Guidelines for Protected Area Management Categories Lignes directrices Petia oy catégories de gestion des aires protégées Directrices para las Categorias de Manejo de Areas Protegidas IUCN Commission on National Parks and Parle OC CR UR OCU ee World Conservation Monitoring CentreGuidelines for Protected Area Management Categories Lignes directrices pour les catégories de gestion des aires protégées Directrices para las Categorias de Manejo de Areas ProtegidasIUCN — The World Conservation Union Founded in 1948, Tre World Conservation Union brings together States, government agencies and a diverse range of non-governmental orgcnizations in a uniqu2 world partnerstip: over 800 members in all, spread across some 125 counties. Asa Unicn, IUCN seeks to influence, encourage and assist societies taroughout the world 10 conserve the integrity and diversity of ature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable. ‘The World Conservacion Union builds on the strengths of iis members, networks and partners to enhence their capacity and to support global alliances to safeguard natural resources at local, regional and global levels. UICN — Union mondiale pour la nature Fondée en 1948, "Union mondiale pour la nature rassemble des Etats, des organismes publics et un lerg éventail d'organisalions non gouvzmnementales aa scin d'une alliance mondiale unique: plus de 800 membres dans 125 pays. L'UICN, en tant qu’ Union, a pour mission d’influer sur lee sociétés du monde enticr, de les encoursger et de les aider pour qu’elles conservent I"iniégrité ct la diversit$ de la natu-e ct veillent & ce que toutz utilisation des ressources naturelles soit équitable e: écolegiquement durable. Ain de sauvegarder les ressources naturelles al:x plans loca’, régional et mondial,’ Union mondicle pour lanacure s'appuie sur ses membres, réscaux et partenaires, en renforgant leurs capacités et en soutenant les alliances mondiales.. UICN — Union Mundial para la Naturaleza La Unién Mundial para ta Naturalera, menuales y una diversa gama de ong miembros diseminacos en 125 patses. fundada cn 1948, agrapa a Estados soberanos, agecias gubema- izaciones no gubernamentales, en une alianza tinica: mas de 800 ‘Como Unin, la UICN busca influenciar, alentar y ayudar alos pueblos de todo el mundo a conservar la integrided y 2a diversidac de Ie naturaleza, y aasegurar que todo uso de los recursos naturales sea equitativo ¥ ecclégicamente sustentable. La Unign. Mundial para la Naturaleza fortalece el trabajo de sus miembros, redes y asoviados, con el propésito de realzar sus capac:dades y apoyarel establecimierto de alianzcs globales para salvaguardar los recursos naturales a nive! local, regicnal y globalGuidelines for Protected Area Management Categories Lignes directrices pour les catégories de gestion des aires protégées Directrices para las Categorias de Manejo de Areas Protegidas IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas with the assistance of the World Conservation Monitoring Centre La Commission des pares nationaux et des aires protégées de PUICN avec I’assistance du Centre mondial de surveillance continue de la conservation de la nature La Comisién de Parques Nacionales y Areas Protegidas de la UICN con la ayuda de el Centro Mundial de Monitoreo de la Conservacién IUCN/VICN 1994World Conservation Monitoring Centre ‘The World Corservation Monioring Centre (WCMC) is a joint venture between the three partners who developed the World Conservation Straiegy and its suczessor, Caring jor tke Earth IUCN ~The World Conservation Union, UNEP — Unitzd Nations Environment Programme, and WWF — World W:de Fund For Neture (formerly World ‘Wildlife Fund). Its mission is to support conservetion and sustainable developmen: through the provision of information on the world’s biological diversity. WCMC has devzloped a global overview database that includes threatened plant and animal species, hatitars of conservation conzem, critical sites, protected arcas of the world, and the utilisation and trade in wildlife species and produc:s. Drawing on this database, WCMC provides an information servize to the corservation and cevelopment communities, goveraments and the United Nations egencies, scientific institutions, the business and commercial sector, and the media, WCMC produces a wide veriety of specialist outouts and reports based on analyses ofits dita. I: is also ectively involved in building the capabilities of other institutions, partcularly in developing countries, for promoting and planning thcir own biological resourcas. Le WCMC - Centre mondial de surveillance continue de la conservation de la nature Le Ceatre mondial de surveillance continue de la conservation ce la nature (WCMEC) est une entreprise commune des trois partenaires de la Stratégie mondiale de la conservation: ! Union mondiale pourla nature (UICN;, te Fonds mondial pourla nature (WWF), et le Programme des Nations Unies pour 'enviroxnement (PNUE). Ce centre a pour mission d’appuyer ls conservation ct le développement durable en recusitlant et en analysant les doanées monciales sur la conservation, afin que les déciscons conoemant les resscurces biologiques reposent sur les me'lleures informations sossibles, Le WCMC ¢ étsbli une sunque de données sur la civersité biologique mondiale, qui comprend des données sur les espices animales et végétales menacées, les biotopes p-Soecupants du point de vuc de la corservation, les s-es critiques, les aires protéaées, ainsi que T'utilisaticn et le commerce des espéces et produits de la Faune ct dela flor: stuvages. S’agpuyant sur cette tanque de données, le WCMC fournit un service d'information aux cormmunciutés de ia conservation zt du développement, aux gouvernements, aux institutions ces Nations Unies, aux instituts scientifiques, eu monde du commerce ot des affeires, et aux médias. Le WCMC publie de trs nombreux raazorts et documents spécialisés, fondés surIanalyse de ses données. Centro Mundial de Monitoreo de la Conservacion El Centro Mundial de Monitoreo de la Coaservacién (WCMC) es una empresa conjunta entre los tres soviadas que elaboraron la Estrategia Murdiat para la Conservaci6n y su sucesor, Cuidar la Tierra: la UICN = Unién Mundial para la Nauraleza el PNUMA ~ Programa de las Naciones Unidas pera et Medio Ambiente - y cl WWF — Fondo Mundicl para la Naturateze (anteriorments Fondo Mundial para la Vida Silvestre), Su misi¢n es promover la conservaci6n y el desarrollo sustentable a través del suministro de infcrmacién sotre |a diversidad bioWbgica del mundo, E, WCMC ha crerdo una base de datos mundial sobre especies ameravadas de animales y plantas, habitat de interés para la conservaci6n, si.ios de ‘mportancia crfica, dreas protegidas del mendo, y sobre la utilizaci6n y comercio de especies si"vestres y productos derivados, Aprovectando los recursos de esta base de datos, el WCMC proporciona servicios ds informecicn a las comunicades: dedicadas ala conservacién ¥ al desarrollo, tos gobiemos y onganismos pertenecienics a las Naciones Unidas, a las instituciones icrufficas, a los sectores er:presarial y comercial, y a los medios de comunicacién. El WCMC hace una amplia gama de contribuciones y cublica informes especializados, basados:en el ardlisis de sus datos. ‘También pariciza activamente reforzando de las capacichdes de oiras instituciones, particularmente en los paises en via de desarrollo, con mires a la promoci6n y glanificacién de sus propios recursos biolégices.Contents Page Introduction 6... eee eee eee ee Seer ao Part I:Protected Area Management Categories ...........- cece eee 223 Chaper 1. Background . . ee Bs Chap'er2, Basic Concepts . 7 Chapier 3. Applying the Categories aia Part I: The Management Categories . beeen eee e eae 5s Category Strict Nature Reserve / Wildemess Ara... 0... Category 1 National Park... eee ee eee Category II Natural Monument... 0. +++ Category IV Habitat/Species Management Area. . Category V_ Protected Landscape/Seascape . . . . Category VI Managed Resource Protected Area Part Ill: Examples of Applying the Management Categories ....... . 25 Category! Strict Nature Reserve / Wildemess Area eae 29 Category I National Park . . . or : 43 Category III Natural Monument . ae 55 Category IV Habitat/Species Management Area . . 61 Category V Protected Landscape/Seascape . . . . ae . 69 Category VI Managed Resource Protected Area . 279 Table des matiéres Page Introduction 2.2... ee eee tee eee eee eee pee ee BD Premiere partie: Les categories de gestion des aires protécées . 291 Chapitre 1. Généralitfs . 0... ee Chapitre 2. Conceptsde base . . Chapitre 3. Application des ca:égories . . Deuxiéme partie: Les catégories de gestion . . Catégorie I Réserve naturelle intégrale / Zone de nature sauvage . . Catégoriell Parc national . . . . . Catégorie II] Monument naturel . te . CatégorielV Aire de gestion des hebitatslespces 6. so Catégorie V_Faysage terrestre/marin protégé. . : Catégorie VI Aire protégée de ressources naturelles géréePage Troisieme partie: Exemples d'utilisation des ca:égories de gestion ....... +. 3 Catégorie I Réserve naturelle inigrale / Zone de nature sauvage . 7 Catégorie = Parcnational .... 2... ee 131 Catégorie III Monumentnaturel ... 22.0.2... 055 145 Catégorie IV Aire de gestion des habitats/espices | 151 Catégorie V Paysage terrestre/marin protégé : 159 Catégorie VI Aire proég¢e de ressources aaturelles sere. 169 Indice Pagina Introduccién WE ee ee eee wee 19 Parte I: Las Categorias de Manejo de Areas Protegidas..... . . 181 Capitulo 1. Antecedentes . . 183 Capitulo 2. Concepios bisicos 5 185 Capitulo 3, Aplicacién de las calegorfss . 189 Parte Il: Las Categoriasde Manejo................... sees 193 Categoria [ Reserva Natural Estricta / Arca Natucal Silvesire . . ~ 195 Categorfa lI Parque Nacional... 2... oer bene 197 Categorfa Il] Monurnento Natural. . 198 CategorfaVArea de Manejo de Habi.avEspecies : - 199 Categoria V—Paisaje Terrestre y Marino Protcgido . . see + 200 Categoria V1 Arca Protegida con Recursos Manejados . 201 Parte Ill: Ejemplcs de la Aplicacién de las Categorias de Manejo... . . . +. 203 Categoria I Reserva Natural Estricta/ Area Natural Silvesire . . » 207 Categoria If Parque Nacional wees - 221 Categoria IT] Monumento Natural . eee 233 CategorfalV Area de Marejo de HbitavEspecics |. .. BY Categoria VV Paisaje Terrestre y Marino Protcgido . 247 Categorfa VI Area Protegida con Recursos Mancjados 287Guidelines for Protected Area Management Categories IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas with the assistance of the World Conservation Monitoring Centre‘The designatiors of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN or WCMC conceming the legal status of any Country, tecritory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimination of its frontiers and boundaries. Published by: Copyright: Citation: ISBN: Cover photographs: Cover design by: Produced by: Printed by: Available from: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK IUCN @ The Wold Conservation Union woRLD aorSERATION MONITORING CONTE (1994) In:emational Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial [Purposes is authorise without prior permission ftom the copyright holder. Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. TUCN (1594). Guidelines for Protected Area Management Categories. CNPPA. with the assistance of WCMC. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. x + 261pp. 2-8317-201-1 Svalbard, Norway: Nicholas Tyler, Kakadu National Park, Australia: Peter Wilson / Natural Image; Daremoor Nasional Park, United Kingdom: Dartmoot National Park Authority; Tamshiyacu-Tahuaye Communal Reserve, Pera: James Penn Ir. TUCN Publications Services Unit IUCN Publications Services Urit on desktop publishing equipment purchased through a gift from Mis Julia Ward. Page Brothers (Norwich) Ltd, UK IUCN Publications Services Unit 219¢ Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, UK or IUCN Communications and Corporate Relations Division ‘Rue Mauvemey 28, CH-1996 Gland, Switzerland. The text ofthis bock is printed on Fiaeblade Cartridge 90 gem low-chlorine paperContents Page Introduction... 0.66 eee eee eee Bee eee eee Part |: Protected Area Management Categories Chapter 1. Background... . . « Ctapter2. Basic Concepts... . . « Chapter 3. Applying the Categories. Part Il: The Management Categories .........-.....0-05 cece IS Ceiegory1 Strict Nature Reserve / Wildemess Area. . . oi Category II National Park . ; 2619 Category II] Natural Monument . 20 Cuiegory IV Habitat/Species Management Arca 22 Category V__Pratectcd Landscape/Seascepe eer Category VI Managed Resource Protected Area 288, 25 Part Ill: Examples of Applying the Management Categories ........ wee BBS Cuegory] Strict Nature Reserve / Wildemess Area . 29 Cuegory II National Perk . . : 243 ‘cegory II] Natural Monument . ee ee SS Ceegory IV HabitauSpecies Maragement Arca : : 6 Caegory V Protected Landscape/Scascape . O Category VI Managed Resource Prosecied Area wD Figures Figure 1. Sundarbans National Park, india. 6... « 7 - 30 Figure2. Svalbard, Norway... « ze 36 Figure3. Kakadu National Pack, Australia. ee 44 gure. Ras Mobanmed National Par, Et cere = 45 Figure5. - Mctéora, Greece cory 1B Figure6. Selous Game Reserve, Tanzania. 2... ve 2 64 Figure7, Dartmoor National Park, United Kingdom - 68 Figure8. —-Tamshiyaca-Tahuayo Communal Reserve, Peru... . . .B Figure 9. Narlbast Baley Peninsular Sit of Special Scientific Interest, Antarctic Treaty Teritory ... . « ee 120 Figure 10. Tasman Wildemess Area, New Zealand . 125 Figure 11. Waterton Lakes National Park, Canada... 138 Figure 12, Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal... . 140 Figure 13, Ngerukewid Islands Wildli“e Reserve, Palau. : 148 Figure 14. —_Lileneburger Heide Nature Reserve, Gemnany : 2. 155 Figure 15. Cevennes National Park, France . - 165 Figure 16. Tamshiynou-Taluayo Communal Reserve, >eru = 168 Figure 17. Rpetckskiy State Nature Reserve, Turkmenistan 2. 20 Figure 18. Kcotznowoo Wilderness, United States of America 212 Figure 19. Canaima National Park, Venezuela... 0... 20 Figure 20. Yellowstone National Park. United Stalzs of America 230Figure: 21. Figure 22, Figure 23, Figure 24, ‘Skocjanske Jeme Natural Monument, Slovenia Harrat al Harrah Northem Wildlife Management Area, Saudi Arabia, | || ‘Taishan Scenic Beauty & Historic Intezes: Zone, China. ‘Tamshiyacu-Tahuayo Communal Reserve, Peru. . Page 232 240 234 256Introduction At the IV World Congress on National Farks and Protected Arcas, meeting in Caracas, Venezuela in February 1992, paricipants concluded that more and beer managed protzctedareas were urgently required. Participants emphasised that protected areas are about meeting people's neecs: that protected areas should, rot be islands in a sca of development but must be part of every country's sirategy for sustainabie ‘management znd the wise uso of its na.ural resouroes, enc must be sctin a regional planning context. ‘The Caracas Congress also declared its bulief in the importance of the full range of protected areas, from those that protect the world's great natural areas to those that contain modified landscapes of outstanding scenic ané cultural imporanoe, Within this broad spectrum of uses, many names have been applied 10 protected areas; Australia alone uses some 45 names and the US National Par Service has 18 different types of areas under its mandate. Globilly, over 140 names have bezn applied to protected arcas of various types. Bringing scme order to this civersity is clearly a very useful step, ‘The purpose of these guidelines, therefore, is to establish greater understanding. among all concerned bout the different categories of protceted areas. A central principle upon which thz guidelines are based is that categories should be defined by the objectives of management, not by the tite of the area nor by the fectivenessof management in mecting those objeccives. The matte: of management effectiveness certainly zed to be addressed, but it is not seen as an issue of categorisation. ‘The guidelines build on work done by IUCN in this Feld over the past of a quarter century. In particular, they draw on the offorts cf a task force established in 1984. They reflect the outcome of a wide-ranging debate over the past few years amorg protected aree managers from around the world, including discussion and review at a workshop in Caracas. Tae outcome of this workshor was that tre Congress adopted a recommendation urging that the IUCN Commission o7 Na‘ional Perks and Protected Areas and the IUCN Council endorse a system of categories for protected ureas according to management objectives and that the system be commended to governmenis and explained through guidelines, The present publication is designed to give effect to this particular recommendation. Itis hoped tha: these guidelines will be used widely by :hose planning 10 set up new protected areas, and ty those reviowing existing ones. They arz designed to form a useful tasis fer p-eparing national protected areas systems plans. Itis to be emphasized that these categories must in no way be considered as a ‘driving’ ‘mechanism for gavernments or organizations in deciding the purposes of potential protected areas. Protected ‘reas should be established to mect objectives consistent with naticnal, local or private goals and needs (or a mixture of these) andonly then be labelled with an IUCN category according to theranagement objectives developed herein. These categories have ‘cen developed to facilitele communication and information, not to drive the system. “The guidelines do not stand alone, of curse. Much other advice on :he managerient of protected areas has been published by [UCNin recent years, anc moreis to-come asthe fruits of he work at Caracas emerge in print, But chese guidelines have a special significance as they are intended for everyone professionally involved in protected arcas, providing a common langusge by which managers, planners, researchers, politicians, and citizen groups in all countries can exchange information and views P.H.C. (Bing) Lucas Chair, IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected areasPart! Protected Area Management CategoriesChapter 1. Background ‘Through its Commission on National Perks and Protectzd Areas (CNPPA), (UCN has given intemational guidance on the categorisation of protected arcas for nearly a quarter of a century. The purposes cf this advice have been: © to alert governments to fre importance of protzcted areas; © toencourage govemments to develop systems of protected areas with management aims tzilored to national and local 2ireumstances; © to reduce the confusion ‘which has arisen from the adoption of many different terms to descrize different kinds of protected areas; © to provide international stindards 10 help global and regional accounting anc comparisons between cozntries; © to provide a framework for the collection, handling and dissemination of data! about pretectzd areas; ard © generally to improve communication and understanding betwe>t conservation. all thas: engaged in Asa first step, the General Assembly of IUCN defined the term ‘national park’ in 1969. Much pioneer work was done by Dr Ray Dasmann, from which erienged a preliminary categories system published by TUCN in 1973, In 1978, IUCN pablished the CNPPA repsrt on Categories, Objectives and Criteria for Protected Areas, which was prepared by the CNPPA Commitice on Critzria and Nomenclature chaired by Dr Kenton Miller. This proposed these ten categories: 1 Scientific Reserve/Strict Nature Reserve I National Park I Natural MonumenyNatural Landmark IV Nature Conservation Rescrve/Managed Nature Resorve/Wildlife Sanctuary V__ Protected Landscape Vi Resource Reserve Vir Natural Biotic Arca/Anthropological Reserve VEII_ Multiple Use Management Arca/Maniged Resource Area 1X Biosphere Reserve X — World Heritage Site (natural) This system of categories has been widely used. It has been incorporated in some nationel legislation, used in dialogue between the world's protected area managers, and has formed the organ‘sational structure of the UN List of National Parks and Protected Areas (which in recent ed:tions hes covered Categories LY). Nonetheless, experience has shown that she 1978 catzgories system is in need of review and updating. ‘The differences between certain calegories are ot always clear, and the treetment 0° marine conservation needs strergthening. Categories IX and X are not discrete management categocies but intemational desigrations generally overlaia on other categories, Some of the criteris have been found to de in need oF a rather more flexible interpretation to meet the varying conditions around the world. Finally, the language used 10 describe some of the concepts unde-lying the categorisation needs updating, reflecting new 5Guidelines for Protected Area Management Categories understzadings of the natural environment, and of human interactions with it, which have emerged over recent years. In 1984, therefore, CNPPA set up a task force to review the categories system and revise it as necessary. This had to take account of several General Assembly decisions dealing with: the interests of indigenous Peoples, wildemess areas and protected landscapes anc seascapes The report of the task force, which was led by the then Chair of -he CNEPA, Mr Harold Bidsvik, was presented t9 a CNPPA meeting at the time of the IUCN General Assembly in Perth, Australia, in Noverrter 1990, It proposed that the first five categories of the 1978 system should form the bas:s of an up-dz:ed system; it also proposed the abandonment of categories VI-X. The report was gererally well received. It was referred to a wider review at the Fourth World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas, at Caracas, Venezucla, February 1992. The Congress workshop to which the topic was assigned alsc hac before it an analysis by IUCN consultan:, MrJohn Foster. Members of the workshop rev-owed this material and recommended the early production 0” guidelines to replace those adopted in 1978. This was formally zffirmed in Recommendation 17 of the Congress. Revised guidelines were then prepared and reviewed ty the CNPPA Steering Committee and tke IUCN Council in accordance with Recommendation 17. The result is these present guidelines, which incorpora:e general advice oa protected crca management categories (Part 1), consider each of the categores in turn (Part Il) and include a number ofexamples from around the world stowing the application of the different categories (Part (11) the culmiration of an extcnsive process involving a wide-ranging review within the protected area constituency overa numberof years. The opinions oF those involved have been many. Some have recommended radical changes from the 1978 guidance; others no change whatsoever. Some have urged that there be regiona’ versions of the guidstines: others that the categories te rigidly adhcred to everywhere, ‘These present guisielines, therefore, represent ‘The conclusion is guidelines which © adhere-to the principles set forth in 1978 and reaffirmec in the task force report in 1990; © update the 1978 guidclines to reflect the expe-ierce gaired over the years in operating the ccatego“ies system; © ‘retain the first five catcgories, while simplifying the terminology and lzyout; © add anew category: ‘© recognise that the system must be sufficiently flexible 1o accommodiate the core plesities of the real world; © illustrate each of tae six categories with a number of brief case studies to show how the categories are being applicd around the world; and © provide a tool for management, not a restrictive prescription.Chapter 2. Basic Concepts ‘The starting point must be a definition of a protected area. The dcfiniticn adopted is derived from that of the workshop on Categories held at the IVth World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas: Anarea of land andlor sea especially dedicated to the proiection and maintenance of biological diversity, and of naural and associated culturcl resources, and managed through legal or other effective means. This definition en-braces the ‘universe’ of protected arcas, All catogorics must fall within this defini-ion, But although all protected arvas meet the gencral purposescontained in this defirition, ia practice the precise purposes for which proiccted areas are managed differ greally. The following are the main purposes of management: © Scientific research ® Wildcmess protection Preservation of species and genetic diversity © Maintenance of environmental services Protection of specific natural and cultural features © Tourism and recreation © Education © Sustainable use of resources from natural ecosystems © Maintenznce of cultural and traditional attributes Having regard to the different mix and priorities accorded to these main management objectives, the following emerge clearly as distinct categories af protected areas: Areas managed mainly for: 1 Strict protection (i. Strict Nature Reserve / Welderness Area) TL Ecosystem conservation and reereation (i.e. Na:ional Park) TIL Conservation of naturel features (iz. Natural Monument) TV Conservation through active management (jc, Habita/Szecies Managemen: Area) V___Landscape/seascape conservation end recreation (i, Protected Landscaze/Seascape) VI__ Sustainable use of natural ecosystems (.c, Managed Resource Protected Area) However, mest protected areas also se-ve a range of secondary management objectives. ‘The relationship between management objectives and the categories is illustrated in matrix form in the tatle below, Itis developed further in Fart If, where each category is dzscribed, and through a range of examples presentec in Part II. ‘This analysisis the foundation upon which the international system for categorising protected areas was develozed by IUCN and whichis presented ia these guidclines. Thercare several important features to note: ‘© ihe basis of categorisation is by primary management objective: © assignment t9 a category is not a commentary on management e intemational; Tectiveness; © the categories sysicm isGuidelines for Protected Area Management Categories Table. Matrix of management objectives and IUCN protected area management categories ‘Management Objective _ la m vov VW | Scientific research 1302 223 Wildemess protection 2 1 2 3 - 2 Preservation of species and genetic diversity 121 1 200 Mairtenance of cnvironmenial services 2 1 1 = 1 2 1 | Protection of specific naturai/cultural features Se ee eee ‘Tourism and recreation - 2 1 1 3 1 3 Education - - 2 2 2 2 3 Sustainable use of resources from natural ecosystems = — 3 - 2 2 1 Mairtenance of cultural/traditional attributes - - - - - 1 2 Key: 1. Primary objective 2. Sccomlary objective 3. Potentially applicable objective Not applicable rational names for protected areas may vary; anew category is introduced; all categories are importaat; tut they imply a gradation of human intervention ‘These points are discussed in tan, The Basis of Categorisation ix by Primary Management Objective In the first instance, categoriss should be assigned on the basis of the prmary management opjective as contained in the legal definitions on which it was established; site maragemen! objectives are of supplementary value. This approach ensures a solid basis to the system, and is more practical. In assigning an area to a caicgory, tterefore, national kegislation (or similar effective means, such as customary agreements or the declared objectives of a non-governmental organization) will need to be examinee 10 identify che primary objective for which the area is to be manage. Assignment 10 a Category is nota Commentary on Management Effectiveness In incerpceting the 1978 system, some have tendec to confuse managemen: effectiveness with managerient objectives. For example, some areas which were set up under law with objectives eppropriate to Category IL National Parks have been reassigned to Cetegory V Protected Lancscaes secause they have not been protected effectively against human encroachment. This is t2 confuse two separate judgements: whet an area's intended to be; and how itis ran. IUCNis developing aseparete system for monitoring and recording. management effectiveness; when complete, this will be promotec alongside the categories system, and information on management effectiveness wil also be collected and recorded at the inscmational level.Chapter 2. Basic Concepts The Categories System is International ‘The sys-em of categpries has been developod, inter alia, to provide < basis for international comparison, Moreover, itis intended for use in all countrics. Therefore the guidanc> is inevitably fairly general and will need to be interpreted with flexibility at naticnal and regional levels. It also follows from the intemational nature of the system, and from the necd for consistent application of the categories, that the final responsibility for determining ca:egories shouldbe taken at the international level. This could be IUCN, as advised by its CNFPA and/or the World Conservation Moritoring Centre (e.g,, in the compilation of the LUN List) in close cotlaboration with IUCN. National Names fer Protected Areas may Vary In aperfect world, JUCN’s system of categories would have becn in place first, andnat‘onal systems would nave followed on, using stancard terminology. In practice of course, different ccuntrics have setup national systems using widely varying terminology. To take one exemple, ‘naticnal parks’ mean quite different things in different countries. Many nationally-cesignated ‘national parks" do not strictly meet the criteria set by Category II under he 1978 system. In the United Kingdom, fer exampl2, "National Parks’ contain human settlement and extensive resource use, and are properly assigned to Caicgocy ¥. In South America, a receni IUCN study found that some 84 percent of national parks have significant resident human populations; some of these might be more apropriatcly placed in another category. ‘Since so much confusion has been caused by this in the past, Part II of these gui¢elines identifies the categories by thzirmain objectives of management as well as their specific tiles. Re-erence is also.made to the tiles usec in the 1978 system becaase some, at least, have become widely known, At the national level, of course, a varicty of titles will continu to be used. Because of this, it is inevitable that the same title may mcan different things in different countries; and di!“erent titles in di Terent cduntrics may be used to describe the sar-¢ category of protected area. This is all the more reason for empaasising an international system 0 categorisation identified by managemert onjeciives in a system: which does not depend on tides. A New Category is Introduced ‘The Recommendation adopted at Caracas invited IUCN to ccnsider further the views of some experts that a category is needed to cover predominantly natural areas which "are managed lo protect their biodiversity in such a way as to provide a sustainable Nlow of products and services for the community". Consideration Of this -equest has Ted to the inclusion in these guidelines 07 a category where the principal purpose of ‘management is the sustaizable use of natural ecosystems. The key pout is that the areamust be managed so thet the long-term protection and maiatenance of its biodiversity is assured, In particular, four considerations must be met: ‘© the area must be able to fit within the overall definition of a protected area (see abeve), © at least two-thirds of the area should te, and is planned to remain in its natural state, © large comme-cial plantations are not t9 be included, and © amanagement authority must be in place, Only if all these requirements are satisfied, can areas qui y for inclusion in this category. All Ca:egories are Important ‘The number assigned to acatzgory does not reflect its importance: all categories areneedied for conservetion and sustainable development. Therefore IUCN erccourages countries to develop a system ofprotected areas that meets its own natural and cultural heritage objectives and then avply any or ail the appropriateGuidelines fer Protec‘ed Area Management Categorses categories. Since cach category fills a particular ‘aiche" inmaagement terms, all couniries should consider the appropriateness of the full range of management categories to their needs. . - But they imply a Gradation of Human Intervention However, itis inherent in the system: that the caiegories represent varying degrees of hurcan intervention. Itis true that research has shown that the extent af past human modification of ecosystems has in fact been more pervasive than was previously supposed; ard that no pert of the globe can escape the effects of long-distance pollution and human-induced climate change. In that sense, no erea cn earth can te regarded as truly ‘natural’. The term is therefore used here as itis defined in Caring for the Earth: Ecosystems where since the industrial revouution (1750, human impact(a) has been no greater than that of any otter native species, and (9) has not affected the ecosystem's siructure, Climate change 's excluded from this definition. Under this definition, categories I to IIT are mé‘nly concemed with the proscction of natural areas were direct human interventicn and modification of the environment has becn limited: in categories IV, Vand V1 signiicantly greeter interventior. and modification will be found.Chapter 3. Applying the Categories ‘The application of the new categorizs must take place within an historical context. Over 9000 protected areas now meet the critria for inclusion in the UN List and all of them have teen assigned to Categories I 10 Vof the 1978 system {the UN Lisi dees not include Categories VI-VHI, though it docs list natural World Heritage sites and Biosphore Reserves, as well as Ramsar sites). The categories system has been widely applied in many pans of the world, and has been used as the basis for national Iegislaticn. Moreover, the terminclogy—ard the thinking—associzted with the categories has begun to take root and be more widely adopted. Fer these reasons, an evolulionary approack: has been used in these guidelines rather than making a clean break from the previous sysicm. However, the experience of using the 1978 systen has been that the criter‘a in particularare rather ico prescriptive to meet the varied concitiors which prevail in different psrts of the world. ‘Therefore, while these guidclines have been drawn up to provide a world-wide framework, they also contin somewhat greater flexibility than previously. For example, the advice on zoning or classification, ‘management authority end ownersnip of land is somewhat less prescriptive than previous guidance. In assigning areas to the cetegories, the emphasis must be placed on clarifying the objectives for managemen. ‘and ensuring that the right conditions exist for their achievement. Ifthe guidelines are applied properly and consistenty, the result snouldbea grouping of areas within calegaries that is logicel and globelly consistent. Issues which have emerged in the interpretaticn of the 1978 system are: © thesize of protected areas © zoning within protected areas @ management responsibility © ownership of land © regional variations © multiple classifications © the creas aroanc protected arcas © international designations ‘This chapter brie‘ly considers each of these topics in tum in relation to catzgories (IUCN has, of course, issued much other 710" detailed guidance on these topics—see, for example, Managing Protected Areas in the Tropics, 1986 and Marine and Coastal Protected Areas, 1985). The definitions which follow touch further on several of these points from the perspective of each individual category. Size of Protected Areas ‘The size 07 a protested area should reflect the extert of Jand or water needed to accomplish the purposes of management, Thus, for a Caregory I area, the size should be that needed to ensure the integrity of tre area to accomplish the management objective o” stict protection, cither «8 a bascline area or research site, or for wildemess pro:cetior. Or, in a Category II area, for cxample, the boundaries should bz draw sufficiently widely tha they contain one, or rrore, entire ecosystems which arc not subject to mater ‘modification by huma- exploitation or eccupation, For practical purposes, the UN List incluces only areas uGuidet ss for Protecied Area Management Ca.egories of at leest 1,000h«, oF 100ha in the ca gure. Italso follows thatthe authorities desigaating a protected area incur obligations to see that its management {snot negated by pressures from adjacent areas. Supplementary and compatible management arrangements may be needed for tiese areas even if they are not designated as part ofthe protected area. 2 oF entirely protected islands, tut these are somewhat arbitrary Zoning within Protected Areas ‘Though the primary purposes of management will determine the categary to which an area is assigned, ‘management plcns will often contain management zones for a variety of purposes which take account of local conditions. However, in order-1o establish-the approprialc category, at leas: three-quarters and preferably more ofthe arca must °c managed for the primary prpose: and the mangement of the remaining area must not be in conflict with that primary purpose. Cases where parts of a single rmanagement unit are classified by law as having different management objectives are discussed under the heading of multiple classification Management Responsibility Govemments Fave a fundamental responsibility, which they cannot abdicate, for the existence and well-being of national systems of protected arcas. They.should regard suc’ areas as important components of rational strategies for conservation and sustainable development, However, the actual responsitility for management of individual protected arcas may rest with central, regional or local govemment, non-governmental argan:zatiors, the privats sector or the local community. These guidelines, therefore, contain considerable flexibility in the advice given on the form of managing authority for each category of pro:eoled area, Thetest, a'terall, s whether the designated authority is capable of achieving the manegement objectives, In practice, however, protected area categorics II will usually be the responsibility of some form of governmental body, Responsibility for categories IV and V may rest with Iccal administrations albeit usually working withi7 the framework of nétional ‘egistation Ownership of Land As with the questicn of the managing authority, the key tzst is whether the type of ownership is compatible with the achievement of the management chjectives for the area. In many countries ownership ty same form of public body (whether nat:onally cr locally based), oran appropriately constituted non-governmental body with conservation objectives, fécilitatss management and is therefore to be favoured in Categories JIM in particular. However, this is not universally true, and—in the remaining categories—privete ownership will De uch more common, often being the predominan, form of land ownership. Moreover, whatever the ownership, exper.cnce shows thal the success of managerient depends greally on the good will and suppor of local communitias. In such gases, the managing athority will need to have good consultative and communications systeris, and effective mechanisms which may include incentives, to secure compliance with management objectives, Regional Variation ‘The categories systom is intended to operstei the same way in all countries So as to facilitate the collection and handling of comparable data and 1 inprove communication between countrias, IUCN does not therefore favour different stuncrds being applied in diffcrent parts of the world, However, the conditions for the establishment and management of protected areas vary grestly from reg.on to region, ard from country to country. For example, regions like Europe with long-settled, long-managed landscapes in multipic ownership are not, an the whole, as suited to the establishment of Category “I areas as are someChapter 3. Applying she Categories other regions—bit.on the other hand, their circumstances are mare conducive to the establishment of Cetegory IV and V areas. ‘The greater flexibility which is inherent in these guidelines should help in their application to the conditions in different regions and countries. The range of exzmples set out in Part III shows how an international categories system can, in fact, be applied to countries with widely differing needs. Mubiple Classifications Protecied areas of different categories are often contiguous; sometimes one category *nests’ within another. ‘Thus many Categery V areas contain within them Category I and IV areas; some will adjoin Category Il areas, Again, some Category If areas conizin Category fa and Ib areas. This is entirely consisten: with the application of the system, providing such areas are identified separately for acccunting and reporting purposes. Althougs there are obvious bencfits in having tke eniire area within the responsibility of one management authority, this may not always be appropriate: in such cases, close cooperation between authorities will be essential, Areas around Protected Areas Protected areas are not isolated units, Ecologically, ccon2mically. politically and culturally, they are Hinked to the areas around them. For that reason, the planning end management of protected areas must be ineorporated within regioral planning, and suppored by the policies adopted for wider areas. For the purposes of the application of the categories system, however, where one area is used to "buffer" or surround another, both teir categories should be separately identified and recorded, a International Designations ‘The 1978 system identified separate categories for World Heritage sites (natural) and Biosphere Reserves. However, thes: arc not catzgories in their own right bu: international designaticns. In practice, nearly all World Heritage/Natural Sites are nationally designated and will therefore be recorded under one of the categories. The stme will apply to many Biosphere Reserves, Rarssar sites, and other areas designated under -egional agreements. Therefore the following principle will continue to apply: providing the area is identified under na:ional arangements for special protection, it should be appropriately recorded under one ofthe standard categories. Its special intemations| statns will be recorded, forexamole, in the LIN List and ir. all ether appropriate IUCN publicationsPart Il The Management Categories ‘This par: ofthe guidelines examines cach of thesix categories in tum andconsiders them under the following Definition Objectives of Management Guidance for Selection Organizational Responsibility 5 Category in 1978 SysiemCategory! CATEGORY! Strict Nature Reserve / Wilderness Area: protected area managed mainly for science or wilderness protection CATEGORY la _ Strict Nature Reserve: protected area managed mainlyfor science Definition ‘Area of land and/or sea possessing some outstanding or representative ecosystems, geological or physiological features and/or species, availctle primarily for scientific research and/or environmental ‘monitoring. Objectives of Management to preserve habitats, ecosystems and species in as undisturbed a state as possible: to maintain gen to maintain established ecological processes; to sefeguard structural Landscape features or rock exposure: to secure exampies of ‘re natural environment for scientific studies, envirormriental monitoring, and education, including baseline arzas from which all avoidable access is excluded; © to minimise disturbance by careful planning and execution of research and other approved activities; and © to limit public access. resources in a dynamic and evolutionary stat Guidance for Selection ‘© ‘Thearca should be larg> enough to ensure the integrity of its ecosystems and to accomptish the ‘management objectives for which itis protecied. ‘© ‘The arca should be significantly free of direc! human inte-vention and capable of remaining 0. The conservation of the area's biodiversity should be achievzble through protection and not require substantial active management or habitat manipulation (c.f. Cetegory TV). Organizational Responsibility Ownership and control should be by the national or other Jevel of govemmant, acting through a professionally qualified agency, orby aprivate foundation, university or ‘nstituticn which has an established research or conservation function, or by owners working in ccoperation with any of the foregoing govemment or private institutions. Adequate safeguards and controls relting to long-term protection should be secured before designation. Intemationsl ag-eements over areas subject to disputed national sovereignty can provide exceptions (e.g, Antarcticz). Equivalent Category in 1978 System Scientific Reserve / Strict Nature Reserve 7Guidelines for Protected Area Management Categories CATEGORY Ib —_ Wilderness Area: protected area managed mainly for wilderness protection Definition Largearea of unmodified or slight'y modified land, and/or sca, retaining its natu-al characterand influenze, without permanent or significant habitation, which is protected and managed so as 10 preserve ils ratural condition. Objectives of Management ‘© to ensure that future generations have the opportunity to expericnce understanding andenjoyment of ereas that have been largely undisturbed by human acticn over a lang periad of time; © to:maintain the essential natural attributes znd qualities of the enviroament over the long term; © to Frovide for pablic access at levels and of a type which will serve best the physical and spiritual well-being of visitors and mairtain the wildemess qualitiss of the arca for present and future ‘generations; and © to enable indigenous human communities living at low density ard in balance with the available resources to maintain their lifestyle. Guidance for Selection © Thearca should possess high nalural quality. be governed primarily by the forces of mature, with human disturbence substantial'y absent, andl be likely to continue to display these autributes if managed as proposed. © Thearca shculd contain sigrificant ecologic, geologicc!, physiogeographic, or other features of scientific, educ:tional, scenic or historic value. © The area should offer outstanding opportunities for solitud2, enjoyzd cnce the area has boon reached, by simple, quiet, non-polluting and non-intrusive means of travel (i.c. non-rotorised). © Thearea should be of sufficient size 10 make practice! such prese-vation and use. Organizational Responsibility As for Su2-Category 1a. Equivalent Category in 1978 System This sub-category did not eppezr ir the 1978 system, buthas been introduced following the IUCN Generel Assembly Resolution (16/34) on Protection 07 W-ldemess Resources and Values, adopted at the 1984 Gereral Assembly in Madrid, Spain, 18Category It CATEGORY II National Park: protected area managed mainly fer ecosystem protection and recreation Definition Natural area of land and/or sea. designated 10 (a) protect the ceological integri:y of ane or more ezosysicms for present and future gencra:ions, (b) exclude exploitation or occupation inimizal to the purposes of designation of the area and (c} pravide a foundation for spiritual, stiem-ific, educational, recrea:ional and visitos opportunitizs, al of which must be environmentally and cultural'y compatitle, Gbjectives of Management © toprotcet natural and scenic areas of naticnal and intemational significance for spiritual, scientific, educational, recreational or :ourist purposes; © toperpetuate, in as ratural a state as possible, represcntative examples of physiogmaphic regions, biotic communities, genctic resoarces, and species, to provide ecological stability and diversi © to manage visitor use for inspirational, educational, cultural and -ecreational purposes at a level which will maintain the area in a nanural or near natural state; © {0 climinae anc thereafter prevent exploitation or occupation inimical «9 the purpases of designation; © to maintain respect for the ecological, geomomphologic, s warranted designation; and sec oF aesthetic atiributes which © to take ‘nto account :he neees of indigenous people, including subsistence resource use, i as these will not adversely affect the other objectives of management. Guidance for Setection © The area sould contain a representative sample of major natural regions, feawires or scene-y, ‘where plan: and animé! species, habitals and geomorphological sites are af special spiritual, scientific, educational, recreational znd tourist signif'cance, ‘© ‘The area should be large cnough to contain one or more entire ecosystems no: materially altered by current human occupation or exploi:ation. Organizational Responsibility ‘Ownership and management should normally be by the highest competent authority of the nation having Jurisdiction over it. However, they may alsc be vested inanather level of govemment, council of indigenous people, foundation or other legally established body whish has dedicete¢ the arza to leng-term corservation, Equivalent Category in 1978 Sys National Park 9Guidelines for Protected Arza Management Categories CATEGORY Ill Natural Monument: protected area managed mainly for conservation of specific natural features Definition ‘Area containing one, or more, specific natural or natural/cultural feature which is of outstanding or unique value because of ils inhersnt rarity, representacive or aesthetic qualities or cultural significance. Objectives of Management ‘© to protect or preserve in perpetuity specific outstanding natural features because of their natural significance, unique or representational quality, and/or spiritual connota:ion © to an extent consistent with the foregoing objective, to provide opportunities for resea education, inte-pretation and public appreciation; © to eliminate and -hereafter prevent exploitation or occupaticn inimical :o the purpose of designation; and © to deliver to any 1 management. ident population such benefits as are consistent with the other objectives of Cuidance for Seiection © The area should contain one or more features of outstandiag signi Teence (eppropriate natural features include spectacular waterfalls, caves, craters, fossil keds, sand dunes and marine feztures; along with unique or representative fauna and flora; associated cultural features might include cave dwellings, cliff-top forts, archacological sites, or natural sites which hawe heritage significance to indigenous peoples). © The area should be large enough to protect ‘1c integrity of the feature anc its immediately related surroundings. Organizational Responsibility Ownership and management should be by the national ovement or, with uppropriate safeguards and controls, by nother Ievel of government, council of =ndigencus people, ron-profit trust, corporation or, ‘exceptionally, by a private body, provided the long-term proto:tion of the inherent character of the area is assured before designation Equivalent Category in 1978 System ‘Natural Monument / Natural Lanémark 2Category V CATEGORY IV _Habitat/Species Management Area: protected area managed mainly for conservation through maragement intervention Definition 0 as 10 ensure the ‘Area of land and/or sca subject to active intervention Zor mangement purpo mairtenance of habitats and/or to meet the requirements of specific species. Objectives of Management © to secure and maintain the habitat concitions necessary to protect significant species, groups of species, biotic communities or physical features of the environment where thes? require specific human manipulation for optimum management, © to facilitate scientific research and environmental monitoringas primary activities associated with sustainable resources management; © todevelop lirted areas for public education and appreciation of the characteristics of the habitats concerned ard of the work of wildlife management; @ to climinste and thereafter prevent exploitation or occupation inimical to the purposes of designation; and ‘@ toccliversuch benefits to people living within the cesignsted area es are consistent with the osher objectives of management, Guidance for Selection «The area should play an important role in the protzciion of ne-ure and the survival of species, incorporating, as appropriate, breeding areas, wetlends. corcl reefs, estuaries, grasslands; forests, or spawning areas, inciuding marire feeding beds). @ The area should bz one where the protection of the habitat is essential to the well-being of nationally or locally-impontant flora, oF to resident or migratory fauna. ‘© Conservation of these habitats and species should depend upon active intz-vention by the management zuthority, if'necessary through habitat manipulation (c.f, Category Ia). The size af the area should depend on the habitat requirzments of the species tc be protected and ‘may range from relatively smal! o very extensive. Organizaticnai Responsibility Ownership and -nanagement should be by the national goverment or, with appropriate safeguards and controls, by another level of government, nor-profit trust, corporation, private group cr individual. Equivalent Category in 1978 System Nature Conservatior Reserve / Managed Nature Reserve / Wildlife Sncwuary aGuidelines for Protected Arca Management Categories CATEGORY V _ Protected Landscape/Seascape: protected area managed mainly for landscape/seascape conservation and recreation Definition ‘Area of land, with coast and sea as appropriate, where the interaction 0” people and nature over time has produced an area of distinct character with significant sesthetic, ecological and/or cultural value, and often with high biological diversity. Safeguarding the integrity of this traditional interaction is vital 10 the protection, maintenance and evolution of such an erca. Objectives of Management © 10 mainiain the harmonious inte-action of nature and culture through the protection of landscape and/or seascape and the continuation of traditional land uses, building practices anc soc:al and cultural manifestations; © support lifestyles and economic ac:ivities which are in harmony withnature and tke preservation of the social and cultural fabric of the communities concerned; to maimain the diversity of landscape and hebital, and of associated spc © 10 climinate where necessary, and thereafter prevent, land uses and activities which are ‘inappropriate in sea.¢ ancorch:racter; © to provide opportunities for public enjoyment through recreation and tour'sm appropriate in type and scale to the essential qualities of the areas; © encourage scientific and ecucetional aciivi ies which will contribatcto the iong term well-being of resident populations and to the development of public support forthe environmental protection of sach areas; and, © tobring benefitsto, and to contribute to the welfare of, the local community through the pravision of natural products such as forest and fisheries products) and services (Such as clean water or income derived from sustainable forns of tourism). s and eos; tems; Guidance for Selection © ‘Thearca should possess a landscape and/or coastal and island seascape of high scenic quality, with diverse associzted habitats, flora and fauna along with manifestationsof unique or:raditionzl Jand-use patterns and social organisations as evidenced in human settlements and local customs, liveihoods, and beliefs © Thearcs should provide opportunities for publicenjoyment through recreation and tourism within its normal lifestyle and economic activities. Organizational Responsibility ‘The area may be owned by a putlic authority, but ismore likely to comprise mosaic of private and publis ownerships opzrating a variety of management regimes, These regimes shoulc be subject (9 a degree of Pinning or otner control and supporied, where apprcpriate, by public funding and other incentives, to ensure Usat the quality of the landkeapejseasca2e ad the relevant local customs and beliefs are maintaired in the Tong term, Equivalent Category in 1978 System Protected LancscapeCategory VI CATEGORY VI Managed Resource Protected Area:protected area managed mainly for the sustainable use of natural ecosystems Defirition Area containing predominantly unmodified naural systems, managed 10 ensure long term protection and maintenance of biological diversity, while providing.at the same time a sustainable flow of natural products and sorvices to meet community needs, Objectives of Management © 10 protect and maintain the biological diversity and other natural va'ues of the area in the lang term; © to promote sound management praciiecs for sustainable oroduction purposes: to protest the natural resourze base ‘rom being alienated for other land-use purposes tat would be detrimental to the arca’s biological diversity; and © to contribute 10 regionall anc national development, Guidance for Selection © The area shoul¢ be at east two-thirds in a natural condition, althcugh it may zlso containsimited areas of modified ecosystems; large commercial plantations weuld not 2¢ eppropriate for inclusion. © The area sould be large enough to absorb sustainable resource uses w:thout detriment to its overall long-term naturel values. Organizational Responsibility Management should be undertsken by public bdies with a unambiguousremit forconservation, and carried out in partnership with th: local community; or management may be provided through local custom supperted and advised by governmental or non-governmertal azencies. Ownership may be by the national or other level of government, the community, privat> individuals, of a combination of these. Equivalent Category in 1978 System This category does not correspond directly with any of those in the 1978 system, although it is likely to irclude some areas previously classified as "Resource Reszrves", "Natural Biotic Areas / Anthropological Reserves’ and *Maltiple Use Management Arcas / Managed Resourve Arvas’.Part Ill Examples of Applying the Management Categories ‘This part of the guidelines provides some examples of protecicd areas to illustrate how to aoply the new category system. The examples are intended to be representative of the cifferent regions and they include both terres-rial and marine sites. Locations of the examples are shown in the map overicaf, Main exemples are presented under the following headings: Natioral designation Legal basis of management 2 In situ minagement Geography ‘Nature conservation values Cuttural and social values Reasons for classification as... ‘The sections on National designation and Legal basis of maxagement indicate the legal status of the procected area and its primary management objectives as provided in law; the section on Insitu management identifes supplementary managem2nt objectives specific to the site, often provided in the management plan. These three sections provide the basis of categorisation in line with the approach specified in Chapter 2 (Part. ‘The main features of the site ar2 described in the subsequent three sections on Geography, Nature conservation values and Cultural and social values. The firal section on Reasons for classification as .. justifies the allocation of the site toa particular category, based on the definition of the ealegory and o1 the criteris istad under Guidance for selection. Other examples are clso presented in & more concise format, fozus its management objectives. ing on the main features cf the site andGuidelines for Protected Arca Maragement Categories {19) 0} Locations of protected areas described In Part IllLocatiars of protected areas described in Part Nit No. Name National Designation Country IUCN Category Ia 1 Cabo Blanco Biological Reserve Costa Rica 2. Mount Nimba Sarict Nature Reserve Guinea 3 North-cast Bailey Peninsula Site of Special Scientific Interest Antarctic Treaty Territory 4 Repetekskiy Sate Nature Reserve Turkmenistar 5 Snares Islands Nanure Reserve New Zealand 6 Sundartans ‘National Park: India TUCN Category Ib 7 Bolshoi Arktichesky State Nature Reserve Russia 8 Koovznoowoo Wildemess USA 9 North-east Svalbard Nature Reserve Norway 10 Polar Bear Pass Canada 11 Tasman Wilderness Arce Now Zealand ITUCN Category 11 12 Canaima National Park Venezuela 13 Kakedu National Park, Australia 14 Kruger National Park South Africa 15 Ras Mohamm: National Park Egypt 16 Sagarmatha National Park Nepal 17 Tatrensky National Park Slovakia 18 Tongariro National Park New Zealand 19 Waterton Lakes National Park Canada 20 Yellowstone National Park, USA IUCN Category I1t 21 Cevil’s Tower National Monument USA 22 Meteora Greece 23 Ngorukevwid Islands Wildlife Reserve Palau 24 Skocjanske Jame Natural Monument Slovenia 25 Victoria Falls National Park Zimbabwe IUCN Category IV 26 Kaleji Leke Wildlife Sanctuary Pakistan 27 Karrat al Harrah Northem Wildlife Management Ara Saudi Arabia 28 Lilereburger Heide Nawure Reserve Germany 29 Selous Game Reserve Tanzania 30 Stavas Fjord Bird Reserve Denmark TUCN Category V 31 Cévennes National Park France 32 Dartmoor National Park UK 33 Martinique Regional Nature Park Martinique (ranze) 34 Pine’ands National Reserve USA 35 Sctoraikai National Pars Japan 36 Taishan Scenic Beauty & Historic Incerest Zone China TUCN Category VI 37 Bustard Fish Habitat Reserve Australia 38 Kiurga Marine Nationa! Reserve Kenya | 39 Tamshiyacu-Tahuayo Communal Reserve Peru | 40 Tonda Wildlife Maragement Area Papua New GuinzaExamples of Category Ia SNARES ISLANDS NATURE RESERVE, New Zealand National designation Criginally declared a ‘reserve for lighthouse purposes”, the Snares Islands were subsequerily reserved for the preservation of their fora and fauna in 1961. The islands were automatically classified as a nature reserve when the Reserves Act of 1977 became operative in 1978. The total area cf the reserve is 328ha, covering the islands and their “orshores, Legal basis of management Under the Reserves Act, the purpose of a nature reserve is to protect and preserve in perpetuity indigenous flora and fauna ornatural features that are of such rarity, scientific interest ‘or importance or so unique that heir protection and preservation are in the rubiic interest. In situ management Otjectives outlined in the management plan conform to the statutory requirements ofthe Reserves Act. The desired goals are to perpetuate the natural values and features of the reserve, while reconciling nozessary management activities and uses of the reszrve within the context of the national and {international protectedarces system, Research is pe-milt2d provided 1 hasnopermanent detrimental effects on plant 0: animal populations cr community relationships. Collection of scientific specimens is generally prohibited. Entry is permitied primarily for scientific research and management purgos¢s, and controlled by a permit system. Tourists may not land on tho islands. Tere is a limited number of moorings for Sishermen, bul this will be phased out to minimise risks of introducing rodents to the islands. The management eulhority cooperatzs with the Ministry of Defence in surveillance, enforcement snd support aspects of reserve management, Geography The Snares Islands lie 209km south-west of Bluff on South Is'and. There is a main groap of ;slands, of which the 280ha North East :slan¢ is the largest, and z subsidia-y chain of rocks to the south-cest that is known as the Westcm Chain, All of the istands arc bordered by stee> cliffs, except along thcir caste coastlines Nature conservation values The Snares are of immenst important island sanctuaries, The vegetation is virtually unmodified by haman activity, and the Snares are among the few islands anywhere in the world still without any introduced mammals. The istands have en estimated popslation cf 6 million breesing seabirds. Seabirds include the endemic Snares crestec penguin, and there are three endemic species of land birds. jentific value, being among the world’s most Cultural and social values There has teen no permanent human occupation of the isiands, even by prehistoric peoples. A sealing gang of four mien was marooned on te islands between 1810 and 1818. Reasons for classification as Ia iStrict Nature Reserve) The Snzres are immenssly important subantarcic islands, being virally pristine and frec of introduced mammals. They are strictly protected to safeguard lant and animal populations, and natural processes. Research and monitoring is permitted :0 batter understand these processes, provided they donot haveany long-term detrimental elfeets. There is no avcess for toarists.Guidelines for Protected Area Management Categories (a) Figure/Figure/Figura 1 (a; Margrove ard (b) asscciated wildlife, suchas estuarine crocodile, are strictly protected within Suadarbans National Park, wie core zone of the Sundaroans Tiger Reserve. (c) Traditional activities, including fishing, are allowed on a permit pais in the peripheral zone buffering the park (a}Lamangroveet(b) lafaune associée,dort le crocodile marin, sont strictemens protégées dans le Parc national desSundarbans, zone centralede ic Réservede tigres des Sundarbans. (c) Lesactwités raditicrnelles, notamment 4a péche, sont autorieées aux déterteurs d'un permis dans la zone tampon entourant le pare. (a)Los manglares (0) a vidasilvestre esociads, tal como el vocodrilo de e:tuario, son etrictamente protegides enel Parque Naciona Sundarbans, el cual es la tona nécleo ae la Reserva'Sundarbans Tiger’.(c) Medianie un sisterna de permisos, en la zona periférica que amortigua el parque, estén permitidas las actividades tradicionales, ineluyendo ta pesca. Phetos/Photcs/Fotografias: MJ.B. Green 30Examples of Category ta SUNDARBANS NATIONAL PARK, India’ National designation Sundarbans was esiablished as a rational park in 1984 under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. It covers 133,010ha of land and sca owned by the stat> government of West Bengal. Legal basis of management As an ava of ecological importance under the Wild Life (Protection; Act, 1972, the wildlife and environmentis protected, with all rights vested in the state goverment, Destructicn, exploitation or removel of any wildlife or its habitat is prohibited, unless authorised and provided it is in the interests of the wildlife In situ management The park comprises the stricy protected core zone of the Sundarbans Tiger Reserve (258,500ha), end is completely closed to all forms of activity including tourism, The surrounding buffer zone is used for multiple purposes undzr @ permit system. Geography The Sunda-bans covers one million hectares of mangrove, of which 40% is in India and the rest in Bangladesh. It is part of the world’s largest delia (eight million hectares) formed from sediments deposited by three great rivers (Ganges, Brihmaputra and Meghnz). The entire arez is intzrsected by an irtricare network of waterways. The Indian Sundarbans has become vinually cu: off from the mein freshwater sources over the last 600 yzars. Is waterways are maintained largely by the diumal tidal ‘low. Nature conservation values Tre Sundarbans is among the most extensive remaining areas of mangrove ir the world, witha rich and unique bioia. Its population of 270 tigers is the largest in India. The:mangroves buffer inland areas from the ravages of cyclones in the Bay of Bengal, an¢ provide the main nursery for shrimps a'ong the entice cxstem coast of India, as well spawning grounds fo: of lish and crustaccans. They aretheonly habitat remaining inthe lower Bengal Busin ‘ora variety of faunal species. Some faunal diversity has been lost sn the last century dee te kand reclarration for agriculture, and higher salinity levels caused by irrigation schemes in te upper reaches of the Ganges. Cultural and social values Baghmara Forest Block contains the ruins of a city built by a merchant community in 200-30) AD. Much later, the Sundarbans provided a refuge from the advancing armies of the Moghal King Akbar. The tiger rscrve today is completely uninhabited, but over 35,0C0 reople annually ‘collect timber, fuel-wood, honey and cther forest products, and fis from the area buf¥ering the park, Reasons for classification as fa (Strict Nature Reserve) The National Pars constitutes a la strictly protected core ares of unmodivied mangrove representative af the vist Sundarbans ezosystem, [tis free of humar intervention and public access is prohibited. Scientific research may be permitted. xe, * Most Indian national pars provide for tourism and, inere“ore, qualify for incluso Category II. Sundarbans National Park is one of 3 few excepticns. TUCN Management 31Other Examples of Category la CABO BLANCO BIOLOGICAL RESERVE, Costa Rica Lying atthe southernmost tip of the Nicoya Peninsula ard including the offshore island of Cebo Blanco, this reserve protzcts 11772ha of iraportant primary forest and island ecosystems on the Pacific coast. Under the 1990 Reform of the Forestry Law, it provides for conservation and reszarch on wildlife and habitats. It 5g totally protected from all human activities, other than scientific research. MOUNT NIMBA STRICT NATURE RESERVE, Guinea Comprising 13,000ha of the ‘Cuinean Backbone’, a geological feature which rises 100m atove the surrounding landscape, Mount Nimba is intenationally important forits rare and endemic flora ard fama, Ordonnance No.007!République de Guinée!SGGI90 provides for the coraplete proicetion of the site as a strict ncture reserve and ils maintenance in an undisturbed state. Scientific research is permitted, The strict nature reserve constitutes the core zone of the Réserve de la biosphére des Monts Nimba, NORTH-EAST BAILEY PENINSULA SITE OF SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC INTEREST, Antarctic Treaty Territory North-east Bailey is a small (100ha) rocky area within the Australian Antarctic Territory, rich :n moss, liverwort and lichen communities. Notified as an Site of Special Scientific Imerest under the Agreed Measures for Conservation of ine Antarctic Flaca and Fauna of the Antarctic Treaty (1960). it is sirictly pretected for scientific research. According to th management plan, access to the site is only for scientific research and restricied t0 ¢ oss routes. No helicopter landing is permitted. Storage or disposal of any products is prohibited. REPETEKSKIY STATE NATURE RESERVE, Turkmenistan Covering 34,600ha of desert, Repetckskiy is representative of the caste Kara Kums, with a flora and fauna thet includes seme ‘iighly specialized endemics adapted .o moving sends. Repetckskiy is stricly protected to safeguard its desert ecosystems and associated wildlife, and 10 provice lor scientific research under the Principles of Lard! Legislation. It is zoned into a complstcly urdistarbed core of 15,000hs and an experimentel baffe- of 19,600ha where pasiorsl activities are permitied for experimental purposes. Public access is prohibited. The Repciekskiy Sand Desert Research Station has been in operation since 1928. 3