Assignment: Immunology and Heamatology

Topic: Vaccination and its types

Submitted to: Mam Anoosha Hassan
Submitted by: Zamama Raheem
Roll No. 130
Course Code: ZOL-684
Class: BS Zoology (m)
Semester: 7th
Date: 20-11-2023
Government College university Faisalabad Layyah
campus.
Vaccination:
Vaccination is process to develop immunity ( Adaptive immunity) it may b Active or Passive
immunity.The act of introducing a vaccine into the body to produce protection from a specific
disease. Vaccines help protect against many diseases that used to be much more common.
Examples include tetanus, diphtheria, mumps, measles, pertussis (whooping cough), meningitis.
Immunization: A process by which a person becomes protected against a disease through
vaccination.
Vaccine:
Vaccine is a chemical which help to develop immunityWhen any non pathogenic antigen
injected in body then body built antibodies and momery cells that immune the body

History:
1.Dr Edward Jenner in 1796 created the world's first successful vaccine .
2 .He found out that people infected with cowpox were immune to smallpox.
3. In 1881 French microbiologist Louis Pasteur demonstrated immunization against anthrax by
injecting sheep with a preparation containing attenuated forms of the bacillus that causes the
disease. Four years later he developed a protective suspension against rabies
4. 1885, Louis Pasteur successfully prevents rabies through post-exposure vaccination
5.In 1992 hepatitis A vaccine was discovered
6.In 2020 COVID_19 vaccine discovered

Benefits of Vaccine :
In addition to the development of memory B cells, which are capable of triggering a
secondary immune response upon exposure to the pathogen targeted by a vaccine, vaccination
is also beneficial at the population level. When a sufficient number of individuals in a
population are immune to a disease, as would occur if a large proportion of a population were
vaccinated, herd immunity is achieved. That means that if there is random mixing of
individuals within the population, then the pathogen cannot be spread throughout the
population. Herd immunity played an important role in the successful eradication of smallpox,
and it is vital in preventing the spread of diseases such as polio and measles.
 Components of Vaccine:

Adverse reactions:
Vaccination carries some risk of reaction, though adverse effects typically are very rare and
very mild. The most common reactions to vaccines include redness and soreness around the
vaccination site. More severe adverse reactions, such as vomiting, high fever, seizure, brain
damage, or death, are possible for some vaccines.

1. Swelling of your face and throat

2. A fast heartbeat
3. A bad rash all over your body
4. Dizziness and weakness
5. Pain , swelling, or redness
Vaccine Types
Based on a number of some factors, scientists decide which type of vaccine they will make.
There are several types of vaccines, including:

 Inactivated vaccines
 Live-attenuated vaccines
 Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines
 Toxoid vaccines

Inactivated vaccines
Inactivated vaccines use the killed version of the germ that causes a disease. Inactivated vaccines
usually don’t provide immunity (protection) that’s as strong as live vaccines. So you may need
several doses over time (booster shots) in order to get ongoing immunity against diseases.
Inactivated vaccines are used to protect against:

 Hepatitis A
 Flu (shot only)
 Polio (shot only)
 Rabies
Advantage of killed or inactivated vaccine
1. No virulence
2. No multiplicative
3. Any weak immune system can adapt

Disadvantage:
1. No long lasting
2. More doses required
3. Not immunogenic ( likely to cause disease)

Live-attenuated vaccines
Live vaccines use a weakened (or attenuated) form of the germ that causes a disease Because
these vaccines are so similar to the natural infection that they help prevent, they create a strong
and long-lasting immune response. Just 1 or 2 doses of most live vaccines can give you a lifetime
of protection against a germ and the disease it causes. But live vaccines also have some
limitations. For example:

 Because they contain a small amount of the weakened live virus, some people should talk
to their health care provider before receiving them, such as people with weakened
immune systems, long-term health problems, or people who’ve had an organ transplant.
 They need to be kept cool, so they don’t travel well. That means they can’t be used in
countries with limited access to refrigerators. Live vaccines are used to protect against:
Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR combined vaccine)Rotavirus

Advantages:
1. strong response
2. doses are sufficient
3. Strong cell mediated immunity
4. Less in cost

Disadvantages:
1. Can cause virulent/mutant
2. Immunosuppressive
3. Due live may contain contamination
Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines
Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines use specific pieces of the germ—
like its protein, sugar, or capsid (a casing around the germ).Because these vaccines use only
specific pieces of the germ, they give a very strong immune response that’s targeted to key parts
of the germ. They can also be used on almost everyone who needs them, including people with
weakened immune systems and long-term health problems. One limitation of these vaccines is
that you may need booster shots to get ongoing protection against diseases. These vaccines are
used to protect against:

 Hib (Homophiles influenza type b) disease

  Hepatitis B
 HPV (Human papillomavirus)
 Whooping cough (part of the DTaP combined vaccine)
 Pneumococcal disease
 Meningococcal disease
 Shingles

Advantage of conjugated vaccine:

1. Less doses required
2. Strong immunity response
3. No virulent due to antigenic portion

Disadvantage:
1. Required more time
2. Highly expensive
Toxoid vaccines:
Toxoid vaccines use a toxin (harmful product) made by the germ that causes a disease. They
create immunity to the parts of the germ that cause a disease instead of the germ itself. That
means the immune response is targeted to the toxin instead of the whole germ. Like some other
types of vaccines, you may need booster shots to get ongoing protection against diseases. Toxoid
vaccines are used to protect against:

 Diphtheria
 Tetanus