OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SILICA CARBON

HYBRID NANOSTRUCTURE

Project Report

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement

For the Degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
in
Physics

PROJECT GUIDE: SUBMITTED BY:

Dr. Diptonil Banerjee Student Name (Student Enrolment ID)
Student Name (Student Enrolment ID)
Student Name (Student Enrolment ID)

February, 2022

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & COMPUTING SCIENCES

TEERTHANKER MAHAVEER UNIVERSITY, MORADABAD
 Project Title: <Project Name>

DECLARATION
We, Student(s) Name& Enrolment no., are students of B.Sc (hons) Physics.
(Department of Physics), VI Semester , studying at Faculty of Engineering &
Computer Science, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad (UP), hereby
declare that the Training Report on Optical properties of silica carbon hybrid
nanostructure submitted in partial fulfillment of Bachelor of Science (Department
of Physics), is the original work conducted by us.

The information and data given in the report is authentic to the best of our
knowledge.

This Training Report is not being submitted to any other University for award of
any other Degree, Diploma and Fellowship.

Date:
Student Name (with Enrollment No.)
Student Name1: Student Enrolment ID
Student Name2: Student Enrolment ID
Student Name3: Student Enrolment ID

1
 Project Title: <Project Name>

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Project entitled Optical properties of silica carbon hybrid
nanostructure has beensubmitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
degree of <B.Sc (hons) Physics>, is carried out by students, name(s) listed below
under my supervision and guidance.

Student Name (with Enrollment No.)

StudentName1:Student Enrolment ID
StudentName2:Student Enrolment ID
StudentName3:Student Enrolment ID

Project Guide : Name Signature

Designation:

Department Name

Date:

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 Project Title: <Project Name>

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are very happy to greatly acknowledge the numerous personalities involved in lending their
help to make our project “PROJECT NAME” a successful one.

We take this opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude to our honorable Principal
“NAME”for providing excellent academic climate in the college that made this endeavor
possible.

We give our whole hearted admiration and deep sense of gratitude to “NAME”, HOD,
“DEPARTMENT NAME”, TMU for his inspiration, valuable guidance, encouragement, suggestion
and overall help throughout.

We express our sincere thanks to our guide “NAME”, “DESIGNATION”, “DEPARTMENT NAME”,
TMU, for his keen interest and invaluable help throughout the project.

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our project coordinator “NAME”,
“DESIGNATION”, “DEPARTMENT NAME”, TMU, for his kind support and encouragement
throughout this course of work.

Finally, we express our gratitude to all the Teaching and Non-Teaching staff of “DEPARTMENT
NAME”, TMU for their timely support and suggestions.

Date: Student Name1: Student Enrolment ID

Student Name2: Student Enrolment ID
Student Name3: Student Enrolment ID

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 Project Title: <Project Name>

ABSTRACT

Hybrid silica–carbon nanotube (CNT) particles with a radial symmetry were

produced by the growth of nanotubes onto spherical, mesoporous silica gel
particles using the floating catalyst chemical vapour deposition (FC-CVD)
method. Characterisation of the hybrid particles, using electron microscopy,
Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetry showed the geometry and
porosity of the silica particles to influence the alignment and density of the
CNTs produced. CNT growth initiated in the pores of the gel particles and
three hours of CVD growth were required to get extensive surface coverage.
In the early stages of growth,the reactants diffused inside the mesoporous
silica and consequently the CNTs grew mainly within the silica gel rather
than on the surface. Some indication of catalyst templating was observed
within the smaller (<10 nm) pores, but this templating did not result in
aligned CNTs. Composite films of hybrid silica–CNT particles in poly(vinyl
alcohol) were cast and their impedance measured. An electrical percolation
threshold of 0.62 wt.% was found for the hybrid particles, of which 0.20 wt.
% were CNTs.

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 Project Title: <Project Name>

Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations

<Guidelines: Provide the definitions of all terms, acronyms, and abbreviations required to properly
interpret the SRS. This information may be provided by reference to one or more appendices in the SRS
or by reference to documents. This information may be provided by reference to an Annexure >

Abbreviation Description

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Table of Contents
1 PROJECT INTRODUCTION 7
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT 7
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT 7
1.3 PROJECT OBJECTIVE 7
1.4 ADVANTAGES OF THIS PROJECT 7
1.5 SCOPE OF PROJECT 7
1.6 TOOLS & TECHNOLOGY USED 7
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7
3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 7
3.1 INTRODUCTION & WORKING PRINCIPLE 8
3.1.1 Component 1 8
3.1.2 Component 2 8
3.1.3 Component n 8
3.2 DESIGN & METHODOLOGY 8
3.2.1 Flow Chart 8
3.2.2 Block Diagram/ Machine Diagram 8
3.2.3 Design Calculation 8
3.2.4 Constraints, if any 8
3.3 WORKING OF PROJECT 8
3.3.1 Circuit Diagram/ Assembled View 8
3.3.2 Hardware Description (if any) 9
3.3.3 Software Programming (if any) 9
3.3.4 Assumptions, if any 9
3.4 SNAPSHOTS (IF ANY) 9
4 RESULTS & OBSERVATIONS 9
4.1 RESULTS 9
4.2 OBSERVATIONS 9
4.3 SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS 9
4.4 MAINTENANCE 9
5 FUTURE SCOPE 9
6 CONCLUSION 9
7 REFERENCES 9

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<Guidelines: Use References->Insert Caption->Choose Figure or Table appropriately then click on “OK”. This
creates Label. Write the Figure or Table description at this “ Label”&then colon as shown in example.
Update appropriately List of Figures & List of Table, by right click on the selection and choose “Update
Field”.>

List of Figures
Figure 1: TEST 1 8
Figure 2: TEST 2 8
Figure 3: TEST 3 8

List of Tables
Table 1: TEST TABLE 1 8
Table 2: Hardware Table 8

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1. Background of the Project

Since the discovery of crystalline carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by Iijima, they
have attracted worldwide interest due to their exceptional properties such as
high mechanical strength, high electrical conductivity, and high thermal
conductivity. Therefore, CNTs play a great role in a tremendously diverse
range of research and application. However, crystalline CNTs pose a challenge
for being produced in a large quantity due to their very critical deposition
conditions like high operating temperature, expensive cost, long synthesis
period, complex processing steps, and others . In that light, amorphous
carbon nanotubes (αCNTs) have become alternative to the crystalline CNTs
due to their ease of production in large quantities. αCNTs have unique
amorphous structures, which are different from crystalline CNTs due to the
wall composed of carbon clusters with a short-distance order or long-distance
disorder. The properties of CNTs are affected by their amorphous structural
arrangement.They can be synthesized by arc discharge , chemical vapour
deposition (CVD) , laser ablation and chemical route . Nevertheless, the
αCNTs properties can be improved for various potential applications through
hybridization of CNTs with noble metals such as silver , gold , and platinum or
with semiconductors such as cadmium selenide quantum dots . The unique
structure of CNTs enables them to be considered as a template for metal
nanoparticles to form nanohybrids. In order to deposit nanoparticles on the
inert CNTs wall, functional groups such as carboxylic acid, carbonyl, and
hydroxyl groups need to be introduced onto the surfaces of CNTs by
additional chemical treatment under acidic conditions. The functional groups
created will give rise to the preferred nucleation site for metal deposition and
also enhance the solubility of the CNT . Nanohybrids possess the combination
of advantageous physical, chemical, and optical properties from both CNTs
and metal nanoparticles. They could reveal the unexpected quantum effects
and alter the band gaps of CNTs .CNTs/Ag nanohybrids received considerable
attention due to the outstanding characteristic such as high catalyst activity,
great optical properties , electrochemical sensor, and bactericidal properties
in biomedical materials From the approaches reported, the CNTs/Ag
nanohybrids can be produced by physical evaporation, solid state reaction,
wet chemical reaction, and electroless deposition.

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Project Objective

In this project we will discuss the optical properties of Silica Carbon hybrid nanostructures
like carbon nanotubes (CNT), etc. CNT are cylindrical molecules that consist of rolled up
sheets of single layer carbon atoms (graphene) with diameter less than 1 nm . Their length
can reach several micrometers or even mm .

Applications of carbon nanotubes in optics and photonics are still less developed than in
other fields. Some properties that may lead to practical use include tunability and
wavelength selectivity. Potential applications that have been demonstrated include light
emitting diodes (LEDs),bolometers and optoelectronic memory.

Apart from direct applications, the optical properties of carbon nanotubes can be very
useful in their manufacture and application to other fields. Spectroscopic methods offer the
possibility of quick and non-destructive characterization of relatively large amounts of
carbon nanotubes, yielding detailed measurements of non-tubular carbon content, tube
type and chirality, structural defects, and many other properties that are relevant to those
other applications

1. Advantages of this Project

● CNTs field emission

● CNTs thermal conductivity
● CNTs energy storage
● CNTs conductive properties
● CNTs conductive adhesive
● CNTs thermal materials
● Molecular electronics based on CNTs
● CNTs structural applications
● CNTs fibers and fabrics
● CNTs biomedical applications
● CNTs Air & Water Filtration

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● CNTs catalyst supports

Scope of Project

Tools & Technology Used

● Literature Review
<Guidelines: It evaluates the current work with the previous one. It depicts the current implementations
that overcome the previous problems and limitations of the project, and draws the attention and focus on
the foreknowledge work that would be conducted based on the ongoing work at present. It must be clear
and simple to understand.>

● Project Description
<Guidelines: Describe the overall in-depth information about the project. This chapter also involves the
basic theoretical information about each and every component & aspect of the project, such as  circuit
design, simulation implementation and modeling, software implementation, statistical analysis and
calculations done, results gained, and so on (as applicable in Core Engineering stream).

The appropriate information should always be accompanied with pictorial representations, tabular
demonstrations, diagrams, flow charts, assembled views, visible graphs, Images, photos, any other
representations and depictions of the project, along with simulation results with good resolution and
clarity.

If required, Level 2 headings can be added/dropped as appropriate to the Project of specific Core
Engineering (Electrical, Mechanical, Civil, Electronics etc.) >

Introduction & Working Principle

<Guidelines: Describe the Project Introduction & Working Principle and its various components>

●.1.1 Component 1

●.1.2 Component 2

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●.1.3 Component n

Design & Methodology

<Guidelines: Describe the Project Design, Methodology & related constraints (if any) applicable to the
project undertaken. If required Level 3 sub-sections can be dropped if not applicable to respective Core
Engineering branch.>

●.1.4 Flow Chart

Figure 1: TEST 1
Figure 2: TEST 2
Figure 3: TEST 3

●.1.5 Block Diagram/ Machine Diagram

●.1.6 Design Calculation

Table 1: TEST TABLE 1

●.1.7 Constraints, if any

Working of Project
<Guidelines: Describe details with help of various diagrams required for working of the Project.>

●.1.8 Circuit Diagram/ Assembled View

●.1.9 Hardware Description (if any)

Table 2: Hardware Table
●.1.10 Software Programming (if any)

●.1.11 Assumptions, if any

<Guidelines: Mention NONE, if there are NO Assumptions>

Snapshots (if any)

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● Results & Observations

Results

Observations

Safety Instructions

Maintenance
● Future Scope
<Guidelines: Explain how this project can be enhanced in terms of functions, usage, optimization on speed,
cost, efficiency etc.>

Font: Calibri; Font Size: 12, Color Black

● Conclusion
<Guidelines: Conclusion should include a summary of your main arguments, drawing together the various
themes and issues so that they can be brought to bear on the defined objectives of the project. Your
Recommendations should be feasible, practical and must place your conclusions within a concrete and
practical framework. You need to consider your recommendations in the context of their possible human,
financial, political, managerial, etc, implications. Your recommendations should be justified.>
● References
<Guidelines: Mention details, like:

a) Provide a complete list of all documents/ Journal/ Research Paper referenced for Project
b) MentionTitle, ID (if applicable), date, and publishing organization
c) Specify the sources from which the references is obtained.

>

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