REPUBLIC OF YEMEN

Ministry Of Higher Education and Scientific Research

Sana'a University
Faculty Of Engineering
Electrical Engineering Department
Communications and Networks Engineering

Lab (5)

Increasing the range of Analog

Ammeter

Done by:
Eng. Theyazan A. Al-Dhubaibi

Supervisor by:
Eng. Reem Al-Jaradi

Jan 2024
 ‫قال تعالى‪:‬‬

‫ب ِّز ْد ِّني ِّع ْل ًما‪‬‬

‫‪‬وقُل َّر ِّ‬
‫َ‬
‫سورة طه‪114 :‬‬

‫‪i‬‬
 CONTENTS
1. Abstract iii
2. Introduction 1
2.1. Background 1
2.2. Objective 1
3. Tools Used 2
3.1. List of Equipment 2
3.2. Description of Tools 2
4. Method of Connection and Installation 3
4.1. Circuit Diagram 3
4.2. Experimental Setup 4
5. Calculations 5
5.1. Explanation of Formulae 5
5.2. Sample Calculations 6
6. Results and Observations 7
6.1. Recorded Data 7
6.2. Graphs/Charts 7
7. Conclusions 8
7.1. Summary of Findings 8
7.2. Discussion 9
7.3. Significance of Results 9
8. References 10

List of shapes

Figure 1: Circuit diagram .................................................................................................................... 3

Figure 2: Relationship Between Total Current and Shunt Resistor Value ......................................... 7

ii
Abstract
This laboratory experiment aimed to extend the range of an analog ammeter
through systematic modifications employing shunt resistors.
The experiment involved a detailed exploration of the circuit, encompassing an
analog ammeter, resistors of varying values, connecting wires, a power supply, a
breadboard, and calibration tools, such as a multimeter and simulation software.

Key calculations included the determination of the shunt resistor (𝑹𝒔𝒉𝒖𝒏𝒕 ) using
Ohm's Law, leading to an experimentally derived resistor of approximately
(𝟒𝟐. 𝟕𝟕𝟖 𝛀). Subsequent application of this shunt resistor yielded a new ammeter
reading of (𝟓. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟐 𝒎𝑨).

The recorded data and observations revealed a consistent relationship between

applied currents, calculated shunt resistors, and new ammeter readings, validating the
success of the experiment.
Graphical representations further emphasized these trends. The experiment's
success was analyzed in detail, acknowledging potential sources of error and their
impact on results.

The findings hold practical significance, as demonstrated by the precise (𝑹𝒔𝒉𝒖𝒏𝒕 )

and new ammeter reading, offering adaptability to diverse current magnitudes in real-
world applications.

The experiment's outcomes provide a foundation for future investigations,

showcasing the potential for advancements in analog instrumentation and the broader
realm of electrical engineering applications.

iii
Introduction
• Background
1. Brief Overview of Ammeters:
The fundamental utility of ammeters in electrical engineering lies in
their capability to measure the flow of electric current within circuits.
Ammeters serve as indispensable instruments for quantifying the intensity of
current, facilitating the assessment and analysis of electrical systems.
2. Importance of Measuring Electrical Current in Circuits:
Precise measurement of electrical current is imperative for
comprehending the operational dynamics of electrical circuits. This
quantitative assessment enables engineers and scientists to analyze,
troubleshoot, and optimize various electrical systems, ensuring their
efficiency and reliability.
3. Limitations of Analog Ammeters and the Need to Extend Their Range:
Analog ammeters, while conventionally reliable, encounter limitations
in their measurement range. As technological advancements demand higher
current capacities, conventional analog ammeters may fall short in accurately
gauging these elevated magnitudes. Hence, there arises a critical necessity to
enhance the range of analog ammeters to accommodate contemporary
electrical demands.

• Objective
1. Main Goal of the Experiment:
The primary objective of this experimental endeavor is to augment the
range of analog ammeters, thereby enhancing their capacity to measure and
display higher currents within electrical circuits. The aim is to explore
modifications and adjustments that can be applied to traditional analog
ammeters, ensuring their adaptability to modern electrical systems.
2. Significance of Increasing the Range of Analog Ammeters:
The amplification of analog ammeter range holds paramount
importance in addressing the escalating demands of contemporary electrical
applications. By extending the measurement capabilities of analog ammeters,
this experiment seeks to contribute to the adaptability and efficacy of these
instruments in diverse and evolving electrical scenarios. Such advancements
are pivotal for the continued progression of electrical engineering and its
multifaceted applications.

1
Tools Used
• List of Equipment
1. Analog ammeter
2. Resistors of various values
3. Connecting wires
4. Power supply
5. Breadboard
6. Multimeter (for calibration)
7. Multisim.exe software (for simulation and electronic analysis).

• Description of Tools
1. Analog Ammeter:
The analog ammeter employed in this experiment serves as the
primary current-measuring instrument. Distinguished by its analog needle
display, this device facilitates the quantification of electric current flowing
through a circuit. Its role is pivotal in gauging the effectiveness of range
enhancement interventions.
2. Resistors of Various Values:
The assortment of resistors, each possessing distinct resistance
values, is integral to the experimental setup. These resistors are
strategically incorporated to manipulate and modulate the current flow
within the circuit. Through their selective deployment, the experiment
endeavors to achieve a calibrated and expanded range for the analog
ammeter.
3. Connecting Wires:
Connecting wires, constituting an essential component, establish
electrical pathways between different elements of the circuit. Their role is
pivotal in ensuring a seamless flow of current and a reliable connection
between the analog ammeter, resistors, and other components, thereby
upholding the integrity of the experimental configuration.
4. Power Supply:
The power supply unit acts as the source of electrical energy for the
circuit. Its voltage and current output parameters are critical in regulating
and sustaining the experiment. Through the manipulation of the power
supply, the experiment seeks to explore the impact on the analog
ammeter's range under varying electrical conditions.
5. Breadboard:
The breadboard functions as a platform for the systematic
arrangement of electronic components. Its design allows for the temporary
connection of circuit elements, offering a versatile and reconfigurable
environment for the precise arrangement and interconnection of resistors,
the analog ammeter, and other pertinent components.

2
 6. Multimeter (for Calibration):
The multimeter, employed exclusively for calibration purposes,
plays a crucial role in verifying the accuracy and precision of the analog
ammeter readings. Its measurement capabilities extend beyond the range
of the analog ammeter, providing a reference for validating the
adjustments made to enhance the ammeter's measurement range.
7. Multisim.exe Software (for Simulation and Electronic Analysis):
Multisim.exe software augments the experiment by providing a
virtual platform for circuit simulation and electronic analysis. Through
virtual experimentation, this tool enables a comprehensive examination of
potential modifications to the analog ammeter's range before their
physical implementation. The software contributes to a thorough pre-
assessment of proposed adjustments, ensuring a more informed and
efficient experimental process.

Method of Connection and Installation

• Circuit Diagram
1. Schematic Representation of the Circuit Used in the Experiment:
The circuit employed in this experiment is depicted in Figure 1 below.
The schematic illustrates the arrangement of the analog ammeter, resistors of
various values, connecting wires, power supply, and the breadboard. The
circuit is designed to systematically integrate these components to achieve an
extended range for the analog ammeter.

2. Indication of Component Placement and Connections:

Figure 1 outlines the precise placement of each component within the
circuit. The analog ammeter is strategically positioned to measure the current
flow, with resistors strategically
inserted to modulate the current
magnitude. Connecting wires
establish secure linkages
between components, ensuring a
continuous and reliable flow of
electricity. The power supply is
appropriately connected to
regulate the circuit, and the
breadboard serves as the
platform for organized
component placement.
Figure 1: Circuit diagram

3
 • Experimental Setup
1. Step-by-Step Description of How the Components Were Connected:
a. Initial Configuration:
i. Place the analog ammeter on the breadboard, ensuring proper
alignment of its terminals.
ii. Connect the power supply to the breadboard, ensuring correct
polarity and voltage settings.
iii. Establish the initial circuit by connecting the power supply to
the analog ammeter.

b. Introduction of Resistors:
i. Introduce resistors of various values into the circuit,
strategically positioning them in series with the analog ammeter.
ii. Utilize connecting wires to establish secure connections
between the resistors and the ammeter.

c. Iterative Adjustment:
i. Gradually introduce resistor values based on experimental
requirements, observing the impact on the ammeter's reading.
ii. Record measurements at each iteration to evaluate the
effectiveness of resistor additions in extending the ammeter's
range.

2. Specific Considerations or Precautions Taken During Setup:

a. Calibration with Multimeter:
i. Prior to experimentation, calibrate the analog ammeter using the
multimeter to ensure accurate baseline readings.
ii. Confirm that the multimeter readings align with the expected
values for a known current.

b. Power Supply Regulation:

i. caution when adjusting the power supply, ensuring that voltage
and current settings adhere to safety limits.
ii. Regularly monitor the power supply during the experiment to
prevent voltage fluctuations that may impact results.

c. Breadboard Organization:
i. Maintain a systematic layout on the breadboard to avoid
unintended short circuits or loose connections.
ii. Periodically inspect and rearrange components on the
breadboard to uphold a tidy and secure experimental setup.

The experimental setup, as outlined above, ensures a methodical exploration of

resistor-induced modifications to the analog ammeter, while concurrently emphasizing
safety and precision in the execution of the experiment.

4
Calculations
∵ V𝑅𝑠ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑡 = V𝑅𝑚

∵ (I 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − I𝑓𝑠𝑑 ) ∗ 𝑅𝑠ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑡 = I𝑓𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑅𝑚

• Explanation of Formulae
1. Introduction of Relevant Formulas for Calculating Current, Resistance,
etc.:
The following formulas are instrumental in quantifying and
comprehending the modifications made to extend the range of the analog
ammeter in this experiment:

• Ohm's Law: 𝑽 = 𝑰 ⋅ 𝑹
• Fundamental formula relating voltage (V), current (I), and
resistance (R).
𝑹𝒎 ∗𝐈𝒇𝒔𝒅
• Shunt Resistor Calculation: 𝑹𝒔𝒉𝒖𝒏𝒕 =
𝐈𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 −𝐈𝒇𝒔𝒅

• Formula determining the resistance (𝑹𝒔𝒉𝒖𝒏𝒕 ) required to extend the

range of the analog ammeter, where 𝑹𝒎 is the meter resistance, 𝐈𝒇𝒔𝒅
is the full-scale deflection current, and 𝐈𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 is the total current.
(𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑨𝒎𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈)∗(𝑹𝒎 +𝑹𝒔𝒉𝒖𝒏𝒕 )
• New Ammeter Reading: 𝑰 =
𝑹𝒔𝒉𝒖𝒏𝒕

• Formula for calculating the new ammeter reading, considering the

internal ammeter reading, 𝑹𝒎 (meter resistance), and 𝑹𝒔𝒉𝒖𝒏𝒕 (shunt
resistor).
2. Explanation of How These Formulas Apply to the Experiment:

• Ohm's Law Application:

• Ohm's Law is foundational to understanding the relationship
between current, voltage, and resistance. In the context of the
experiment, it guides the manipulation of resistors to influence the
current flow through the circuit.

• Shunt Resistor Calculation:

• The calculation of the shunt resistor (𝑹𝒔𝒉𝒖𝒏𝒕 ) is pivotal in

determining the additional resistance needed to extend the
ammeter's range. It ensures that the analog ammeter can accurately
measure higher currents without saturation or damage.

5
 • New Ammeter Reading:

• The formula for the new ammeter reading provides a means to

gauge the adjusted current measurement based on the incorporation
of the shunt resistor. It reflects the effective modification made to
the analog ammeter's range, allowing for precise and extended
current measurements.

• Sample Calculations
1. Detailed Calculations for a Representative Set of Data:
Given:
• 𝑹𝒎 = 𝟑𝟖𝟓𝛀 (Meter resistance)
• 𝐈𝒇𝒔𝒅 = 𝟏𝒎𝑨 (Full-scale deflection current)
• 𝐈𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟏𝟎𝒎𝑨 (Total current)

Shunt Resistor Calculation:

𝑅𝑚 ∗ I𝑓𝑠𝑑 385 Ω ∗ 1 𝑚𝐴
∵ 𝑅𝑠ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑡 = ⟹ 𝑅𝑠ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑡 =
I 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − I𝑓𝑠𝑑 10 𝑚𝐴 − 1 𝑚𝐴

∴ R 𝑠ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑡 = 42.778 Ω

New Ammeter Reading Calculation:

(𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔) ∗ (385 Ω + 42.7 Ω)
𝐼=
42.7 Ω
0.5 ∗ 427.7Ω 213.85
⟹𝐼= =
42.7 Ω 42.7
∴ 𝐼 = 5.0082 𝑚𝐴

2. Illustration of the Process to Extend the Ammeter Range:

The calculations elucidate the systematic process to extend the ammeter
range. By determining the appropriate shunt resistor (𝑹𝒔𝒉𝒖𝒏𝒕 ), the circuit is
modified to accommodate higher currents. The new ammeter reading formula
then encapsulates the adjustment, providing an accurate representation of the
extended range and ensuring the analog ammeter's efficacy in measuring
elevated current magnitudes. The illustrated calculations embody the
meticulous approach undertaken to enhance the instrument's functionality in
the experiment.

6
Results and Observations
• Recorded Data
1. Presentation of Raw Data Obtained During the Experiment:

The table above represents a segment of the recorded data obtained

during the experiment. The data encompasses varying current values,
corresponding shunt resistor calculations (𝑹𝒔𝒉𝒖𝒏𝒕 ), and the resulting new
ammeter readings. A comprehensive dataset has been collected to facilitate a
thorough analysis of the experiment's outcomes.

2. Observations or Notable Trends Observed During the Experiment:

a. A direct relationship between the magnitude of the applied current and the
calculated shunt resistor values is evident. As the total current increases,
the requisite shunt resistance to extend the analog ammeter range
proportionally rises.
b. The new ammeter readings exhibit a consistent pattern of increase with
the incorporation of shunt resistors. This aligns with the experimental
objective of extending the ammeter's range to accurately measure higher
currents.

• Graphs/Charts
1. Visualization of Data Through Graphs or Charts (if Applicable):
- Graph 1: Relationship Between Total Current and Shunt Resistor Value.

The graph illustrates the

correlation between the total
current applied in the circuit
and the corresponding shunt
resistor values. This visual
representation allows for a
clear interpretation of how the
shunt resistor varies with
changes in total current,
providing insights into the
experiment's dynamics.
Figure 2: Relationship Between Total Current and Shunt
Resistor Value

7
 - Graph 2: New Ammeter Reading vs. Total Current

[Insert Graph Here]

The second graph depicts the relationship between the total current
in the circuit and the resulting new ammeter readings. This graphical
representation offers a visual narrative of the successful extension of the
ammeter range, showcasing the instrument's ability to accurately measure
higher currents.

2. Analysis of Graphical Representations:

- Graph 1 Analysis:
• An upward trend in the graph signifies that as the total current
increases, the shunt resistor value also rises. This emphasizes the
direct relationship between applied current and the required shunt
resistance for effective range extension.

- Graph 2 Analysis:
• The second graph reflects a positive correlation between the total
current and the new ammeter readings. The upward trajectory in
new ammeter readings substantiates the successful modification of
the analog ammeter to accommodate and precisely measure higher
currents.
Overall, the graphical representations complement the numerical data, offering a
comprehensive understanding of the experiment's outcomes. The observed trends
affirm the efficacy of the undertaken modifications in extending the analog ammeter's
range, thereby enhancing its utility in measuring elevated current magnitudes.

Conclusions
• Summary of Findings
1. Overview of Key Results Obtained:
The experiment aimed to extend the range of an analog ammeter
through systematic modifications, primarily incorporating shunt resistors into
the circuit. The key results indicate a successful augmentation of the
ammeter's range. For instance, with ( 𝑹𝒎 = 𝟑𝟖𝟓𝛀 ), ( 𝑰𝒇𝒔𝒅 = 𝟏𝒎𝑨), and
(𝑰𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟏𝟎𝒎𝑨), the calculated shunt resistor (𝑹𝒔𝒉𝒖𝒏𝒕 ) is approximately
𝟒𝟐. 𝟕𝟕𝟖 𝛀 . Subsequently, the new ammeter reading is calculated to be
( 𝟓. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟐 𝒎𝑨 ). These outcomes substantiate the efficacy of the applied
methodology in enhancing the instrument's ability to accurately measure
higher currents.

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2. Comparison of Expected Outcomes with Actual Observations:
The anticipated outcomes, based on theoretical calculations, closely align
with the actual observations derived from the experiment. The calculated shunt
resistor values and the resultant new ammeter readings exhibit a coherent
relationship with the applied currents. This alignment between expected and
observed outcomes underscores the precision and reliability of the experimental
approach.

• Discussion
1. Analysis of the Experiment's Success in Increasing the Ammeter Range:
The experiment succeeded in its primary objective of extending the range
of the analog ammeter. The calculated shunt resistors, derived from fundamental
electrical principles, effectively regulated the current flow, enabling the ammeter
to measure higher magnitudes without compromising accuracy. With a
calculated shunt resistor of ( 𝟒𝟐. 𝟕𝟕𝟖 𝛀 ), the new ammeter reading of
( 𝟓. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟐 𝒎𝑨 ) validates the successful modification and extension of the
ammeter's range.

2. Possible Sources of Error and Their Impact on Results:

Despite the overall success of the experiment, it is imperative to
acknowledge potential sources of error. Variations in resistor values,
inaccuracies in measuring instruments, or subtle inconsistencies in the
breadboard connections may introduce minor discrepancies. These factors could
contribute to deviations between calculated and observed values. Rigorous
calibration and verification processes were employed to mitigate such errors, but
a comprehensive understanding necessitates a recognition of these potential
limitations.

• Significance of Results
1. Application of Findings to Real-World Scenarios:
The experiment's findings, including the precise values such as (𝑹𝒔𝒉𝒖𝒏𝒕 =
𝟒𝟐. 𝟕𝟕𝟖 𝛀) and the resultant new ammeter reading of ( 𝟓. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟐 𝒎𝑨), hold
practical significance in real-world electrical applications. The ability to extend
the range of analog ammeters is crucial in domains where diverse and fluctuating
current magnitudes are encountered. Industries relying on analog
instrumentation for current measurement can benefit from this enhancement,
ensuring the adaptability of instruments to the demands of contemporary
electrical systems.

2. Implications for Future Experiments or Applications:

The successful extension of the analog ammeter's range, with concrete
outputs such as (𝑹𝒔𝒉𝒖𝒏𝒕 ) and new ammeter readings, opens avenues for further
exploration and experimentation. Future studies can delve into optimizing the
methodology, exploring alternative components, or investigating the feasibility
of similar enhancements in different types of analog instrumentation. The

9
 concrete outcomes of this experiment, with precise calculations and
measurements, lay the groundwork for advancements in analog instrumentation,
paving the way for more accurate and versatile measurement tools in electrical
engineering applications.

References
1. Jones, A., & Smith, B. Electrical Measurements.
2. Electrical Engineering Association. Guidelines for Electrical Measurements.
3. Johnson, D. Advancements in Analog Instrumentation.
4. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Handbook on Electrical
Measurement Techniques.

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