"Pakig-Higalaay”: A study on the influence of Identity Styles and Parental

Relationships as determinants of Friendship Quality among adolescents.

Jason D. Ang, RPm, Beia Lyka B. Pabelonio

Master of Arts in Guidance and Counselling, Cebu Normal University, Osmeña Boulevard,
Cebu City, Philippines

ABSTRACT

What role does forming one's own identity play in the formation of friendships? According to
Erikson's lifespan model of psychosocial development, the formation of a coherent and stable
sense of identity is the most difficult developmental task that adolescents must complete during
their formative years, and it is the most difficult developmental task that adolescents must
complete during their formative years. By examining the characteristics of friendship that exist
between children and their parents, several studies have attempted to understand the relationship
between identity and parental relationship. The information was, on the other hand, insufficient
for properly conceptualizing a theory.There are 114 respondents in this study who are between
the ages of 12 and 18. The purpose of this study is to determine whether identity styles and
parental relationships have a direct effect on the friendship quality of adolescents. The study
employed Multiple Regression as a statistical technique and discovered that only the
Informational Identity Style and the Closeness Parental Relationship have a significant effect on
the adolescents' Friendship Quality.

Keywords: Friendship Quality, Identity, Parental Relationship, Psychosocial Development

INTRODUCTION

Which is more important: quantity or quality? When it comes to friendship, this is a

question that is frequently asked. But when we talk about the quality of friendship, what exactly
do we mean by "quality of friendship?" What causes it to form? Is it something that needs to be
learned or developed, or both? The American Psychological Association (2020), defined
friendship as the voluntary association of two or more people over a lengthy period of time in
which the participants are concerned about meeting the needs and interests of others while also
satisfying their own desires. Aristotle, as well, considered Philia or Friendship to be an important
factor in “Good Life”. Friendships for joy are friendships in which the primary motive for
maintaining the friendship is the joy we derive from being in the company of our buddy
(Kaliarnta, S., 2016). However, during adolescence, it is possible to have both love and hate
relationships with pals. While close relationships foster sensitivity and devotion, they can also be
troublesome if adolescents are not prepared for intimacy and when closeness results in conflict
and increased power. Also discovered were the benefits of having supporting friends in terms of
easing identity issues and motivating accomplishment, but having non-supportive friends can
increase depression and academic failure (Crosnoe, 2000). c

According to Erikson, the lifespan model of psychosocial development, forming a

coherent and stable sense of identity is the most difficult developmental task that adolescents
must complete during their formative years. Different crises/conflicts occur in the lives of
different people at various points in their lives. In order to move to the next step of the
eight-stage process, each of the conflicts must be satisfactorily resolved at a specific period in
life. It is during the period of adolescence (ages 12-20) that the specific stage important to
identity formation takes place; this stage is known as "Identity versus Role Confusion."
Adolescents in the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage are attempting to figure out who they are in
order to develop a foundational identity upon which they can build their entire lives. During the
identity stage, the most important aspects to consider are occupation and ideology, as individuals
determine how they will make their way in the world and what they will believe. Identity
confusion develops as a result of the inability to resolve these concerns (Monacis, L., et. Al.,
2016 & Vaziri, S., et. Al., 2014). Developing an identity as an adolescent is crucial and it is
through childhood identification and social contexts for in this phase they are rejecting the norms
set by their elders and focus more on the norms set by peers. To expand on the definition of
identity, it is an intricate psychological state that provides a sense of direction, commitment, and
trust in a personal ideal or self-image. A sense of identity combines sex-role identification,
beliefs and ideology, accepted group norms and standards, and self-concept (Gullotta et al.,
2000). This development of a sense of identity indicates that people have moved on from their
childhood beliefs and are now able to stand on their own two feet and be autonomous. They then
can have an ideological system to which they can be faithful, whether it is a religious/spiritual
ideology or an agnostic or nonreligious orientation (Walborn, 2014).

When Berzonsky established the identity style model, he was looking for an individual
strategy to explore many possibilities and make decisions about one's own identity. According to
this paradigm, individuals create and alter their sense of identity over time. Theoretician Bernard
Berzonsky asserted that as humans construct themselves, they employ cognitive structures to
form knowledge methods and schemes from experiences gained through interaction with their
physical and social surroundings. When it comes to identity concerns, people' cognitive
frameworks are employed to solve problems and make decisions about their own identities. For
this reason, this model examines individuals' cognitive processes during the identity formation
process, particularly when they are considering alternative identities, overcoming conflicts, and
making judgments about their identities (Muttaqin, D., 2021).

Moreover, Erickson emphasized the relevance of society's effect on an individual's

conduct and personality. (Feist, et. Al., 2009). Moreover, Bowlby was particularly interested in
the parent-child relationship, and he was certain that attachment representations would be vital
for the functioning of relationships from "cradle to grave" (from conception to death).
Attachment theory is concerned with the ties and bonds that exist between people, particularly
long-term relationships such as those between a parent and child and those between romantic
partners, among other things (Cherry, 2019). According to the studies, in the adolescent period,
when transitioning from parent attachment figure to peer attachment figure, secure attachment
experiences in the early period enable the changes in this period. Recognizing the changes that
occur in adolescents and responding to these changes in a flexible manner by the families
encourages the children's social behaviors. As a result, parents allow their children to create
meaningful peer groups and use regulation strategies to manage their own emotions (Arslan &
Arı, 2010).

Several studies have sought to make sense of the relationship between Identity and
parental relationship by examining the characteristics of friendship that exist between children
and their parents. However, it was still insufficient for properly conceptualizing a theory. In the
study of Raboteg-Saric, et. Al. (2013), adolescents reared by strict parents have been found to be
more adjusted and more capable than their peers on a variety of measures. Positive indices of
teenage psychological well-being, such as better life satisfaction, positivity, hope, self-esteem,
and self-efficacy, are linked to authoritative parenting. Raboteg-Saric and colleagues underline
the critical nature of parenting style because it affects an adolescent's well-being, including how
they interact with their friends. In addition to their study, they mentioned that without at least one
genuine friendship, children are more lonely than children who have at least one genuine
friendship, and preadolescents with friends have fewer depression symptoms and a higher
self-esteem as young adults. Adolescent self-esteem is boosted more by at least one supportive
companionship than it is by being accepted by their peers. In addition to the number and variety
of friends one has, the caliber of those friendships is also critical. In high-quality friendships,
there is a high level of prosocial behavior and intimacy, as well as loyalty, and a low level of
conflict, dominance, and animosity. These positive characteristics are common in high-quality
friendships. Teenagers who have better friendships tend to be more adjusted, more competent,
and have a higher sense of personal worth. Moreover, they enjoy life more, are less socially
nervous, and have fewer interpersonal issues than adolescents who have fewer high-quality
connections

Furthermore, Cook and Fletcher (2012) underline the importance of the developmental
contextual approach, which recognizes that an individual's experiences in his or her family have
an impact on his or her later relationships. Researchers discovered that if adolescents grow up in
unfriendly circumstances with overbearing parents, it is likely that they will have difficulty
forming friendships with their classmates in general. Rageliene (2016) mentioned that
self-comparison with peers becomes far more essential in adolescence when adolescents attempt
to link their identities to those of their peers. Peer group members can model their conduct on the
norms of the group, hence peer groups have a substantial impact on teenage growth. Aside from
emotional support, peer groups provide adolescents with the social status they need to develop
their identities.

Doumen, S., et. Al. (2012) revealed strong relationships between identity types,
attachment-related emotions, and the quality of peer relationships. In this study, greater
dependence on the information-oriented style was associated with more positive
attachment-related feelings, which in turn was associated with better quality of connections
between emerging adults and their peers. The diffuse-avoidant style was shown to be the inverse
of these findings, with the usage of this style being associated with lower-quality relationships
with peers, as seen by higher levels of negative attachment-related feelings in these relationships.
 But there is one study finding that is somewhat contrary to other researches, Williard
Hartup (1996) mentioned in his study that there is a lot of evidence that "liking" and "disliking"
are linked to social competence, but the evidence for friendships and their developmental
importance is weak. One may make the case that the developmental relevance of these
relationships can't be determined without distinguishing between having friends, knowing your
friends, and knowing the quality of your friends as friends. In order to make predictions about a
child's future development, we must also know about their friends' behavioral traits and attitudes,
as well as other qualitative aspects of their friendships.

Given the findings of the previous research and the gap in knowledge, the purpose of this
study is to investigate the influence of identity style and parental relationships on the quality of
friendship among adolescents. Furthermore, this study aspires to bridge the gap created by a
scarcity of research in understanding the relationship between Identity Style and Friendship
Quality, as well as the influence of parental relationships. These studies will be guided by the
following working hypothesis:

1. There is a substantial correlation between Identity Style and friendship quality among
adolescents in terms of:

1.1 Diffusion-Avoidance Style and Friendship Quality

1.2 Informational Style and Friendship Quality
1.3 Normative Style and Friendship Quality

2. Parental Relationships have a considerable effect on Adolescents' Friendship Quality in

terms of:

2.1 Closeness Relationship and Friendship Quality

2.2 Discord Relationship and Friendship Quality

After collecting a large amount of data, the researchers will be able to investigate the
function of Identity Style and Parental Relationships as predictors of Friendship Quality among
adolescents in greater depth. This research will anchor to a conceptual framework presented
below:
METHODOLOGY

The research design that was used to conduct the research is presented in this section of
the research paper. It also demonstrates the factors that were utilized to choose the most
appropriate participants, as well as the procedures that were used to collect the data and interpret
the results.

Research Design

This research is quantitative research, thus, this research used standardized scales as
questionnaires. According to Watsons (2015), quantitative research is a set of techniques for
systematically investigating social phenomena using statistical or numerical data. As a result,
quantitative analysis entails calculation and presupposes that the phenomenon under
investigation can be quantified. It intends to analyze data for trends and relationships, as well as
to validate the measurements made. Moreover, this research will be a correlational study
exploring the role or the relationship of Identity Styles and Parental Relationship in Quality of
Friendship among Adolescents. This design seeks and interprets connections between and among
various data. These studies can spot trends and patterns in data, but they don't establish that
they're the result of a cause and effect relationship (wssu.edu, n.d.).

Research Environment

This research should take place in a natural setting, with the adolescents participating in it. As a
result of the pandemic, however, the researchers will use Google Forms to pool the answers from
the respondents and will advertise it through social media.

Unit of Analysis, Respondents, and Sampling Procedure

The participants in this study are adolescents aged 12 to 18 years old. This survey also
includes currently enrolled senior high school students who are not older than 18 years old in
order to provide more reliable data. The researchers will use Random Sampling for this study.

Supposedly the researchers targeted two hundred (200) respondents for this research but
due to lack of respondents, only over One-hundred fourteen (114) adolescents participated in the
said survey research, which took place over the course of time. Facebook adverts were utilized to
market the call for participation in order to choose those who will take part. As well as partnering
with schools to gather more participants. Participants initially evaluated using Participant
Profiling to ensure that they are qualified to take part in this research before being invited to
participate. The demographic profile of the participants is presented in table 1, below:
 Table 1: Demographic Profile of the Respondents
Profile Frequency (f) Percentage (%)

Sex

Male 37 32.5

Female 77 67.5

Age

12-13 years old 25 21.9

14-15 years old 27 23.7

16-17 years old 34 29.8

18 years old 28 24.6

Total 114 100

Data source and Research Instruments

The researchers used three (3) standardized questionnaires that are available in the public
domain. For the Identity Styles, the researchers will use version five of the Identity Scale
Inventory created by Michael Berzonsky, et. Al. (2013). This scale is multi-dimensional with
three dimensions, namely, Informational Identity, Diffuse-Avoidant Identity, and Normative
Identity. This scale has 27 items in total and has 9 items per dimension and can be scored using a
five-point Likert Scale. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) indicated that a single-factor
solution provided an adequate fit to the data, χ2 (2) = 10.61, p < 0.01; CFI = 0.99; SRMR = 0.02;
RMSEA = 0.08, 90% CI [0.043, 0.092]. Factor loadings ranged from 0.66 to 0.82 (Monacis, L.,
et. Al., 2016).

For the variable Parental Relationship, the researchers used the Network of Relationships
- Relationship Quality Version. It is a combination of the Network of Relationships Inventory of
Furman and Buhrmester and Family Relationship measure developed by Buhrmester, Camparo,
and Christiansen. This is a 30-item survey that has 10 scales that assess the Support and Negative
Relationship. It can be scored using a 5-Likert Scale (Furman, W., & Buhrmester, D., 2008). The
factors in this scale have a quite reliable factor score with an alpha’s > .90 and which is stable for
over a month period with r’s from .66 to .70 (Furman, 1996).
 For the Friendship Quality, this study used the Friendship Quality Scale developed by
Bukowski, Hoza, and Boivin (1994). The FQS is a 23-item questionnaire that can be completed
on paper and administered by the respondent. Each kid is asked to score the truthfulness of a
sentence that defines one of his or her friendships on a Likert Scale ranging from 1 to 5, with 1
indicating "not true" and 5 indicating "very true." A five-factor structure was developed by
Bukowski and his colleagues, which resulted in scales for Companionship, Conflict, Help,
Security, and Closeness. These scales' scores can be used to distinguish between friends and
non-friends, as well as to forecast the stability of friendships. There was a great deal of overlap
between the measures, with correlations between the positive dimension scales reaching as high
as .61 (Hum, M., 1999).

Data Analysis

In this research, the researcher used both descriptive and inferential statistics to present,
summarize, and analyze data. Descriptive statistics will be used to help summarize and present
the participant’s demographic profile. This would help future researchers and readers of this
study determine the applicability of the research. On the other hand, Multiple Regression will be
used to analyze the predictive properties of the data, considering that this research has multiple
variables. Multiple Regression can be used to anticipate the value of a variable based on the
values of two or more other variables (Laerd Statistics, 2018).

Procedure and Ethical Considerations

A Letter of Intent will be written to school administrations, requesting permission to

distribute a questionnaire to their students. The researcher will also make use of social media
platforms to increase the number of people who reply to the questionnaire. In addition, informed
consent will be offered, which will detail the aims of the research, the length of time it will take,
any dangers connected with participation, and the participant's right to withdraw from the study
if he or she so desires. As part of the survey, participants will be informed of their right to remain
anonymous throughout the process. Once the data has been collected, all participants will be
coded in order to maintain their anonymity while the data is being processed. The researcher will
quickly delete the data after it has served its purpose in order to maintain it secure and prevent
the leakage of personal information from occurring.

Some ethical considerations must be made to ensure the safety and confidentiality of the
researcher’s participants and these must also be stated under the informed consent given to the
participants of the study. The researcher must make sure to keep the participant’s survey answers
strictly confidential in order to respect their privacy. The research participants should not be
subjected to harm in any means possible. Voluntary participation is also important, moreover, the
participants have the right to withdraw from answering the survey if they wish to do so. The
researcher should make sure to communicate the results and information regarding the study and
be sure, to be honest, and transparent to the participants should problems and concerns arise.

RESULTS

The following are the results of the data after it has been processed in SPSS and a statistical tool
such as Multiple Regression has been used to analyze the data.

Hypothesis 1: There is a substantial correlation between Identity Style and friendship quality
among adolescents.

Model Summary for Identity Styles. Table 2 reveals the table and figure summarizes the
model's relationship with the dependent variable.
Table 2: Model Summary for Identity Styles
Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate
a
1 .507 .257 .237 12.71044
a. Predictors: (Constant), Normative Style, Diffusion-Avoidant Style, Informational Style

As previously stated, the R2 value has a coefficient of .257, or 25.7 percent of the model
provides an explanation for the variation over time, and the adjusted R2 value is 23.7
percent. Despite the fact that these values indicate a very low correlation index, this value
may not appear to be as bad as it appears to indicate that the model is not fitted.

Statistical Significance of Identity styles and Friendship Quality. Table 3 and 4 reveals
the statistical significance of hypothesis 1.

Table 3: Statistical Significance of Identity style and Friendship Quality

Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Regression 2143.915 2 1071.958 5.463 .005b
Residual 21782.050 111 196.235
Total 23925.965 113
a. Dependent Variable: Friendship Quality
b. Predictors: (Constant), Discord Parental Relationship, Closeness Parental Relationship

The F-ratio in the table determines whether the overall regression model is a good fit for
the data it is evaluating. The table demonstrates that the independent variables
statistically significantly predict the dependent variable, F(2, 111) = 5.462, p 0.05, and
that the dependent variable is significantly predicted by the independent variables.
 Table 4: Estimated Coefficients of Identity Style and Friendship Quality
Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized t Sig.
Coefficients
B Std. Error Beta
(Constant) 37.865 6.509 5.817 .000
Diffusion-Avoidant Style 1.712 1.579 .102 1.084 .281
Informational Style 6.383 1.582 .383 4.035 .000
Normative Style 2.302 1.546 .135 1.489 .139
a. Dependent Variable: Friendship Quality

According to the data in the preceding table, the only variable that has a statistically
significant relationship with the dependent variable is Friendship Quality. The
Informational Identity Style has a p-value of .05. This is shown in the following table.

Friendship Quality was predicted using a Multiple Regression model based on Identity Styles,
which were classified as follows: Diffusion-Avoidant Style, Informational Style, and Normative
Style. Friendship Quality was statistically significantly predicted by the variable Informational
Style, F(2,111)=5.462 and R2 =.257, respectively. P 0.05 was achieved only when the
Informational Style was statistically significant to the prediction.

Hypothesis 2: Parental Relationships have a considerable effect on Adolescents' Friendship

Quality.

Model Summary for Parental Relationship. Table 4 reveals the table and figure
summarizes the model's relationship with the dependent variable.
Table 4: Model Summary for Parental Relationship and Friendship Quality
Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate
a
1 .299 .090 .073 14.00838
a. Predictors: (Constant), Discord Parental Relationship, Closeness Parental Relationship

This Model has a very weak relationship between the independent and dependent
variables, with an R2 of 9 percent or 0.09 and an Adjusted R-square of 7 percent for the
independent variable versus the dependent variable. Despite the fact that it is still a low
correlation index, it will not tell you how bad the model's fitness is.
 Statistical Significance of Parental Relationship and Friendship Quality. Tables 5 and
6 reveal the statistical correlation of Parental Relationship and Friendship Quality.
Table 5: Statistical Significance of Parental Relationship and Friendship Quality
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Regression 2143.915 2 1071.958 5.463 .005b
Residual 21782.050 111 196.235
Total 23925.965 113
a. Dependent Variable: Friendship Quality
b. Predictors: (Constant), Discord Parental Relationship, Closeness Parental Relationship

This table shows the F-ratio, which determines whether or not, in general, the regression
model is a good fit for the data under consideration. Using the table, we can see that the
independent variables statistically significantly predict the dependent variable F(2,111) =
5.463, p=0.05), and that the dependent variable is statistically significantly predicted by
the independent variables (F(2) = 5.463, p=0.05).

Table 6: Estimated Coefficients of Parental Relationship and Friendship Quality

Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized t Sig.
Coefficients
B Std. Error Beta
(Constant) 57.626 6.123 9.411 .000
Closeness Parental Relationship 3.831 1.262 .277 3.036 .003
Discord Parental Relationship 2.320 1.401 .151 1.656 .100
a. Dependent Variable: Friendship Quality

In the table above, it is clear that the only variable that has a statistically significant
relationship with the dependent variable, which is the Friendship Quality, is the Closeness
of the Parental Relationship that an Adolescent has experienced, with a p-value of less
than .05. Furthermore, it has been suggested that as the Closeness of the Parental
Relationship increases to a value of 3, the Friendship Quality increases as well.

To test the second hypothesis, a Multiple Regression model based on the parental relationship
was used to predict Friendship Quality. Parental relationships were classified as follows:
Closeness Relationship, and Discord Relationship. Closeness Relationship was found to be a
statistically significant predictor of Friendship Quality, with F(2,111)=5.463 and R2 =0.09,
respectively, for F(2,111)=5.463 and R2 =.09. Only when the Closeness Parental Relationship
was statistically significant to the prediction was a p=0.003 obtained.
DISCUSSION
Identity is one of the most important subjects in social psychology and characteristics in the last
decade. Erikson saw the identity as being established on childhood identifications but being more
than the totality of these. The identity development process is stated as being constructed on the
childhood processes of introjections and identifications - that individuals assimilate their parent
image (or other prominent relatives) and their duties during childhood, beliefs, and values
(Soltani, A., Hosseini, S., & Mahmoodi, M., 2013). Erikson also emphasizes that until
adolescence, all of the required ingredients for identity are not present, and it is at this stage in
life that tremendous physiological and cognitive changes coincide with the developing social
demands. For Kerpelman et. al. (2012) it entails considering different identities for who one
might become (identity exploration) as well as a process of making increasingly strong
conclusions about who one is (identity commitment). During adolescence, identity commitment
is very crucial because of its favourable ties with adjustment. The identity exploration styles of
adolescents are important in the process of identity exploration. These styles may emphasize
openness to new knowledge and opportunities (informational style), guidance from trusted
persons (normative style), or apathy or avoidance of participation in the identity exploration
process (diffuse/avoidant style).

In the present study, we investigated how adolescents' identity style as well as their parental
relationship would influence their friendship quality. Tables 3 and 4 reveal the statistical
significance of Informational Identity Style with the dependent variable which is the Friendship
Quality. Experiential openness, planned decision making, conscientiousness, and
conscientiousness have all been linked to the informative identity style (Zarrinabadi, N., &
Haidary, T., 2014). Parental support, psychological control, self-exploration, extraversion, and
cognitive complexity, and maladaptive coping mechanisms are also associated with said style.
Before making autonomous decisions, these people like to obtain information regarding the
outcomes of their choices and behaviors. They are receptive to new facts about themselves,
skeptical of self-construction, and attempting to examine and revise aspects of their identities.
The informational style was linked to relationships of greater quality (Pettit, G. 2012), which
confirms the results on tables 3 and 4.

Overall friendship quality can thus be defined as the sum of both positive and negative
interactions in the relationship. In a study of Batool & Lewis (2020), as for the friendship quality
concerning adolescent issues, positive parenting had a statistically significant direct and indirect
impact (through emotional intelligence and prosocial behavior) on it.

In relation to tables 5 & 6 which shows that there is a significant relationship between
(closeness) parental relationship and friendship quality. It is probable that variations in identity
style are influenced by interactions within the family. As an example, adolescents who have
parents who set firm but acceptable boundaries and provide sensible explanations may be more
motivated to seek out and assess pertinent information than adolescents whose parents are
inconsistent or unduly tolerant. As per Koepke & Denissen (2012) even in late adolescence,
identity formation is a dynamic process of person context interactions, and one of these contexts
is parents. Several views on parent-adolescent relationships agree that parents have an impact on
the process of identity building. In other words, the dynamics of identity formation and
separation individuation are intertwined, and they are founded on the concept of parents and
children as two interconnected identity systems (Koepke & Denissen, 2012).
True enough, in another study findings revealed that both parents' perceived parenting styles, as
well as the quality of friendship, had a substantial impact on teenage well-being. Furthermore,
high-quality adolescents' friendship was associated with higher levels of happiness, life
satisfaction, and self-esteem. The findings emphasize the importance of parents and peers in
ensuring optimal adolescent development (Raboteg-Saric & Sakic, 2013).

This study contributes to the body of knowledge on the effects of relationships with parents and
peers on adolescents, as well as their own identity styles. Future research on these relationships
should incorporate longitudinal designs to evaluate changes in the absolute and relative relevance
of parents and peers for psychological well-being during adolescence and as young adulthood
perspectives. It would also be beneficial to have more additional respondents and include
information on adolescent well-being and relationships with parents and friends obtained from
multiple informants, such as adolescents and their mothers, fathers, and friends, as well as other
relationships that become important during adolescence, such as peer group and romantic
relationships.

Several implications of the findings should be highlighted, which can be utilized to guide
intervention activities aimed at promoting healthy adolescent development. To begin, parents
should be made aware of and educated on the fact that, despite the increasing importance of
peers and friends as their children enter adolescence, they continue to be important figures in
their children's lives, and their behavior has a significant impact on their children's well-being.
As a result, parents, educators, and mental health professionals should encourage adolescents to
develop skills and behaviors that will allow them to form and sustain high-quality friendships
marked by mutual assisting, camaraderie, safety, and closeness.
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