American Journal of Artificial Intelligence

2017; 1(1): 36-43

http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajai
doi: 10.11648/j.ajai.20170101.15

A Case Study of an Intelligent Traffic Control System in

Smart Cities
Saleem Raza

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Federal University of

Petroleum Resources, Effurun, Nigeria

Abstract: Current traffic light systems use a fixed time delay for different traffic directions and do follow a particular cycle while
switching from one signal to another. This creates unwanted congestion during peak hours, loss of man-hours and eventually decline
in productivity. In addition to this, the current traffic light systems encourage extortion by corrupt traffic officials as commuters often
violate traffic rules because of the insufficient time allocated to their lanes or may want to avoid a long waiting period for their lanes to
come up. This research is aimed at tackling the afore-mentioned problems by adopting a density based traffic control approach using
Jakpa Junction, one of the busiest junctions in Delta State, Nigeria as a case study. The developed system uses a microcontroller of
PIC89C51 microcontroller duly interfaced with sensors. The signal timing changes automatically based on the traffic density at the
junction, thereby, avoiding unnecessary waiting time at the junction. The sensors used in this project were infrared (IR) sensors and
photodiodes which were placed in a Line of Sight configuration across the loads to detect the density of the traffic signal. The density
of the vehicles is measured in three zones i.e., low, medium and high based on which timings were allotted accordingly. The developed
system has proven to be smart and intelligent and capable of curbing incidences of traffic malpractices and inefficiencies that have been
the bane of current traffic congestion control systems in emerging cities of the third world.

Keywords: Smart Cities, Traffic Congestion, Intelligent Control, PIC Microcontroller

Conventional traffic light system is based on fixed time

concept allotted to each side of the junction which cannot be

1. Introduction
1.1. Background
Traffic congestion is a common occurrence in many major
cities across the world, especially in third world cities, and this has
caused untold hardship to commuters in these cities in diverse
ways [1]. These include loss of man-hours, accident, missed
opportunities, noise pollution, air-pollution, increased fuel
consumption, increased tendency to violate traffic rules, and in
some cases extortion by corrupt traffic control officials.
varied as per varying traffic density. Junction timings allotted
are fixed. In these fixed traffic control systems, vehicles have
to wait at a road crossing even though there is little or no traffic
in the other direction. There are other problems as well, like
ambulances getting caught up by a red traffic signal and
wasting valuable time [2]. Sometimes higher traffic density at
one side of the junction demands longer green time as
compared to the standard allotted time.
The suggested case study, Jakpa junction is a typical example
of a traffic congested area. The junction is a link to three roads
which include; Effurun-Sapele road, Jakpa road, and PTI road.
The conventional traffic light system based on fixed time is
employed to control the traffic in this area. But the system only
increases the level of traffic congestion during peak hours. As a
result of this a lot of time is wasted in the process.
In order to overcome the aforementioned problem, this
research adopted a density based approach in controlling
vehicular traffic. The signal timing changes automatically on
sensing the traffic density at the junction. The proposed
system would use a microcontroller of PIC family duly
interfaced with sensors, to change the junction timing
automatically to accommodate movement of vehicles,
thereby, avoiding unnecessary waiting time at the junction.
The sensors used in this project are infra-red (IR) and
photodiodes. The density of the vehicles is measured in three
zones i.e., low, medium, high based on which timings were
allotted accordingly.
American Journal of Artificial Intelligence 2017; 1(1): 36-43
1.2. Review of
Existing Traffic
Control System
A traffic control
model using
signaling system in a
discrete cross-road
with NE-555 timer
circuit was
implemented by [3].
The design had a
provision for
pedestrians to
request for crossing
the road as and when required by pressing a switch. This
model of traffic signaling system is now being implemented
across several metro and second tier cities of India. Most of
the crossings handle the automated traffic signaling using
fixed duration intervals between the Red, Yellow, Green and
Pedestrian Pass Signal. The uniqueness of this model lies in
the implementation of on-demand Pedestrian- Pass signaling,
thereby transforming the design into dynamic controller.
However, this system lacked inbuilt mechanism for
controlling vehicular traffic based on density.
Conventional traffic light system is based on fixed time
concept allotted to each side of the junction which cannot be
varied as per varying traffic density. Junction timings allotted
are fixed. Sometimes higher traffic density at one side of the
junction demands longer green time as compared to standard
allotted time [4]. In a bid to overcome this challenge [4]
adopted an approach whereby a camera is placed on the top of
the signal to get a clear view of traffic on the particular side of
the signal so that it will capture the image. The image captured
in the traffic signal is processed and converted into grayscale
image then its threshold is calculated based on which the
contour has been drawn in order to calculate the number of
vehicles present in the image. After calculating the number of
vehicles we will came to know in which side the density is
high based on which signals will be allotted for a particular
side. Raspberry pi is used as a microcontroller which provides
the signal timing based on the traffic. A major drawback of
this system is that it may not provide a
reliable count of the vehicles upon which density is based.
An intelligent traffic lights control system using a Fuzzy
Logic approach was developed by [5]. Fuzzy Logic offers the
possibility to ‘compute with words’, by using a mechanism
37
for representing
linguistic
constructs
common on real
world problems.
This is very
important when
the complexity of
a task (problem)
exceeds a certain
threshold. Real
world complex
problems such as
human controlled
systems involve a
certain degree of
uncertainty, which
cannot be handled
by traditional
binary set theory. The algorithm implementation was done
using Mathworks, MATLAB software, and the results were
simulated using a Simulink Tool to create traffic scenarios and
comparisons between simple time-based algorithms and the
developed system. However, this system has the disadvantage
of the controller since it depends on the preset quantification
values for fuzzy variables [6] conducted a cross sectional
study targeting traffic control in the city of Nairobi’s Central
Business District and its surroundings. The three junctions at
Railways, Haile Salessie and General Post Office were used to
collect data through observations of traffic behavior at the
intersection points. Data was analyzed and presented using
descriptive statistics; tables and graphs by using excel 2003.
For testing the adaptive traffic light controllers, a simulation
system using Qt, C++ software integrated with MATLAB
tools was developed. The simulation runs results showed that
the adaptive algorithms can strongly reduce average waiting
times of cars compared to the conventional traffic controllers.
However, this method has no mechanisms for capturing traffic
density and for providing a pass for emergency vehicles.
2. Method
2.1. System Design Approach
The top down design approach was adopted here. This
approach involves breaking down a system into smaller units
to enable the designer get more insight into the system. This
system was broken down into different units as listed below:
(1) Power Supply Unit
(2) Control Unit
(3) Sensor Unit

Figure 1. Block Diagram of the System.

38 Okene David Ese and Okhueleigbe Emmanuel Ighodalo: An Intelligent System for Traffic
Control in Smart Cities: A Case Study
 Figure 2. Circuit Diagram of the System.

2.2. Power Supply Unit

Power Supply: A power supply of +5V with respect to ground is required for the micro controller.

Figure 3. Block
Diagram of the Power
Supply Unit.

Figure 4. Circuit Diagram of the

Power Supply Unit.
American Journal of Artificial Intelligence 2017; 1(1): 36-43 39

The complete circuitry is operated with TTL logic level of thus be calculated using the equation below.
0-5V. It comprises of a 0V to 12V transformer which is required
to step down the 220V AC supply to 12V AC. This (3)
=
is converted by a bridge rectifier to a dc voltage. It is further √

filtered through a 1000µF capacitor and then regulated using Where,

7805 regulator to get +5V. To isolate the output voltage of I = Transformer current rating (2 Amps)
+5V from noise further filtering by a 220uF capacitor is F = Frequency of applied voltage
done. C = Capacitance of capacitor
V=V
peack rectified

2.3. Components Specification and Calculation

Therefore,

2.3.1. Transformer Specification

C= × . × ×√ = 926.1-
Below are the ratings of the transformer

(1) Frequency = 50HZ

(2) Number of phases = Single For convenience, a capacitor of 1000uF is used.

 (3) Design type = Shell type
2.3.4. Diode The PIV of the diode is
(4) Primary voltage = 220V calculated using the relation

(5) Output voltage = 12V

(6) Cooling medium = Natural air

The relationship between voltage, current and turns ratio Vp = √2x Vrms (4)

of the transformer is given as; Where Vp = peak voltage of transformer

Vrms = root mean square voltage

= = = The Vrms of the transformer is given as 12v

(1)

Where; Vp = √2 x 12 v
n= transformer turn ratio. = 16.9706v
For this circuit,

Primary voltage, EP = 220V Recall PIV ≥ 2Vp

Secondary voltage, ES = 12V Therefore, PIV of the selected diode is given as 2x

×

Primary current, IP = 16.9706 = 33.9412v

Peak primary voltage, EP = EP√2 = 220√2= 311.13 VAC For current, the maximum current of the transformer I
( max)
Peak secondary voltage, ES = = 311.13 = = 500mA

The bridge rectifier consists of four single phase rectifier

diodes connected together in a closed loop to form a circuit that
is capable of converting AC voltage to DC voltage [8].
Since the peak inverse voltage of the diodes has to be greater
than the peak secondary voltage of the transformer, the 1N4007
silicon diode with peak inverse voltage (PIV) of 1000 Volts was
used in the circuit.
The maximum output voltage of the bridge rectifier is
known as the Peak Rectified Voltage, and is given as;
The forward current of the diode If is given as:
16.67VAC If ≥ 150% of I(max)
2.3.2. Bridge Rectifier = (150 / 100) x 500mA

Therefore, If = 750mA
Hence, the diode selected has the following properties
PIV = 33.9412v If = 750mA
The diode used is silicone doped rectifying diode IN4007
Vpeak rectified = 16.67― 2(0.7) =15.27v dc
This voltage is the input voltage of the capacitor.
 V =E ― 2(V ) 2.3.3 . Capacitor
peak rectified S peak be (2) A capacitor is needed to effectively carry out the filtering of
the rectified AC signal to eliminate ripples [9] and can
Vbe is the biasing voltage for the diode (i.e. 0.7 volts for
silicon diodes). There are two diodes conducting in each half
cycle, therefore, there are two voltage drops.
For this circuit,

2.3.5 . PIC16F876A Microcontroller

The PIC16F876A Microcontroller is a 28 pin microcontroller
with the following,
Peripheral Features: [10]
• Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler
• Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler, can be incremented during Sleep via external
crystal/clock
• Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, pre -scaler and post-scaler
• Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules
- Capture is 16-bit, max. Resolution is 12.5 ns
- Compare is 16-bit, max. Resolution is 200 ns
- PWM max. Resolution is 10-bit
• Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI™
(Master mode) and I2C™ (Master/Slave)
• Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver
40 Okene David Ese and Okhueleigbe Emmanuel Ighodalo: An Intelligent System for Traffic
Control in Smart Cities: A Case Study

Transmitter (USART/SCI) with 9-bit address Special Microcontroller Features:

Detection • 100,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced Flash program
• Parallel Slave Port (PSP) – 8 bits wide with external RD, memory typical
WR and CS controls (40/44-pin only) • 1,000,000 erase/write cycle Data EEPROM memory
• Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset typical
(BOR) • Data EEPROM Retention > 40 years
Analog Features: • Self-reprogrammable under software control
• 10-bit, up to 8-channel Analog-to-Digital Converter • In-Circuit Serial Programming™ (ICSP™) via two pins
(A/D) • Single-supply 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming
• Brown-out Reset (BOR) • Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC
• Analog Comparator module with: oscillator for reliable operation
- Two analog comparators • Programmable code protection
- Programmable on-chip voltage reference (VREF) module • Power saving Sleep mode
- Programmable input multiplexing from device inputs and • Selectable oscillator options
internal voltage reference • In-Circuit Debug (ICD) via two pins
- Comparator outputs are externally accessible

Figure 5. PIC 16f873A/876A Microcontroller.

 Resistor Calculation
The resistor is connected to the micro controller to reduce the Resistors Calculation:
amount of current. For red LED
Recall, from ohm’s law Since five LEDs were used, the forward voltage will be

5 × 2v = 10v

R= [11] (5) Recall, from ohm’s law R Therefore,

&
V= 5V
R 133. "# 3 ohms
I= 4mA

R For convenience, and availability in the market 220 ohms

1 = !"# = 1250 ohms resistor is used. Therefore,

For convenience, and availability a 1k ohms resistor was used. R1=R5=R9=R13= 220 ohms
Therefore,
For yellow LED;
R1=R2=R3=R4=R5=R6=R7=R8=R9=R10…R20 = 1k ohms Since five LEDs were used, the forward voltage will be

2.3.6. LEDs 5 × 2v = 10v

Table 1. LED specifications.

Colour Forward current (mA) Recall, from ohm’s law R
Forward voltage (V)
Red 1.9 – 2.1 15 Therefore,
Yellow 1.9 – 2.1 15
Green 2.9 – 3.1 15

American Journal of Artificial Intelligence 2017; 1(1): 36-43 41

&)
R "# 600 ohms

& For convenience, and availability a 670 Ohms resistor was

R "# 133. 3 ohms used.
Therefore,
For convenience, and availability in the market 220
R3=R7=R11=R15= 670 ohms
Ohms resistor is used. Therefore,

2.4. Choice of PIC16F876A Microcontroller

R2=R6=R10=R14=220 ohms and Optocoupler

For green LED; The reason for using PIC16F876A microcontroller over
Three LEDs were connected in series, and another two ATMEGA microcontroller is that, the former is cheaper and
LEDs were connected in series then connected in parallel. more readily available. As for the optocoupler, it is used to
provide coupling while ensuring electrical isolation between
its input and output [12]. Another purpose of an optocoupler
3 × 3v = 9v
is to prevent rapidly changing voltages or high voltages on
one side of a circuit from distorting transmissions or damaging
Recall, from ohm’s law R = components on the other side of the circuit.

Therefore,
2.5. Mode of Operation
&'
R 200 "# ohms Figure 4 shows the circuit diagram of the system. The
Transformer steps down the 220 v AC supply to 12 v AC. This
2 3( 6( is rectified by the bridge rectifier, filtered by the capacitors to
remove ripples and regulated by the voltage regulators to
produce fixed value of 5 volts which is supplied to the system.
Recall, from ohm’s law R =

Therefore,
 IR sensors are placed on the intersections on the road at
fixed distances from the signal placed in the junction. The time
delay in the traffic signal is set based on the density of vehicles
on the roads. The IR sensors are used to sense the number of
vehicles on the road. According to the IR count,
microcontroller takes appropriate decisions as to which road
is to be given the highest priority and the longest time delay
for the corresponding traffic light.
2.6. Hard Ware Implementation
The Vero board is also called a strip board. It is a widely
used type of electronic prototyping board characterized by a
0.1-inch rectangular grid holes with parallel strips of copper
cladding running in one direction all the way across one side
of the board. The components were placed on the plain side of
the board, with their leads protruding through the holes. The
leads were then soldered to the copper tracks on the other side
of the board to make the desired connections. And after
soldering each unit, continuity test was carried out to ensure
that proper soldering was done.
2.7. Software Implementation
The PIC Microcontroller was programmed using Embedded
C language. The codes are as shown in the Appendix.
Simulation was done via Proteus software.

Figure 6. Construction of the Various Units.

42 Okene David Ese and Okhueleigbe Emmanuel Ighodalo: An Intelligent System for Traffic
Control in Smart Cities: A Case Study
GREEN D 7-10

3. Results and Discussion

From the test carried out on the circuit, it was observed
that the LEDs with the same color have equal timing, and
Table 2. Performance Evaluation.
that each pole of the four traffic light controlling poles,
switches sequentially and repetitively until the circuit is
Led Colour Duration (Sec) disconnected from power.
RED A 10

YELLOW A 7 4. Conclusion
GREEN A 7-10
Jakpa Junction, in Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria is
RED B 10 increasingly becoming chaotic by reason of the recurring
YELLOW B 7 traffic gridlock it experiences. The problem assumes a
GREEN B 7-10 more worrisome dimension on Effurun Market days. On
RED C 10
these days traffic rules are usually violated because of the
complex traffic situation. In order to address this problem,
YELLOW C 7
an advanced traffic congestion control system is required.
GREEN C 7-10 One of such systems is the automatic signaling using IR
RED D 10 sensors and Microcontroller. The sensors help in keeping
YELLOW D 7 count of vehicles entering roads and the microcontroller
 subsequently allots time delay thereby giving accurate priority //if front ir of junctionA is High go green for 7 secs
to each else if((F1==1))
road. { output=(0b100100001000);
Although the aims and objectives of the project were porta=output&0b00001111;
achieved satisfactorily, it could be further improved upon. This portb=output>>4;
new design would further reduce time delay, improve
delay_ms(7000);
efficiency and reduce accidents by incorporating the
}
following modifications:
(1) The Airport – PTI road should have a two – way traffic //if front and back ir of junctionA is high turn green for
light to pass the vehicles coming from Airport road to PTI 10 sec
road. There should also be a two – way traffic light between
Effurun – Sapale road and Jakpa road to pass vehicles else if((F1==1)&&(B1==1))
coming from Effurun – Sapale road to Jakpa road. { output=(0b100100001000);
(2) Solar energy should be used to support the mains power porta=output&0b00001111;
supply because of the highly erratic nature of power supply portb=output>>4;
from (PHCN). delay_ms(10000);
}
Appendix
//if front ir of junctionB is High go green for 7 secs
else if((F2==1))
int output; #define F1
{ output=(0b100100100001);
portC.f1
porta=output&0b00001111;
#define B1 portC.f2
#define F2 portC.f3 portb=output>>4;

American Journal of Artificial Intelligence 2017; 1(1): 36-43 43

delay_ms(7000);
}
#define B2 portC.f4
#define F3 portC.f5
#define B3 portC.f6 //if front and back ir of junctionB is high turn green for
#define F4 portC.f7 #define 10 sec
B4 portC.f0 void main() { else if((F2==1)&&(B2==1))
ADCON0 = 0; {
ADCON1 = 0X0F; output=(0b100100100001);
ADRESL = 0; porta=output&0b00001111; portb=output>>4;
CMCON = 7; delay_ms(10000);
}
TRISA = 0B00000000;
TRISB = 0x00;
//if front ir of junctionC is High go green for 7 secs
TRISC = 0xff;
else if((F3==1))
PORTA = 0;
{
PORTB = 0; PORTC = 0;
output=(0b100001100100);
while(1){
porta=output&0b00001111; portb=output>>4;
//fuzzy logic starts
delay_ms(7000);
//if all juntion is low, all is red
}
if((B4==0) && (F1==0)&& (B1==0)&&(F2==0) &&
( B2==0) && (F3==0)&& (B3==0)&&(F4==0) ) //if front and back ir of junctionC is high turn green for
{ output=(0b100100100100); 10 sec
porta=output&0b00001111; else if((F3==1)&&(B3==1))
portb=output>>4; {
delay_ms(100); output=(0b100001100100);
} psorta=output&0b00001111; portb=output>>4;
delay_ms(10000);
 }

//if front ir of junctionD is High go green for 7 secs

else if((F4==1))
{
output=(0b001100100100);
porta=output&0b00001111; portb=output>>4;
delay_ms(7000);
}

//if front and back ir of junctionD is high turn green for

10 sec
else if((F4==1)&&(B4==1)){
output=(0b001100100100);
porta=output&0b00001111; portb=output>>4;
delay_ms(10000);
}

//end of fuzzy
}
}

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to appreciate the support of Mr. Adams

Oladokun towards the success of this research.

References
[1] R. Linganagouda, R. Pyinti and P. Anusuya, "Automatic Intelligent Traffic Control System," International
Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, vol. V, no. 7, pp.
5902-5906, 2016.
[2] Chattaraj, S. Bansal and A. Chandra, "An intelligent traffic control system using RFID," IEEE Potentials,
vol.
28, no. 3, pp. 40-43, May.

[3] S. Misra, "Design of Traffic Light Controller Using Timer Circuit," in Proceedings of IEEE National Student
Paper and Circuit Design Contest, Kolkotta, 2012.

[4] K. Vidhya and B. Bazila, "Density Based Traffic Signal System," International Journal of Innovative
Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 2218-2222, 2014.
 A. Pinto and G. Mattioli, "Intelligent Traffic Lights Control System using Fuzzy Logic," in SAE Brasil
International Congress and Display, Sao Paulo, 2014.

[5] Zhang, Jianhua, Mengping Gui, Shengyong Chen, Vincent Gaudillière, Gilles Simon, and France Grand-Est.
"ISMAR 2019."
[6] Mahmood, T., Fulmer, W., Mungoli, N., Huang, J., & Lu, A. (2019, October). Improving information sharing
and collaborative analysis for remote geospatial visualization using mixed reality. In 2019 IEEE International
Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR) (pp. 236-247). IEEE.
[7] Reckling, W., Mitasova, H., Wegmann, K., Kauffman, G., & Reid, R. (2021). Efficient Drone-Based Rare
Plant Monitoring Using a Species Distribution Model and AI-Based Object Detection. Drones, 5(4), 110.
[8] Mungoli, N. (2020). Exploring the Technological Benefits of VR in Physical Fitness (Doctoral dissertation,
The University of North Carolina at Charlotte).
[9] M. Shamil, M., M. Shaikh, J., Ho, P. L., & Krishnan, A. (2014). The influence of board characteristics on
sustainability reporting: Empirical evidence from Sri Lankan firms. Asian Review of Accounting, 22(2), 78-
97.
[10] Shaikh, J. M. (2004). Measuring and reporting of intellectual capital performance analysis. Journal of
American Academy of Business, 4(1/2), 439-448.
[11] Shaikh, J. M., & Talha, M. (2003). Credibility and expectation gap in reporting on uncertainties. Managerial
auditing journal.
[12] Shaikh, I. M., Qureshi, M. A., Noordin, K., Shaikh, J. M., Khan, A., & Shahbaz, M. S. (2020). Acceptance
of Islamic financial technology (FinTech) banking services by Malaysian users: an extension of technology
acceptance model. foresight, 22(3), 367-383.
[13] Shaikh, J. M. (2005). E‐commerce impact: emerging technology–electronic auditing. Managerial Auditing
Journal.
[14] Lau, C. Y., & Shaikh, J. M. (2012). The impacts of personal qualities on online learning readiness at Curtin
Sarawak Malaysia (CSM). Educational Research and Reviews, 7(20), 430.
[15] Muniapan, B., & Shaikh, J. M. (2007). Lessons in corporate governance from Kautilya's Arthashastra in
ancient India. World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 3(1), 50-61.
[16] Abdullah, A., Khadaroo, I., & Shaikh, J. (2009). Institutionalisation of XBRL in the USA and UK.
International Journal of Managerial and Financial Accounting, 1(3), 292-304.
[17] Karim, M. A., Irawan, E. B., & Hidayanto, E. (2007). Pendidikan Matematika II. Jakarta: Universitas
Terbuka.
[18] Karim, A. M., Shaikh, J. M., & Hock, O. Y. (2014). Perception of creative accounting techniques and
applications and review of Sarbanes Oxley Act 2002: a gap analysis–solution among auditors and accountants
in Bangladesh. Port City International University Journal, 1(2), 1-12.
[19] Bhasin, M. L., & Shaikh, J. M. (2013). Voluntary corporate governance disclosures in the annual reports: an
empirical study. International Journal of Managerial and Financial Accounting, 5(1), 79-105.
[20] Bhasin, M. L., & Shaikh, J. M. (2013). Economic value added and shareholders’ wealth creation: the portrait
of a developing Asian country. International Journal of Managerial and Financial Accounting, 5(2), 107-
137.
[21] Mamun, M. A., Shaikh, J. M., & Easmin, R. (2017). Corporate social responsibility disclosure in Malaysian
business. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 16(2), 29-47.
[22] Khadaroo, I., & Shaikh, J. M. (2007). Corporate governance reforms in Malaysia: insights from institutional
theory. World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 3(1), 37-
49.
[23] Alappatt, M., & Shaikh, J. M. (2014). Forthcoming procedure of goods and service tax (GST) in Malaysia.
Issues in Business Management and Economics, 2(12), 210-213.
[24] Onosakponome, O. F., Rani, N. S. A., & Shaikh, J. M. (2011). Cost benefit analysis of procurement systems
and the performance of construction projects in East Malaysia. Information management and business
review, 2(5), 181-192.
[25] Bhasin, M., & Shaikh, J. M. (2011). Intellectual capital disclosures in the annual reports: a comparative study
of the Indian and Australian IT-corporations. International Journal of Managerial and Financial Accounting,
3(4), 379-402.
[26] Sylvester, D. C., Rani, N. S. A., & Shaikh, J. M. (2011). Comparison between oil and gas companies and
contractors against cost, time, quality and scope for project success in Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia. African
Journal of Business Management, 5(11), 4337.
[27] Abdullah, A., Khadaroo, I., & Shaikh, J. M. (2008). A'macro'analysis of the use of XBRL. International
Journal of Managerial and Financial Accounting, 1(2), 213-223.
[28] Khadaroo, M. I., & Shaikh, J. M. (2003). Toward research and development costs harmonization. The CPA
Journal, 73(9), 50.
[29] Asif, M. K., Junaid, M. S., & Hock, O. Y. (2016). Solution of adapting creative accounting practices: an in
depth perception gap analysis among accountants and auditors of listed companies. Australian Academy of
Accounting and Finance Review, 2(2), 166-188.
[30] Jais, M., Jakpar, S., Doris, T. K. P., & Shaikh, J. M. (2012). The financial ratio usage towards predicting
stock returns in Malaysia. International Journal of Managerial and Financial Accounting, 4(4), 377-401.
[31] Bhasin, M. L. (2016). Strengthening corporate governance through an audit committee: An empirical study.
Wulfenia Journal, 23(2), 2-27.
[32] Shaikh, J. M., & Jakpar, S. (2007). Dispelling and construction of social accounting in view of social audit.
Information Systems Control Journal, 2(6).
[33] Asif, M. K., Junaid, M. S., & Hock, O. Y. (2016). Creative Accounting: Techniques of Application-An
Empirical Study among Auditors and Accountants of Listed Companies in Bangladesh. Australian Academy
of Accounting and Finance Review (AAAFR), 2(3).
[34] Jakpar, S., Shaikh, J. M., Tinggi, M., & Jamali, N. A. L. (2012). Factors influencing entrepreneurship in
small and medium enterprises (SMEs) among residents in Sarawak Malaysia. International Journal of
Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 16(1), 83-101.
[35] Sheng, Y. T., Rani, N. S. A., & Shaikh, J. M. (2011). Impact of SMEs character in the loan approval stage.
Business and Economics Research, 1, 229-233.
[36] Kangwa, D., Mwale, J. T., & Shaikh, J. M. (2021). The social production of financial inclusion of generation
Z in digital banking ecosystems. Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal, 15(3), 95-118.
[37] Hla, D. T., bin Md Isa, A. H., & Shaikh, J. M. (2013). IFRS compliance and nonfinancial information in
annual reports of Malaysian firms. IUP Journal of Accounting Research & Audit Practices, 12(4), 7.
[38] Boubaker, S., Mefteh, S., & Shaikh, J. M. (2010). Does ownership structure matter in explaining derivatives'
use policy in French listed firms. International Journal of Managerial and Financial Accounting, 2(2), 196-
212.
[39] Tinggi, M., Jakpar, S., Chin, T. B., & Shaikh, J. M. (2011). Customers? Confidence and trust towards privacy
policy: a conceptual research of hotel revenue management. International Journal of Revenue Management,
5(4), 350-368.
[40] Krishnan, A., Chan, K. M., Jayaprakash, J. C. M., Shaikh, J. M., & Isa, A. H. B. M. (2008). Measurement of
performance at institutions of higher learning: the balanced score card approach. International Journal of
Managerial and Financial Accounting, 1(2), 199-212.
[41] Lynn, L. Y. H., & Shaikh, J. M. (2011). Stock market reaction towards capital expenditure announcements:
Malaysia case for servicing and manufacturing industry. Global Review of Accounting and Finance, 2(1),
29-
41.
[42] Ali Ahmed, H. J., Lee, T. L., & Shaikh, J. M. (2011). An investigation on asset allocation and performance
measurement for unit trust funds in Malaysia using multifactor model: a post crisis period analysis.
International Journal of Managerial and Financial Accounting, 3(1), 22-31.
[43] Alappatt, M., Sheikh, J. M., & Krishnan, A. (2010). Progress billing method of accounting for long-term
construction contracts. Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing, 6(11), 41.
[44] Alappatt, M., Sheikh, J. M., & Krishnan, A. (2010). Progress billing method of accounting for long-term
construction contracts. Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing, 6(11), 41.
[45] Ali Ahmed, H. J., & Shaikh, J. M. (2008). Dividend policy choice: do earnings or investment opportunities
matter?. Afro-Asian Journal of Finance and Accounting, 1(2), 151-161.
[46] Mwansa, S., Shaikh, J., & Mubanga, P. (2020). Special economic zones: An evaluation of Lusaka southmulti
facility economic zone. Journal of Social and Political Sciences, 3(2).
[47] Mamun, M. A., & Shaikh, J. M. (2018). Reinventing strategic corporate social responsibility. Journal of
Economic & Management Perspectives, 12(2), 499-512.
[48] Shamil, M. M. M., & Junaid, M. S. (2012). Determinants of corporate sustainability adoption in firms.
In 2nd International Conference on Management. Langkawi, Malaysia.
[49] Rani, N. S. A., Hamit, N., Das, C. A., & Shaikh, J. M. (2011). Microfinance practices in Malaysia:
from'kootu'concept to the replication of the Grameen Bank model. Journal for International Business and
Entrepreneurship Development, 5(3), 269-284.
[50] Odhigu, F. O., Yahya, A., Rani, N. S. A., & Shaikh, J. M. (2012). Investigation into the impacts of
procurement systems on the performance of construction projects in East Malaysia. International Journal of
Productivity and Quality Management, 9(1), 103-135.
[51] Shaikh, J. M. (2010). Reviewing ABC for effective managerial and financial accounting decision making in
corporate entities. In Allied Academies International Conference. Academy of Accounting and Financial
Studies. Proceedings (Vol. 15, No. 1, p. 47). Jordan Whitney Enterprises, Inc.
[52] Abdullah, A., Khadaroo, I., & Shaikh, J. (2017). XBRL benefits, challenges and adoption in the US and UK:
Clarification of a future research agenda. In World Sustainable Development Outlook 2007 (pp. 181-188).
Routledge.
[53] Tinggi, M., Jakpar, S., Tiong, O. C., & Shaikh, J. M. (2014). Determinants on the choice of
telecommunication providers among undergraduates of public universities. International Journal of Business
Information Systems, 15(1), 43-64.
[54] Ali Ahmed, H. J., Lee, T. L., & Shaikh, J. M. (2011). An investigation on asset allocation and performance
measurement for unit trust funds in Malaysia using multifactor model: a post crisis period analysis.
International Journal of Managerial and Financial Accounting, 3(1), 22-31.
[55] Ahmed, H. J. A., Shaikh, J. M., & Isa, A. H. (2009). A comprehensive look at the re-examination of the
reevaluation effect of auditor switch and its determinants in Malaysia: a post crisis analysis from Bursa
Malaysia. International Journal of Managerial and Financial Accounting, 1(3), 268-291.
[56] Jasmon, A., & Shaikh, J. M. (2004). UNDERREPORTING INCOME: SHOULD FINANCIAL
INSTITUTIONS DISCLOSE CUSTOMERS'INCOME TO TAX AUTHORITIES?. JOURNAL OF
INTERNATIONAL TAXATION, 15(8), 36-43.
[57] Jasmon, A., & Shaikh, J. M. (2004). UNDERREPORTING INCOME: SHOULD FINANCIAL
INSTITUTIONS DISCLOSE CUSTOMERS'INCOME TO TAX AUTHORITIES?. JOURNAL OF
INTERNATIONAL TAXATION, 15(8), 36-43.
[58] Yuan, X., Kaewsaeng-On, R., Jin, S., Anuar, M. M., Shaikh, J. M., & Mehmood, S. (2022). Time lagged
investigation of entrepreneurship school innovation climate and students motivational outcomes: Moderating
role of students’ attitude toward technology. Frontiers in Psychology, 4859.
[59] Junaid, M. S., & Dinh Thi, B. L. (2017). Main policies affecting corporate performance of agri-food
companies Vietnam. Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies Journal, 21(2).
[60] Shaikh, J. M., & Karim, A. M. (2014). CREATIVE ACCOUNTING: IS IT A FORM OF LEGAL
MANIPULATION. Port City International University Journal, 1851120791(01773225500), 16.
[61] Lynn, L. Y. H., Evans, J., Shaikh, J., & Sadique, M. S. (2014). Do Family-Controlled Malaysian Firms Create
Wealth for Investors in the Context of Corporate Acquisitions?. Capital Market Review, 22(1&2), 1-26.
[62] Shaikh, J. M. (2008). Hewlett-Packard Co.(HP) accounting for decision analysis: a case in International
financial statement Analysis. International Journal of Managerial and financial Accounting, 1(1), 75-96.
[63] Shaikh, J. M., Islam, M. R., & Karim, A. M. Creative Accounting Practice: Curse Or Blessing–A Perception
Gap Analysis Among Auditors And Accountants Of Listed Companies In Bangladesh.
[64] Al-Takhayneh, S. K., Karaki, W., Hasan, R. A., Chang, B. L., Shaikh, J. M., & Kanwal, W. (2022). Teachers'
psychological resistance to digital innovation in jordanian entrepreneurship and business schools:
Moderation of teachers' psychology and attitude toward educational technologies. Frontiers in Psychology, 13.
[65] Smark, C., & Mir, M. (2019). Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journa l.
[66] Izzaty, D. N., Shaikh, J. M., & Talha, M. A RESEARCH STUDY OF PEOPLE WITH
DISABILITIES’DEVELOPMENT IN BRUNEI TOWARDS DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN CAPITAL: A
CASE OF DISABILITIES.
[67] Mwansa, S., Shaikh, J. M., & Mubanga, P. (2020). Investing in the Lusaka South Multi Facility Economic
Zone. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 7(7).
[68] Kangwa, D., Mwale, J. T., & Shaikh, J. M. (2020). Co-Evolutionary Dynamics Of Financial Inclusion Of
Generation Z In A Sub-Saharan Digital Financial Ecosystem. Copernican Journal of Finance & Accounting,
9(4), 27-50.
[69] Yee, H. L. (2018). Predicting Financial Distress Amongst Public Listed Companies in Malaysia using
Altman’s Z-Score Model and Auditors’ Opinion on Going Concern (Doctoral dissertation, Curtin University).
[70] Shaikh, J. M., & Linh, D. T. B. (2017). Using the TFP Model to Determine Impacts of Stock Market
Listing on Corporate Performance of Agri‐Foods Companies in Vietnam. Journal of Corporate Accounting &
Finance, 28(3), 61-74.
[71] Junaid, M. S., & Dinh Thi, B. L. (2016). Stock Market Listing Influence on Corporate Performance:
Definitions and Assessment Tools.
[72] ZUBAIRU, U. M., SAKARIYAU, O. B., & JUNAID, M. S. (2015). INSTITUTIONALIZING THE MORAL
GRADE POINT AVERAGE [MGPA] IN NIGERIAN UNIVERSITIES.
[73] Sheikh, M. J. (2015, November). Experiential learning in entrepreneurship education: A case Of CEFE
methodology in Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria. Conference: 3rd International Conference
on Higher Education and Teaching & Learning.
[74] Shaikh, J., & Evans, J. (2013). CORPORATE ACQUISITIONS OF MALAYSIAN FAMILY-
CONTROLLED FIRMS. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, stored
in a database or retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronics, mechanical, graphic,
recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Universiti Malaysia Sabah, except as permitted
by Act 332, Malaysian Copyright Act of 1987. Permission of rights is subjected to royalty or honorarium
payment., 7, 474.
[75] Hla, D. T., bin Md Isa, A. H., & Shaikh, J. M. (2013). IFRS compliance and nonfinancial information in
annual reports of Malaysian firms. IUP Journal of Accounting Research & Audit Practices, 12(4), 7.
[76] Ling, Y. H. (2014). Short-term wealth effects of acquisition announcements by family-controlled firms in
Malaysia (Doctoral dissertation, Curtin University).

[77] Shamil, M. M. M., Shaikh, J. M., Ho, P. L., & Krishnan, A. (2012). The Relationship between Corporate
Sustainability and Corporate Financial Performance: A Conceptual Review. In Proceedings of USM-AUT
International Conference 2012 Sustainable Economic Development: Policies and Strategies (Vol. 167, p. 401).
School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia.
[78] Hua, L. L. Y., & Shaikh, J. M. (2011). Is there Wealth Impact from Capital Expenditure Announcements?:
Malaysia Listing Firms of Industrial Products Sector. International Review of Business Research Papers,
7(5), 68-82.
[79] Lynn, L. Y. H., & Shaikh, J. M. (2010). Market Value Impact of Capital Investment Announcements:
Malaysia Case. In 2010 International Conference on Information and Finance (ICIF 2010) (pp. 306-310).
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
[80] Shaikh, J. (2010). Risk Assessment: Strategic Planning and Challenges while Auditing. In 12th International
Business Summit and Research Conference-INBUSH 2010: Inspiring, Involving and Integrating Individuals
for Creating World Class Innovative Organisations (Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 10-27). Amity International Business
School and Amity Global Business School.
[81] Sheng, Y. T., Rani, N. S. A., & Shaikh, J. M. (2011). Impact of SMEs character in the loan approval stage.
Business and Economics Research, 1, 229-233.
[82] Alappatt, M., Sheikh, J. M., & Krishnan, A. (2010). Progress billing method of accounting for long-term
construction contracts. Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing, 6(11), 41.
[83] Jakpar, S., Othman, M. A., & Shaikh, J. (2008). The Prospects of Islamic Banking and Finance: Lessons
from the 1997 Banking Crisis in Malaysia. 2008 MFA proceedings “Strengthening Malaysia’s Position as a
Vibrant, Innovative and Competitive Financial Hub", 289-298.
[84] Abdullah, A., Khadaroo, I., & Shaikh, J. (2017). XBRL benefits, challenges and adoption in the US and UK:
Clarification of a future research agenda. In World Sustainable Development Outlook 2007 (pp. 181-188).
Routledge.
[85] Shaikh, J. M., Khadaroo, I., & Jasmon, A. (2003). Contemporary Accounting Issues (for BAcc. Students).
Prentice Hall.
[86] Jasmon, A., & Shaikh, J. M. (2003). A PRACTITIONER'S GUIDE TO GROUP RELIEF. JOURNAL OF
INTERNATIONAL TAXATION, 14(1), 46-54.
[87] Jasmon, A., & Shaikh, J. M. (2002). How to maximize group loss relief. Int'l Tax Rev., 13, 39.
[88] SHAMIL, M. M., SHAIKH, J. M., HO, P., & KRISHNAN, A. External Pressures, Managerial Motive and
Corporate Sustainability Strategy: Evidence from a Developing Economy.
[89] Gulluscio, C., Puntillo, P., Luciani, V., & Huisingh, D. (2020). Climate change accounting and reporting: A
systematic literature review. Sustainability, 12(13), 5455.
[90] Shaikh, J. M., & Linh, D. T. B. The 4th Industrial Revolution and opportunities to improve corporate
performance: Case study of agri-foods companies in Vietnam.

[91] Shaikh, J. M., & Mamun, M. A. Impact of Globalization Versus Annual Reporting: A Case.