CHAPTER: 1

PROJECT OVERVIEW

1.1 INTRODUCTION:
Water tank overflow is a common problem which leads to the wastage
of water. Though there are many solutions to it like ball valves which
automatically stop the water flow once the tank gets full. But they are
the old methods and don’t tell us anything about the level of the tank.
Now a days water is very important so we should have something that
tell us the whole information about the water tank, so that we can turn
on/off the motor at the time we require.
So this water level indicator has a display that shows us the levels of the
tank that how much it is filled, with the help of seven segment display.
It can work on low power so we don’t have to worry about the power
source i.e. a normal battery is enough for this circuit. It can be easily
installed in any kind of tanks. We can make it in as much levels we want
but this project is for 5 levels. It does not tell us about the quantity of
water it just show us the level of water, because the quantity changes
according to the tank. We can decide the levels according to our
requirement. Here is the picture of circuit:
1.2 OBJECTIVE:
To save the water and providing the information about the level of the
water that how much it is filled in the tank.
By the use of this kind of circuit we can reduce the wastage of the water
and fill it according to our requirement because it shows us exact levels
of the water by the use of display

1.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

CHAPTER: 2
Components

2.1 RESISTER:
Resistor is two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to
reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active
elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses. High-
power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat,
may be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or
as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that only
change slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable
resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control
or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force,
or chemical activity.
Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic
circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as
discrete components can be composed of various compounds and forms.
Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits.
The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance:
common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more
than nine orders of magnitude. The nominal value of the resistance falls
within the manufacturing tolerance, indicated on the component.
Theory of operation:
Ohm's law
The behavior of an ideal resistor is dictated by the relationship specified
by Ohm’s law.
Ohm's law states that the voltage (V) across a resistor is proportional to
the current (I), where the constant of proportionality is the resistance
(R). For example, if a 300 ohm resistor is attached across the terminals
of a 12 volt battery, then a current of 12 / 300 = 0.04 amperes flows
through that resistor.
Practical resistors also have some inductance and capacitance which
affect the relation between voltage and current in alternating
current circuits.
The ohm (symbol: Ω) is the SI unit of electrical resistance, named
after Georg Simon Ohm. An ohm is equivalent to a volt per ampere.
Since resistors are specified and manufactured over a very large range of
values, the derived units of milliohm (1 mΩ = 10−3 Ω), kilo ohm (1 kΩ =
103 Ω), and mega ohm (1 MΩ = 106 Ω) are also in common usage.
Series and parallel resistors:
The total resistance of resistors connected in series is the sum of their
individual resistance values.

R=R1+R2+….Rn

The total resistance of resistors connected in parallel is the

reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the individual resistors.

1/R=1/R1+1/R2+…..1/Rn

2.2 CAPACITOR:
A capacitor is a two-terminal electrical component that stores potential
energy in an electric field. The effect of a capacitor is known
as capacitance. While some capacitance exists between any two
electrical conductors in proximity in a circuit, a capacitor is a component
designed to add capacitance to a circuit. The capacitor was originally
known as a condenser or condensator. The original name is still widely
used in many languages, but not in English.
The physical form and construction of practical capacitors vary widely
and many capacitor types are in common use. Most capacitors contain at
least two electrical conductors often in the form of metallic plates or
surfaces separated by a dielectric medium. A conductor may be a foil,
thin film, sintered bead of metal, or an electrolyte. The non conducting
dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's charge capacity. Materials
commonly used as dielectrics include glass, ceramic, plastic
film, paper, mica, and oxide layers. Capacitors are widely used as parts
of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. Unlike
a resistor, an ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy

Theory of operation:

A capacitor consists of two conductors separated by a non-conductive

region. The non-conductive region can either be a vacuum or an
electrical insulator material known as a dielectric. Examples of dielectric
media are glass, air, paper, plastic, ceramic, and even a semiconductor
depletion chemically identical to the conductors.

An ideal capacitor is characterized by a constant capacitance C,

in farads in the SI system of units, defined as the ratio of the positive or
negative charge Q on each conductor to the voltage V between them.

C=Q/V

Types of capacitor:
 Dielectric materials
 Voltage-dependent capacitors
 Frequency-dependent capacitors
2.3 IC ATMEGA328P-PU:
The ATMEGA328P-PU is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller
based on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful
instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATmega328P-PU achieves
throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer
to optimize power consumption versus processing speed.

The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose
working registers. All the 32 registers are directly connected to the
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU),allowing two independent registers to be
accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle. The
resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs
up to ten times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers.

The ATMEGA328P-PU AVR is supported with a full suite of program

and system development tools including: C Compilers, Macro
Assemblers, Program Debugger/Simulators, In-Circuit Emulators, and
Evaluation kits.
Features :

 High Performance, Low Power Design

 8-Bit Microcontroller Atmel® AVR® advanced RISC architecture
 131 Instructions most of which are executed in a single clock cycle
o Up to 20 MIPS throughput at 20 MHz
o 32 x 8 working registers
o 2 cycle multiplier
 Memory Includes
o 32KB of of programmable FLASH
o 1KB of EEPROM
o 2KB SRAM
o 10,000 Write and Erase Cycles for Flash and 100,000 for
EEPROM
o Data retention for 20 years at 85°C and 100 years at 25°C
o Optional boot loader with lock bits
o In System Programming (ISP) by via boot loader
o True Read-While-Write operation
o Programming lock available for software security
 I/O and Package
o 23 programmable I/O lines
o 28 pin PDIP package
 Operating voltage:1.8 - 5.5V
 Operating temperature range:40°C to 85°C
 Speed Grades:
o 0-4 MHz at 1.8-5.5V
o 0-10 MHz at 2.7-5.5V
o 0-20 MHz at 4.5-5.5V
 Low power consumption mode at 1.8V, 1 MHz and 25°C:
o Active Mode: 0.3 mA
o Power-down Mode: 0.1 μA
o Power-save Mode: 0.8 μA (Including 32 kHz RTC
2.4 TRANSISTOR:
It is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals
and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material usually
with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit.
A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals
controls the current through another pair of terminals. Because the
controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input)
power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are
packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated
circuits.

.
Advantages
The key advantages that have allowed transistors to replace vacuum
tubes in most applications are

 no cathode heater (which produces the characteristic orange glow of

tubes), reducing power consumption, eliminating delay as tube
heaters warm up, and immune from cathode poisoning and depletion;
 very small size and weight, reducing equipment size;
 large numbers of extremely small transistors can be manufactured as
a single integrated circuit;
 low operating voltages compatible with batteries of only a few cells;
 circuits with greater energy efficiency are usually possible. For low-
power applications (e.g., voltage amplification) in particular, energy
consumption can be very much less than for tubes;
 complementary devices available, providing design flexibility
including complementary-symmetry circuits, not possible with
vacuum tubes;
 very low sensitivity to mechanical shock and vibration, providing
physical ruggedness and virtually eliminating shock-induced spurious
signals (e.g., micro phonics in audio applications);
 not susceptible to breakage of a glass envelope, leakage, outgassing,
and other physical damage.

Limitations
Transistors have the following limitations:

 silicon transistors can age and fail

 high-power, high-frequency operation, such as that used in over-the-
air television broadcasting, is better achieved in vacuum tubes due to
improved electron mobility in a vacuum;
 solid-state devices are susceptible to damage from very brief
electrical and thermal events, including electrostatic discharge in
handling; vacuum tubes are electrically much more rugged;
 sensitivity to radiation and cosmic rays (special radiation-hardened
chips are used for spacecraft devices);
 vacuum tubes in audio applications create significant lower-harmonic
distortion, the so-called tube sound, which some people prefer.
2.5 SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAY:
A seven-segment display (SSD), or seven-segment indicator, is a form
of electronic display device for displaying decimal numerals that is an
alternative to the more complex dot matrix displays.
Seven-segment displays are widely used in digital clocks, electronic
meters, basic calculators, and other electronic devices that display
numerical information

Concept and visual structure

The seven elements of the display can be lit in different combinations to
represent the Arabic numerals. Often the seven segments are arranged in
an oblique (slanted) arrangement, which aids readability. In most
applications, the seven segments are of nearly uniform shape and size
(usually elongated hexagons, though trapezoids and rectangles can also
be used), though in the case of adding machines, the vertical segments
are longer and more oddly shaped at the ends in an effort to further
enhance readability.
The numerals 6 and 9 may be represented by two different glyphs on
seven-segment displays, with or without a 'tail'. The numeral 7 also has
two versions, with or without segment F.
The seven segments are arranged as a rectangle of two vertical segments
on each side with one horizontal segment on the top, middle, and
bottom. Additionally, the seventh segment bisects the rectangle
horizontally. There are also fourteen-segment displays and sixteen-
segment displays (for full alphanumeric); however, these have mostly
been replaced by dot matrix displays. Twenty-two segment displays
capable of displaying the full ASCII character set were briefly available
in the early 1980s, but did not prove popular.
The segments of a 7-segment display are referred to by the letters A to
G, where the optional decimal point (an "eighth segment", referred to as
DP) is used for the display of non-integer numbers
The individual segments of a seven-segment display
Typical pinout of a common cathode electronic seven-segment display.
CHAPTER: 3
WORKING

The water level alarm circuit is a simple mechanism to detect

and indicate the level of water in the overhead tank and also in the other
containers. Nowadays, all the householders/owners are storing the water
in overhead tanks by using the pumps. When the water is stored in the
tank, no one can identify the level of water and also, no one can know
when the water tank will fill. Hence there is an overflow of water in the
tank, thus there is wastage of energy and water.
For making the different levels we used 6 simple wires connected in
series with resister and resister is connected to the IC (ATMEGA328P-
PU). The lowest wire is used for the base of the circuit, when water is
filled in the tank then due to the conductivity of the water the first level
of the water is showed because at the level one we fixed an another wire
and is create a path for completing the circuit.
So like that there are other 4 wires are also present who complete the
path and show the level. We know that current flows from the shortest
path so as the water goes up it create the shorter path from the wire. That
IC is connected with the 7 segment display and it shows us the no of
level at every point.’
This is the simple working of the water level indicator with the help of
seven segment display which help us in detecting the different levels of
the water.
 ABSTRACT

Water level indicator is an electronic device which senses water level inside the
water tank and indicates the level on the seven segment display. It also shows the
different level of water level by glowing the number of LEDs . Sensors use the
conducting nature of water because water is good conductor of electricity.
Water make close circuit connection between the sensors. Here we have five level
sensors which indicate five different levels that are empty, low, half and full on the
seven segment display by growing L, H, and F while over flow level is detected by
the all glowing LEDs. The ground potential sensor is at the lowest level of the
water tank.
There exist problems of water level control in areas due to lack of devices that
provide control of the water levels in reservoir tanks which leads to wastage of
water due to overflows.
Due to overflowing of water this project designed to alert user to switch off the
motor. Thus large amount of water can conserve through this device.
 REFERENCES

 Wikipedia
 Research Papers on Water Level Indicator
 Circuitdigest.com/waterlevelindicator
 Instructables.com/water-level-indicator
 Circuitstoday.com/simplewaterlevelindicator
 Electronicshub.org/water-level-alarm-using-7-segment
 Youtube