
you wil be slap
____________________________________________________________(conditional one)
4: If you yell at a superior or a higher rank personnel, you
___________________________________________________________(conditional zero)
5: If you skip classes without a previous excuse,
you________________________________________________________(conditional one)
6: If a first-year cadet doesn’t follow the instruction of a midshipman, he, or
she________________________________________________________(conditional zero)
7: If you don’t wear your uniform correctly,
you________________________________________________________(conditional zero)
8: If you don’t make your bed,
you________________________________________________________(conditional one)
9: If you fail 3 subjects,
you________________________________________________________(conditional one)
10: If you get a special haircut at the barbery,
you________________________________________________________(conditional zero)
 LET’S FOCUS ON
Activity 6: Write down the correct cause for each consequence
GRAMMAR
using the zero and one conditional:

1- ____________________, It gets frozen

2- ____________________, You will fail it
3- ____________________, You will feel tired
4- ____________________, You will end your relationship
5- ____________________, You might have a headache
6- ____________________, You get wet

7- LET’S LISTEN Activity 7 Match the corresponding consequence to each listened cause:
8- EXERCISE:
9- 1: …I won’t be able to run anymore ( )
10- 2: …I will go to the class without her ( )
11- 3: …I will be thankful with him for good ( )
12- 4: …I can’t wake up on time ( )
13- 5: …I will probably pass the subject and the semester ( )
 Lesson 7.2 Penalty and health

LET’S READ
Activity 8:

Read and speak! Read the “penalty and health” article. Answer the questions orally:

Penalty and health:

Today, about my daily routine, I learnt something very interesting:

If I don’t run 50 meters, my body suddenly starts feeling strange. My parents told me that this isn’t
something I can control, that this isn’t something that I have to measure, that life is just about living and if
I do exercise every single day, I will feel better, just because, but I know, there are days where I’m a little
bit lazy and I don’t control my nutrition. When I don’t eat healthy food, I can’t be focused on what I must
do and that causes that my production reduces to zero. So, according to this, I must run, I must do exercises
like doing push-ups or pull ups, otherwise, I will not be able to feel better and I cannot use my whole
potential.

So, please, take care of your health, if you don’t do this, your body will feel the biggest impact of your
irresponsibility and you will not feel great afterwards.

LET’S TALK Activity 9: Talk to me about:

- The different conditional phrases that you found on the reading.

- What are your opinions about your health? Do you take care of your body?
- What are the penalties you give yourself if you don’t take care of it? (Mention 3 minimum)
- Mention 4 phrases (2 using the zero and 2 the one conditional) about penalties that you receive if
you don’t take care of your health or general situations.
 LET’S LISTEN
ACTIVITY 10: What if…
Listen to 5 recorded questions and answer them orally, use simple present or future will:
Example:

Recording:
1) What do you do when (if) you have an empty fridge?
2) Answer the question orally like:

Oral answer:

If I have an empty fridge, I go buying

food immediately

LET’S WRITE
Activity 11. Read the question and write your answer.
What do you do in your life to be in shape or healthy? (50 words)

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Let´s learn how to….

1. Make predictions about the future

2. Talk about plans and intentions

Lesson 8.1 MAKE PREDICTIONS ABOUT THE FUTURE

LET’S READ
Moving Up in Rank
A military promotion is a major and significant
achievement in a service member’s career. It is a
proof of how well they perform their job and a
confirmation of their dedication, commitment,
expertise, skills, mastery of duties, and leadership
capabilities. As military members move up in rank,
promotions not only become more relevant and
meaningful but also they mark one more
accomplishment in their career.
“With great power, comes great responsibility” – and that’s what a higher rank implies since functions and
obligations of the new rank become more complex and demanding. In the military life, requirements and
conditions to be promoted are completely different from the civilian ones; therefore, moving up in the
chain of command of the forces is a career milestone.
Most service members receive their new rank insignia at an official pinning-on ceremony and their families
are usually asked to attend and, in some cases, to participate in the ceremony as they are asked to pin the
insignia to their loved one’s uniform for the first time. To do so, participants usually rehearse beforehand
to make sure everyone knows how the pin works and where to place it.

Activity 1. Read the text and answer the following questions.

A. What is the article “Moving up in Rank” about?
B. Why are promotions so important for military members?
C. When will you be promoted? What’s the rank you’ll be moving up to?
D. Do you think you meet all the requirements to be promoted? Discuss with a partner.
 LET’S LISTEN
Here we have Lieutenant Arrieta, who will be promoted pretty soon. Let’s ask him about the expectations
he has concerning his new rank at the Colombian Navy.
Interviewer: Good morning, Lieutenant. Thank you so much for your time and for accepting the invitation
to this short interview.
Lt. Arrieta: It’s a pleasure for me to be here.
Interviewer: How do you see yourself in the next few months?
Lt. Arrieta: Well… As you already know, I’ll be promoted to Lieutenant Commander in two months, which
means that a lot of things are going to change in my life.
Interviewer: For example,
Lt. Arrieta: Everything will be different. My functions and duties at the Colombian Navy will completely
change. This is my last rank as a Junior Officer and once I get promoted, I’ll become a Senior Officer.
Interviewer: Are you aware of the responsibilities this new rank implies?
Lt. Arrieta: Well… The responsibilities will vary depending on the bachelor and the major of each one of us,
and each one’s duties are going to be specified once we get promoted. For example, I’ve been part of the
Executive Surface Corps. I’m trained to command and lead ships in the context of naval operations.
Interviewer: Where do you think you’ll be working once you move up in rank?
Lt. Arrieta: It’s actually hard to say. In the last years, I worked in different afloat units such as the
oceanographic vessel ARC Malpelo and the multipurpose vessel ARC Buenaventura, but I also worked on
land. I was part of the planning and international cooperation team, as well of the interagency management
in the Anti-Drug Directorate with national and foreign entities. So, I don’t really know. I think I’ll be working
wherever the Navy requires me.
Interviewer: One more question, Lieutenant. Who’s coming to the ceremony?
Lt. Arrieta: My whole family, but my mother and my wife will be the ones placing the pin on me.

Activity 2: Listen to the interview and answer the following questions.

A. What’s the rank Lieutenant Arrieta will be promoted to?
B. When is the ceremony going to be?
C. What kind of officer is Lt. Arrieta right now? What kind of officer will he become?
D. Are the responsibilities of all Lieutenant Commanders the same? Yes? No? Why?
E. When will he be working once he gets promoted?
F. What are the names of the vessels he worked on?
G. Who’ll be putting the pin on him?
LET’S FOCUS ON GRAMMAR
GRAMMAR: Future Tenses to make Predictions
Future Simple
 I’ll be promoted to Lieutenant Commander in two months.
Going To
 A lot of things are going to change in my life.
Future Progressive
 Where do you think you’ll be working once you move up in rank?
Find more examples of the Present Perfect Progressive. Underline Them.
 LET’S LEARN SOMETHING NEW

Activity 3: Do your research! Look for the equivalent in English of each one of the ranks of the different
Colombian Armed Forces.
 LET’S WRITE

Activity 4: What the future holds for us? Choose one of your classmates and make predictions
about his/her future. Use the future structures learned in class.

LET’S SPEAK

Activity 5: How will your School change in the upcoming years? Discuss with your partners. Make
predictions about the possible changes your School could face in the following years.

Lesson 8.2 TALK ABOUT PLANS AND INTENTIONS

LET’S LISTEN

Activity 1: Listen and read. What are the guys doing this weekend?
MIDN Cuevas: Hey, Becerra. Are you coming to Angarita’s birthday party this weekend? We’re having dinner at a
restaurant in Downton. Then, we’ll go to a club to get some drinks and to dance.

BGLR Becerra: Sorry, but I won’t be able to go. I have plenty of things to do at the School.

MIDN Cuevas: C’mon, Becerra! Angarita is your best friend. You know him before you even joined the School.

BGLR Becerra: I know that, and I don’t want to disappoint him, but I don’t have time, and I need to finish all the
assignments we have to turn in this week. Have you finished yours?

MIDN Cuevas: I haven’t finished mines yet. I have been working on them, but there are some things I need to correct.
Nevertheless, I want to get some fresh air and do something different this weekend. C’mon, Becerra. We still have a
whole week to do that…

BGLR Becerra: I don’t know… I don’t think I’ll have enough time to do all that next week.

MIDN Cuevas: Please! Don’t be a party pooper. I promise that I will help you to study. In fact, I already talked to
Perdomo, and we decided that we’re going to hire a teacher for tutoring. He’ll be coming on Tuesdays and Thursdays
afternoons. You can come to the classes if you want to.

BGLR Becerra: Really? Would you let me do that?

MIDN Cuevas: Of course! That’s what friends are for.
BGLR Becerra: Perfect! Then, I think I’ll go with you guys.
MIDN Cuevas: You think...? Are you coming or not?!
BGLR Becerra: I’m kidding. Of course I’m going to go. I can’t miss my best friend’s birthday party.
MIDN Cuevas: Great!
 Activity 2: Read the statements and write True or False. Then correct the false statements.
A. To celebrate MIDN Angarita’s birthday, guys are planning on going to a restaurant and going clubbing.
B. BGLR Becerra and MIDN Angarita became friends at the School.
C. MIDN Cuevas already finished all her assignments.
D. MIDN Cuevas and MIDN Perdomo hired a teacher for tutoring.
E. BGLR Becerra won’t attend MIDN Angarita’s birthday celebration.
LET’S FOCUS ON GRAMMAR

GRAMMAR: Future Tenses to talk about plans and intentions

Future Simple – Instant decisions, promises, predictions based on beliefs, offers, future
facts.
 I don’t think I’ll have enough time to do all that next week.
 Then, we’ll go to a club to get some drinks.
Going to – Intentions, plans, decisions, predictions supported by evidence.
 We decided that we’re going to hire a teacher for tutoring.
Future Progressive – Action in progress at a specific time in the future.
 He’ll be coming on Tuesdays and Thursdays afternoons.
Present Progressive – Plans, Future arrangements.
 Are you coming to Angarita’s birthday party this weekend?
Find more examples of the Present Perfect Progressive. Underline Them.

Activity 3: Underline the correct option.

A. I want to be part of the School Band. I’m going to/will audition today afternoon.
B. Only time will/is going to tell whether the change of major was worth it.
C. Hang on! I’ll/’m going to call my Chief Petty Officer. He needs to know what happened.
D. We’ll/are going to the simulator this afternoon. Do you want to come with us?
E. I’ve had enough of this. I think I’ll/’m going to ask to be discharged.
F. I’m studying calculus because I’ve decided that I’ll/’m going to major in Naval Engineering.

LET’S WRITE

Activity 4: Write sentences about what you we’ll be doing next week, on your next vacations, and
when you become a Commissioned Officer or a Non Commissioned officer.

LET’S SPEAK

Activity 5: Talk to your partners about your future plans and intentions. How do you see your
military career in the upcoming years?
Let´s learn how to…

9.1 Briefly talk about actions or activities coming from past to present
9.2 Reinforce through speaking and writing activities the content coming from the different units

LET’S READ

Read the “a military’s diary” and answer the questions below.

A MILITARY’S DIARY

Today, I just wanted to write about how my life has been, and how proud I am of all my achievements.
Now, that I’m almost 50, I must say I have done many things in my life that I haven’t thought to do, and I felt
amazing to mention.
First, about the countries:
I have visited and traveled to a lot of them! I haven’t forgotten to travel to countries like Japan, Mexico,
England, Saudi Arabia, Germany, United States, and a lot more. It was meaningful for me to know several
things about their culture, how they live and see life, as well as how their cultures contrast with mine, it is
unforgettable.
Second, about meeting people:
The way the people treated me during my stay in those places was amazing, and it showed me that We, as
militaries, have lived between so warm and lovely people worldwide, that even with several wars that the
humanity has suffered, they’re still so humans to keep the comradeship one another and with us, putting
aside all the remorse and pain that several conflicts in the mankind’s history has certainly caused.
Third, talking about Colombia:
I also wanted to say, that in my expertise as a military from Colombia, I have always felt so great when I
mention my nation overseas. Abroad, I have felt that beautiful sensation of talking about my territory and
have seen how people reacted when I was talking about it; the feeling has been unique every single time.
 LET’S WRITE

1ST: What is the reading about? Write a 40-word paragraph

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________

2nd: Identify 4 present perfect sentences in the reading. Example: I have done many things in my life that I
haven’t thought to do
1st:
2nd:
3rd:
4th:

LET’S TALK

2nd: How has your life been so far? Tell me orally what things you’ve done that have been special for you as
a military student/officer?
LET’S FOCUS ON
GRAMMAR
BRIEF INFORMATION ABOUT PRESENT PERFECT:

It is used to talk about unfinished or unspecified-time actions that started in the past and might

continue in the present.

Example:

1st: Actions in the past of indefinite time:

- I have passed the English test/ I’ve passed the English test.

2nd: Actions that started in the past but continue to present

- We have been part of the military life since 1996/ We’ve been part of the military life since 1996.

3rd: Actions that started in the past but stopped recently

- The president has arrived to the building/ The president’s arrived to the building
 Activity:

Brief activity:
Select the best past participle verb for these sentences:
1st: I have _______ with my family in Colombia
A: Grown
B: Moved
I HAVE GROWN WITH MY FAMILY IN COLOMBIA
C: Controlled
D: Driven

2nd: Has she _____ you several times?

A: Drunk
B: Looked HAS SHE CALLED YOU SEVERAL TIMES
C: Been
D: Called
3rd: - A: Where have you ______ for 4 years?
- B: In Italy. Then I came back to my country
A: Run
B: Eaten
C: Traveled WHERE HAVE YOU BEEN FOR 4 YEARS
D: Been

LET’S TALK

Have you ever gone to other countries? Talk about the reasons why you’ve traveled.

LET’S
WRITE

Activity 1
Write down about your military routine. Try to mention 10 activities with their respective military time
following a sequence.

1st:_____________________________________________________________________________
I WAKE UP AT 4:30 EVERY DAY
nd
I DO MY BED
2 :_____________________________________________________________________________
rd I CHANGE IN SPORTS UNIFORM
3 :_____________________________________________________________________________
I BRUSH MY TEEH
4th:_____________________________________________________________________________
th
5 :_____________________________________________________________________________
I SHAVE
6th:_____________________________________________________________________________
I AM GOING TO DO SPORTS
I DO CLEANING IN EXTERNAL AREAS
7th:_____________________________________________________________________________
I CLEAN MY ROOM
8th:_____________________________________________________________________________
th I CHANGE FOR I GO TO THE BREAKFAST
9 :_____________________________________________________________________________
I GO TO THE STUDY AT THE ALFA BUILDING
10th:____________________________________________________________________________
Activity 2
Use the words in the box and try to make 2 comparisons between the different vehicles:
Big/armored/strong/small/lethal/spacious/fast/slow

1st:

Boat Carrier

1st:______________________________________________________________________________
2nd: _____________________________________________________________________________

2nd:

Submarine Jeep
st
1 :______________________________________________________________________________
2nd:_____________________________________________________________________________

3rd:

Ambulance Cargo truck

1st:_____________________________________________________________________________
2nd:_____________________________________________________________________________
4th:

Helicopter Motorcycle
st
1 :_____________________________________________________________________________
2nd:_____________________________________________________________________________

5th:

Airplane Parachute
1st:______________________________________________________________________________
2nd:_____________________________________________________________________________

LET’S TALK

Imagine the ship of your dreams. Talk about it 2 minutes by answering these questions:
1st: Which/what will the parts of the ship be? Mention them in their corresponding room or place.

2nd: What is the type of ship that will be? Why?

3rd: What is the crew that you would prefer on board? (Ranks, and functions if possible).
 LET’S WRITE

- Put the correct hierarchical rank order (6 minimum) of the naval petty officers, navy officers and
the air-force officers.
- Don’t forget the illustrations presented on the unit 8:

Naval petty officers:

1__________________________,2____________________________,3______________________,

4__________________________,5____________________________,6______________________

Navy officers

1_________________________,2_____________________________,3_____________________,

4,_________________________,5_____________________________,6______________________

Air force officers

1__________________________,2_____________________________3,_____________________,

4__________________________,5_____________________________6______________________
Have you ever wondered where the expression captain comes from?

According to the records, the term comes from the Greek expression katepánō, which means
placed at the top or head. Unit number 10 will help us familiarize with the different petty officers
and officer ranks.

Activity one

Match the ranks with its correct equivalent in Spanish. Listen and check.

NAVY OFFICERS
1. Admiral A. Cadete de Tercer Año
2. Vice Admiral B. Guardiamarina
3. Rear Admiral C. Almirante
4. Captain D. Capitán de Fragata
5. Commander E. Cadete de Primer Año
6. Lieutenant Commander F. Teniente de Corbeta
7. Lieutenant G. Capitán de Navío
8. Lieutenant Junior Grade H. Contralmirante
9. Ensign I. Teniente de Fragata
10. First year cadet J. Capitán de Corbeta
11. Midshipman K. Cadete de Segundo Año
12. Third year cadet L. Vicealmirante
13. Second year cadet M. Teniente de Navío

MARINE OFFICERS
1. General A. Coronel
2. Major General B. Mayor General
3. Brigadier General C. Subteniente
4. Colonel D. Teniente Coronel
5. Lieutenant Colonel E. Brigadier General
6. Major F. Teniente
7. Captain G. Mayor
8. First Lieutenant H. Capitan
9. Second Lieutenant I. General
NAVY PETTY OFFICERS

1. Joint Command Chief Technical Petty A. Marinero Primero

Officer B. Suboficial Jefe Técnico de Comando
2. Command Chief Technical Petty Officer Conjunto
3. Master Chief Petty Officer C. Marinero Segundo
4. Chief Petty Officer D. Suboficial Primero
5. Petty Officer 1ST Class E. Suboficial Jefe
6. Petty Officer 2nd Class F. Suboficial Tercero
7. Petty Officer 3rd Class G. Suboficial Jefe Técnico
8. Seaman/ Seaman 1st Class H. Suboficial Segundo
9. Seaman apprentice/ Seaman 2nd Class I. Suboficial Jefe Técnico de Comando

MARINE PETTY OFFICERS

1. Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps A. Sargento Mayor de commando

2. Sergeant Major and Master Gunnery B. Cabo 3ro

3. Sergeant C. Sangento Segundo

4. Master Sergeant and First Sergeant D. Sangento Primero

5. Gunney Sergeant E. Cabo Segundo

6. Staff Sergeant F. Sargento Mayor de Comando Conjunto

7. Sergeant G. Sargento Viceprimero

8. Corporal H. Sargento Mayor

9. Lance Corporal I. Cabo 1ro

ACTIVITY TWO

Write the name of the correct military rank.

NAVY OFFICERS SHOULDER MARKS

lieutenant vice admiral 3_____________

midshipman captain ensign
1_____________ 2_____________ 4_____________ 5_____________
 lieutenant
6_____________
commander admiral lieutenant
7_____________ 8_____________ commander
junior grade 9_____________

1
three year cadet
10_____________ second year cadet 12_____________
11_____________ rear admiral

13first year cadet

_____________

MARINE OFFICERS SHOULDER MARKS

. . .
captain second lieutenant
1______________ 2_____________ 3_____________ 4 ____________ 5____________

. . .

6______________ 7______________ 8____________ 9______________

MARINE PETTY OFFICERS SHOULDER MARKS

_________________
1

2 ________________ 3 ________________

4 __________________ 5 _________________ 6 ________________

7 _________________ 8 _________________

_________________
9
NAVY PETTY OFFICERS SHOULDER MARKS

. .

1_________________ 2_________________ 3 _________________ 4 ________________

5 _________________ 6 ________________ 7 ________________ 8 _______________

 71
Prementary material_ Centro de Idiomas Armada de Colombia