Periodic Test-I

Subject: Biology
SECTION-A
I. Multiple choice question:
1.What is the function of filiform apparatus in an angiospermic embryo
sac?
(a) Brings about opening of the pollen tube
(b) Guides the pollen tube into a synergid
(c) Prevents entry of more than one pollen tube into a synergid
(d) None of these
Answer: (b) Guides the pollen tube into a synergid
2.Plants with ovaries having only one or a few ovules are generally
pollinated by
(a) bees
(b) butterflies
(c) birds
(d) wind
Answer: (d) wind
3.Spiny or sticky pollen grains and large, attractively coloured flowers
are associated with
(a) hydrophily
(b) entomophily
(c) ornithophily
(d) anemophily
Answer: (b) entomophily
4.In albuminous seeds, food is stored in _______ and in non albuminous
seeds, it is stored in _______.
(a) endosperm, cotyledons
(b) cotyledons, endosperm
(c) nucellus, cotyledons
(d) endosperm, radicle
Answer: (a) endosperm, cotyledons
5.Indentify the wrong statement regarding post-fertilisation
development.
(a) The ovary wall develops into pericarp.
(b) The outer integument of ovule develops into tegmen.
(c) The fusion nucleus (triple nucleus) develops into endosperm.
(d) The ovule develops into seed.
Answer: (b) The outer integument of ovule develops into tegmen.
6.An embryo may sometimes develop from any cell of embryo sac other
than egg. It is termed as
(a) apospory
(b) apogamy
(c) parthenogenesis
(d) parthenocarpy
Answer: (b) apogamy
7.Ovulation in the human female normally takes place during the
menstrual cycle
(a) at the mind secretory phase
(b) just before the end of the secretory phase
(c) at the beginning of the proliferative phase
(d) at the end of the proliferative phase.
Answer: (d) at the end of the proliferative phase
8.After ovulation Graafian follicle regresses into
(a) corpus atresia
(b) corpus callosum
(c) corpus luteum
(d) corpus albicans
Answer: (c) corpus luteum
9.A human female reaches menopause aroung the age of
(a) 50 years
(b) 15 years
(c) 70 years
(d) 25 years.
Answer: (a) 50 years
10.In oocyte secondary maturation occurs in
(a) ovary
(b) abdominal cavity
(c) Fallopian tube
(d) uterus.
Answer: (c) Fallopian tube
11.Spermiation is the process of the release of sperms from
(a) seminiferous
(b) vas deferens
(c) epididymis
(d) prostate gland
Answer: (a) seminiferous
12.The vas deferens receives duct from the seminal vesicle and opens
into urethra as
(a) epididymis
(b) ejaculatory duct
(c) efferent ductule
(d) ureter
Answer: (b) ejaculatory duct
II.Assertion and reason types questions:
Directions: In the following questions, a statement of assertion is
followed by a statement of reason.
Mark the correct choice as:
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct
explanation of Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct
explanation of Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) If both Assertion and Reason are false.
13.Assertion : Autogamy is a transfer of pollen grains from an anther to
the stigma of the same flower on the same plant.
Reason : Xenogamy is pollination between two flowers on different
plants.
Answer: (c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
14.Assertion : Insects visit flower to gather honey.
Reason : Attraction of flowers prevents the insects from damaging other
parts of the plant.
Answer: (d) If both Assertion and Reason are false.
15.Assertion : In human male, testes are extraabdominal and lie in
scrotal sacs.
Reason : Scrotum acts as thermoregulator and keeps testicular
temperature lower by 2°C for normal spermatogenesisa
Answer: (a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the
correct explanation of Assertion.
16.Assertion: Finger-like projections appear on the trophoblast called
chorionic villi after implantation.
Reason: Chorionic villi are surrounded by the uterine tissue and
maternal blood.
Answer: If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the
correct explanation of Assertion.
Section-B
III.Answer the following questions:
17.State the function of filiform apparatus found in mature embryo sac
of an angiosperm.
Answer: The special cellular thickenings present in synergids at the
micropylar tip called filiform apparatus, found in mature embryo sac of
an angiosperm help in guiding the entry of pollen tubes up to the
synergids.
18.A bilobed, dithecous anther has 100 microspore mother cells per
microsporangium. How many male gametophytes this anther can
produce?
Answer:*An anther is a four-sided (tetragonal) structure consisting of
four microsporangia.
*Each microsporangium has 100 microspore mother cells, so
total number of microspore mother cells in anther = 4 × 100 = 400
microspore mother cells.
* Meiosis in each microspore mother cell produces 4 male
gametes, so 400 cells will produce = 4 × 400 = 1600 male gametes.
19.Explain the function of germ pores.
Answer: Germ pores are prominent apertures of pollen grain exine
where sporopollenin is absent. These are the regions where intine
comes out forming a pollen tube to release male gamete in the embryo
sac.
20.Write the location and functions of following in human testes
(i) Sertoli cells
(ii) Leydig cells
Answer: (i) Location of Sertoli cells Within the lining of seminiferous
tubule of testis.Function of Sertoli cells They provide nutrition to the
developing sperms or germ cells.
(ii) Location of Leydig cells In the interstitial spaces between the
seminiferous tubules. Function of Leydig cells They synthesise and
secrete male hormones, i.e. androgens, testosterone.
21.Write the function of the seminal vesicle
Answer: Seminal vesicle produces an alkaline secretion containing
prostaglandins, proteins and fructose. The high fructose content
provides energy to the spermatozoa. These secretions form 60-70% of
the fluid found in the semen.
SECTION-C
IV.Answer the following questions:
22.If the meiocyte of a maize plant contains 20 chromosomes. Write the
number of chromosomes in the endosperm and embyro of the maize
grain and give reasons in support of your answer.
Answer: *If the meiocyte of a maize plant contains 20 chromosomes,
then the number of chromosomes in the endosperm and the embryo of
maize grain will be 30 and 20, respectively.
*The meiocyte is a diploid cell and have 20 chromosomes. Thus, its
haploid chromosome is 10.
*Number of chromosome in endosperm is 10 × 3 = 30.
*Number of chromosomes in embryo is 2n,
2 × 10 = 20.
23.Do you think apomixis can be compared with asexual reproduction?
Support your answer, giving one reason. How is apomixis beneficial to
farmers? Explain.
Answer: Yes, apomixis can be compared with asexual reproduction. It is
also called a form of asexual reproduction that mimics sexual
reproduction.
In apomixis, seeds are produced without fertilisation and zygote
formation through gametic fusion. So, it can be called as a form of
asexual reproduction.
Two advantages of apomictic seeds (apomixis) to farmers are

 It lowers the cost of production.

 Apomictic seeds do not have to be produced every year.

24. Describe endosperm development in angiosperm.

Answer: Endosperm development takes place by three methods
(i) In nuclear type, which is a common method, the Primary Endosperm
Nucleus (PEN) undergoes repeated mitotic division without cytokinesis.
At this stage, the endosperm is called free nuclear endosperm.
(ii) In cellular type, cell wall formation occurs and the endosperm
becomes cellular. The number of free nuclei formed before
cellularisation varies greatly, e.g. in coconut, the water is free nuclear
endosperm and surrounding white kernel is cellular endosperm.

(iii) In helobial type endosperm formation, one half of endosperm is

nuclear type and other half is cellular type.

25.(i) Describe the endosperm development in coconut.

(ii) Why is tender coconut considered as healthy source of nutrition?
(iii) How are pea seeds different from castor seeds with respect to
endosperm? (All India 2013)
Answer: (i) Coconut endosperm formation is nuclear type.
The primary endosperm nucleus undergoes free nuclear division without
cell wall formation.
(ii) Soft coconut is an endosperm. It is rich in nutrients like fats, proteins,
carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, etc. Hence, it is considered as a
healthy source of nutrition. [1)
(iii) The seeds of pea are non-endospermic, while castor seeds are
endospermic. The endosperm in pea seeds is consumed completely
during embryo development, but endosperm is not utilised in castor
seeds.
26.What happens to corpus luteum in human female if the ovum is (i)
fertilised, (ii) not fertilised?
Answer: *In case of fertilisation, the corpus luteum continues secreting
progesterone which is required for the maintenance of endometrium
during pregnancy.

*In the absence of fertilisation, the corpus luteum degenerates and gets
converted into corpus albicans. Deficiency of progesterone causes
disintegration of the endometrium leading to menstruation and thus, a
new cycle starts.

27.How and at what stage of menstrual cycle is corpus luteum formed in

human females? When does it regress?
Answer: After ovulatory phase (ovulation), the luteal phase starts. The
remaining parts of ruptured Graafian follicle transform into corpus
luteum in this phase. The corpus luteum secretes large amount of
progesterone which is essential for the maintenance of endometrium.
28.Explain the hormonal regulation of the process of spermatogenesis in
humans.
Answer: Hormonal control of spermatogenesis in human males is as
follows

 Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) is released significantly

from the hypothalamus during puberty.
 GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete gonadotropins, i.e.
LH and FSH or Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH).
 Luteinising Hormone (LH) acts on Leydig cells to stimulate the
synthesis and secretion of androgens which then stimulate the
process of spermatogenesis.
  Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) acts on Sertoli cells and
stimulates them to secrete inhibin which then stimulates the
process of spermiogenesis.

SECTION-D

V. Answer the following briefly:

29.(i) Explain the following phases in the menstrual cycle of a human
female.
(a) Menstrual phase
(b) Follicular phase
(c) Luteal phase
(ii) A proper understanding of menstrual cycle can help immensely in
family planning. Do you agree with the statement?
Answer:(i) (a) Menstrual phase The menstrual cycle starts with
menstrual phase. It lasts for about 3-5 days. The menstrual flow results
due to the breakdown of endometrial lining of the uterus and its blood
vessels that gome out through vagina.
(b) Follicular phase It lasts till about 13th day of menstrual cycle. In this
phase, the primary follicles in the ovary grow to become a fully mature
Graafian follicle. The secretion of gonadotropins (LH and FSH) from
anterior pituitary increases gradually during the follicular phase. They
stimulate follicular development as well as secretion of oestrogen by the
growing follicles.
(c) Luteal phase This phase lasts for about 10-14 days. In this phase, the
ruptured Graafian follicle transforms into corpus luteum. It secretes
large amount of progesterone which is essential to maintain
endometrium.

(ii) Yes, a proper understanding of menstrual cycle can help in family

planning as this knowledge can be used to avoid the meeting of sperms
and ovum. This is known as periodic abstinence or rhythm method of
birth control, i.e. temporary avoidance of sex. In this method, a couple
can avoid or abstain the coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle
because ovulation occurs during this period. The chances of fertilisation
are very high during this period.
30.During the reproductive cycle of a human female when, where and
how does placenta develop? What is the function of placenta during
pregnancy and embryo development?
Answer:
Placenta is an organ that connects the developing foetus to the uterine
wall of mother for supporting pregnancy.After implantation, finger-like
projections appear on the trophoblast called chorionic villi, which are
surrounded by the uterine tissue and maternal blood. The chorionic villi
and the uterine tissue become interdigitated with each other and jointly
form a structural and functional unit between foetus and maternal body,
i.e. placenta.

Functions of Placenta:

 It facilitates the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the developing

embryo.
 It also facilitates the removal of carbon dioxide and waste
materials produced by the foetus.
 The placenta is connected to the developing embryo through the
umbilical cord, which helps in the transport of substances to and
from the developing embryo.
 Placenta also acts as an endocrine tissue and produces several
hormones like human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG), human
Placental Lactogen (hPL), oestrogen, progesterone, etc.

31. (i) Explain the process of double fertilisation in angiosperms.

(ii) Why does the development of endosperm precedes that of embryo?
(iii) List the parts of a typical dicot embryo .
Answer: (i) Double fertilisation After releasing the two male gametes
into the synergids from a pollen tube, one of them fuses with egg to
form a diploid zygote (syngamy) and other male gamete fuses with 2
polar nuclei to form triploid primary endosperm cell (triple fusion).
Because of the occurrence of these two types of fusions this process is
called double fertilisation.

(ii) The embryo development starts only after a certain amount of

endosperm is formed. It is an adaptation to assure availability of
nutrition for the developing embryo.
Therefore, endosperm development precedes embryo development.
The role of endosperm in mature albuminous seeds is storage of reserve
food for growing embryo.

(iii) Parts of a typical dicot embryo are

(a) Plumule (b) Radicle (c) Cotyledons