HYPOTHESIS TESTING – is a decision-making process for evaluating claims

about a population based on sample evidence.

HYPOTHESIS - it is a tentative explanation, a claim or assertion about people,

objects, or events.

NULL HYPOTHESIS- it is negation of the point the researcher is trying to make

( no difference, no effect, no relationship)

Usually formulated for the purpose of rejecting it.

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS- it states the possibility of an observed effect is

true. ( operational statement), research’s hypothesis that hopes to accept.

EXAMPLES:

1. Ho There is no significant difference between the performance of the

boys and the girls in an achievement test. μ = μ
2. HA There is a significant difference between the performance of the
boys and the girls in an achievement test. μ ≠ μ
3. Alternate- non directional ( two tailed test) not equal,≠
4. Alternate- directional ( one tailed test) >,<
Right- tailed: Ha : The boys performed better than the girls in a test.
Left – tailed: Ha: The boys performance is lower than the girls in test
STATISTICAL ERRORS

Decision HO IS TRUE Ho is FALSE

Do not reject HO Correct Decision Type II error
Reject HO TYPE I error Correct decision
Type I error occurs if one reject the null hypothesis when in fact it is true.

Type II error occurs if one does not reject the null hypothesis when in fact
it is false.

HO is true and we decide not to reject it or

HO is false and we decide to reject it

But if we fail to satisfy any of these two cases, then we are committing an
error in our decision.

Significant = rejected

Not significant = failed to reject or accepted

LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE: is the maximum probability of committing a type

I error.

α= 0.10; α=0.05 ; α = 0.01 ( meaning; 10% chance of rejecting a true

hypothesis)

SYMBOLS

Two- tailed Right-tailed Left- tailed

Ho = Ho ≤ Ho ≥
Ha ≠ Ha ˃ Ha ˂
Confidence Level of One tailed One tailed 2 TAILED
level confidence test (L) test (R) TEST
90% 0.10 Z= - 1.28 Z= 1.28 Z= 1.645
95% 0.05 Z=-1.645 Z= 1.645 Z= 1.96
99% 0.01 Z=-2.33 Z= 2.33 Z= 2.575

Examples:

A chemist invents an additive to increase the lifespan of an automobile

battery. Is the mean lifetime of the battery is 36 months.

Ho ≤ 36

Ha ˃ 36

A contractor wishes to lower heating bills by using special type of

insulation in house. If the average of the monthly heating bills is P 1200.

Ho ≥ 1200

Ha ˂ 1200

EXAMPLE 1.

Z - TEST FOR ONE SAMPLE GROUP

The ABC Company claims that the average lifetime of their tires is at least
28,000 km. To check the claims, a taxi company puts 40 of these tires on
its taxis and gets a mean lifetime of 25,560 km with a standard deviation
of 1,350 km. Is the claim true? Test at 5% level of significance.
1. Problem Statement ; Is the claim true that the average lifetime of a
certain tire is at least 28, 000 km?
2. Hypothesis: HO The average lifetime of a certain tire is at least 28 000
km.
Hα The average lifetime of a certain tire is less than 28 000
km
3. Choice of test statistic : Z-TEST FOR ONE SAMPLE GROUP a =.05 ( one
tailed )
𝑥−μ 25560−28000 − 2440 −2440
4. Computation 𝑧 = 𝑠 z= 1350 z= 1350 z= 213.44
z=
𝑛 40 6.33

-11.43
5. Decision rule, CRITICAL VALUE AND FINDING
DR: zc = 11.43 > z tab =1.645 (table) REJECTED
CV. z = 1.645
F : SIGNIFICANT
6. Decision Reject the Ho
7. Interpretation : The average lifetime of a certain tire is less than 28 000
km.
8. Conclusion: The claim of the ABC Company that the average lifetime of
28 000 km of their tires is not true.
9. Implication: This inaccuracy may imply that the tire company’s cliam
may just be a part of its selling advertisement or marketing.
Ex 2. Z- test is also used to determine performance level
Two hundred Grade VI pupils of District A took achievement test in
Math. They obtained a mean of 38.3 and a standard deviation of 9.56 in
50 item test. Determine the level of performance of the grade VI pupils
of District A in this test if the standard is set at 75%. At
α =.05.
1. What is the performance level of the Grade VI pupils of District A in
Mathematics?
2. Ho: There is no significant difference between the hypothetical mean
and actual mean of the grade VI students
3. Test Statistic: z- test for single and large sample, α = .05
4. Computation:
5. Decision rule: reject Ho if computed > table
Critical value: Two-Tailed, table= 1.96
Finding: computed < table; not significant
6. Decision: failed to reject Ho ( accepted)
7. Analysis:
There is no significant difference between the hypothetical and
actual mean of the Grade VI pupils of District A in Math. The actual
mean of 38.3 was not significantly better than expected mean of
37.5 hence their performance in the achievement test in Math is
considered average.
8. Conclusion:
This average performance of the Grade VI pupils showed that they
have just reached the standard expected of them.
9. Implication:
This average performance of the pupils may imply that their
preparation was just enough to reach the standard or criterion.
Other problem –solving skills may not have been reviewed well.
There is still a lot to learn, prepare or review to achieve better
performance in this subject.

ABOVE AVERAGE: HO is rejected Actual mean > Hypothetical mean

BELOW AVERAGE: HO is rejected AM< HM
AVERAGE: accepted
Example 3. T-test for single and small samples

The hospital claims that its record shows that the mean weight of newly born
babies is 7 lb with a standard deviation of 0.75 lb. A researcher takes a
sample of 25 newly born babies and found to have a mean weight of 6.73 lb.
Test the claim at 5% level of significance.

1. Is the claim of the hospital that the mean weight of newly born babies
equals 7 lb true?
2. The mean weight of newly born babies is equal to 7 lb.
3. T-test for singles and small sample, α = .05
4. Computation
5. Decision rule: computed> table rejected Ho
Critical Value: df = n – 1; 25-1=24 table= 2.064 ( two tailed )
Finding: computed < table. Not Significant
6. Decision: Failed to reject HO ( ACCEPT )
7. Analysis : The mean weight of the newly born babies is equal to 7 lb
which supported the claim of the hospital.
8. Conclusion: There was enough evidence to support the hospital’s claim
that the mean weight of the newly born babies is 7 lb.
9. Implication : The truth of the claim of the hospital may imply that their
records may be accurate or at the time of the sampling of the
researcher, many newly born babies weighted more or less 7 lb.
Example 4. T – test of two independent samples/ t-test of mean
difference

An admission test was administered to incoming freshmen in the

college of nursing and veterinary medicine of a certain university. One
hundred students (100 ) from each group were randomly selected and
revealed the following respectively: x1 = 90 ; s1= 6.32 ; x2 = 85 ,
s2 = 5.93. Is there a difference between the two groups? Use 1% level of
significance.

1. Is there a significant mean difference in the admission test scores

between the nursing and veterinary?
2. HO There is no significant mean difference in the admission test

scores between the nursing and veterinary medical students.

3. T-test of two independent samples , α = .01

4. Computation:

5. Decision rule: computed > table ; reject Ho

Critical value: two tailed , table 1.645

Df = 200-2 =198 a=.01
Finding:( 4.08) computed > table at a=.01
6. Reject HO
7. Analysis
There is a significant mean difference in the admission test scores
between the nursing and veterinary students. One group has higher
mean than the other group.
8. Conclusion:
The nursing students achieved better than the veterinary students in
the admission test.
9. Implication

Nursing students may have better preparation than veterinary

medical students. They have better high school background than the
other group. Their high school education have probably prepared them
well for college.