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170 Chapter 4 / The Integral Forms of the Fundamental Laws

A simultaneous solution results in

V2  60.5 m앛s b2  89.8°

The momentum equation applied to the control volume, shown in Fig. E4.17d, gives

Rx  ṁ(V2x  V1x)

 2.4 kg/m3  p  0.022 m2  200 m/s(60.5 cos 89.8°  200 cos 30°) m/s
⬖ Rx  104.3 N
There are 10 jets, each producing the force above. The maximum power output is then

power  10  Rx  VB
 10  104.3 N  (0.75  140) m/s  109 600 W or 109.6 kW

4.6.4 Momentum Equation Applied to Propellers

The application of the momentum equation to propellers is also of sufficient
interest that this section will be devoted to illustrating the procedure. Consider
the propeller of Fig. 4.17 with the streamlines shown forming the surface of a con-
trol volume in which the fluid enters with a uniform velocity V1 and exits with a
uniform velocity V2. The outer streamlines just touch the tips of the propeller.
This flow situation can be seen to be identical to that of a propeller moving with
velocity V1 in a stagnant fluid by adding V1 to the left in Fig. 4.17. The momen-
tum equation, applied to the large control volume shown, gives

F  ṁ(V2  V1) (4.6.14)

1 Area A
3
4
2
V1 F
V2

Streamline

Fig. 4.17 Propeller in a fluid flow.

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Sec. 4.6 / Momentum Equation 171

This control volume is not sufficient, however, since the areas A1 and A2 are
unknown. We know the flow area A of the propeller. So a control volume is
drawn close to the propeller such that V3 ⬵ V4 and A3 ⬵ A4  A. The momen-
tum equation (4.6.5) in the x-direction gives

F  p3 A  p4 A  0 (4.6.15)

or

F  ( p4  p3)A (4.6.16)

Now, since viscous effects would be quite small in this flow situation the energy
equation up to the propeller and then downstream from the propeller is used to
obtain

V 21  V 23 p1  p3 V 24  V 22 p4  p2
     0 and      0 (4.6.17)
2 r 2 r

Adding these equations together, recognizing that p1  p2  patm, we have

r
(V 22  V 21)   p4  p3 (4.6.18)
2

Inserting this and Eq. 4.6.16 into Eq. 4.6.14 results in

1
V3   (V2  V1) (4.6.19)
2

where we have used ṁ  rAV3 since the propeller area is the only area known. KEY CONCEPT The
This result shows that the velocity of the fluid moving through the propeller is the velocity of the fluid moving
through the propeller is the
average of the upstream and downstream velocities.
average of the upstream
The input power needed to produce this effect is found by applying the en-
and downstream velocities.
ergy equation between sections 1 and 2, where the pressures are atmospheric;
neglecting losses, Eq. 4.5.17 takes the form

V 22  V 21
Ẇfluid    ṁ (4.6.20)
2

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
67730_04_ch04_p126-201.qxd 11/29/10 9:12 PM Page 172

172 Chapter 4 / The Integral Forms of the Fundamental Laws

where Ẇfluid is the energy input between the two sections. The moving propeller
requires power given by

Ẇprop  F  V1
(4.6.21)
 ṁV1(V2  V1)

The theoretical propeller efficiency is then

Ẇprop V1
hP     (4.6.22)
Ẇfluid V3

KEY CONCEPT In a wind In contrast to the propeller, a wind machine extracts energy from the airflow;
machine, the downstream the downstream velocity is reduced and the diameter is increased.
velocity is reduced and the
diameter is increased.

4.6.5 Steady Nonuniform Flow

If we cannot assume uniform velocity profiles, we can let the momentum flux be
expressed as

冕 A
V 2 dA  bV
苶 2A (4.6.23)

where we have introduced the momentum-correction factor b, expressed ex-

plicitly as

兰 V 2 dA
b  (4.6.24)
苶 2A
V

The momentum equation (4.6.5), for a steady flow with one inlet and one exit,
can then be written as

 F  ṁ(b 2V2  b1V1) (4.6.25)

For a laminar flow with a parabolic profile in a circular pipe, b  4/3. If a profile
is given, however, the integral is usually integrated and Eq. 4.6.2 is used.

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.