Musculoskeletal disorders (word and phrase bank)

PHRASES

Taking medical history - His/her spine

- His/her neck
Which leg is your pet lame on? - His/her back
How long has he/she been lame for?
Does he/she ever put the foot down? He/she shows pain when I manipulate this area.
Does he/she hold the foot permanently in the air? He/she is not showing any pain on examination.
Did it start suddenly? Your pet reacts when I press in this region.
Is it a chronic lameness? Further testing
Has he/she already had an episode of lameness on the same
leg? I am going to sedate your pet:
Is that his/her normal gait?
- Because he/she is too painful
Does he/she have difficulty:
- In order to take x-rays more easily
- To stay standing - To take the x-rays required to hip score your pet
- To weight-bear on the leg - To examine the ligaments in his knee
- To sit/stand up
Diagnosis
- To jump
- To climb the stairs He/she is suffering from:

Does she/he limp: - A sprain

- A fracture
- When he/she gets up
- A crack
- When he/she walks
- A luxation
- When he/she runs
- A herniated disc
- After he/she has done hard exercise
- A ruptured cruciate ligament
- When it’s cold
- Hip dysplasia
Has he/she already suffered from: - Elbow dysplasia
- Tendonitis
- Back pain
- Lumbar pain Your animal has arthritis.
- Neck pain
- A herniated disk
Treatment
- Paralysis
Surgery is required to treat this condition.
Clinical examination
Your pet must rest for x days.
In order for me to see the lameness, please: He/she can only go out to urinate or defecate.
He/she must make a gradual return to exercise.
- Make your dog walk Regular exercise is advisable.
- Make him/her run Your pet’s leg needs to be immobilized in a:
- Turn him/her in a circle
- Ask him/her to lie down - Bandage
- Fiberglass cast
I am going to palpate: - Plaster
- Splint
- His/her leg
- His/her joints The bandage needs to be changed every x days/weeks.
- His/her hips A follow-up x-ray is recommended in x days/ weeks/ months.
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

Arthritis
Differential Diagnosis: Infectious Arthritis
Septic Arthritis
Bacterial Suppurative Arthritis
Penetrating wounds
• Animal bites
Iatrogenic
• Infection during surgery, arthrocentesis
Trauma (e.g., hit by car)
Hematogenous
• Endocarditis
• Omphalophlebitis
• Pyoderma
• Other foci of infection
Lyme Arthritis
Borrelia burgdorferi
Transmitted by Ixodes ticks
Bacterial l-Form Arthritis
Cell wall–deficient bacteria
Causes suppurative arthritis and subcutaneous abscesses in cats
Mycoplasma Arthritis
Debilitated and immunosuppressed animals
M. gatae, M. felis in cats
Fungal Arthritis (Rare)
Coccidioides immitis
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Cryptococcus neoformans
Sporothrix schenckii
Aspergillus terreus
Rickettsial Arthritis
Rocky Mountain spotted fever (Rickettsia rickettsii)
Ehrlichia canis
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
Protozoal Arthritis
Leishmaniasis (Leishmania spp.)
Toxoplasmosis (rare)
Neosporosis (Neospora caninum): polyarthritis, polymyositis, neurologic disease
Hepatozoonosis: polyarthritis and polymyositis in dog and cat
Babesiosis (rare, more often causes severe anemia)
Chlamydiae (feline)
Viral Arthritis
Calicivirus infection in cats
Differential Diagnosis of Noninfectious Arthritis
Nonerosive
Immune-mediated polyarthritis
SLE
Reactive polyarthritis (bacterial, fungal, parasitic, neoplastic, enterohepatic, drug reaction, vaccine
induced)
Breed-associated syndromes
 Polyarthritis (Akita, Newfoundland, Weimaraner)
Polyarthritis/meningitis (Akita, Beagle, Bernese Mountain Dog, Boxer, German Shorthaired Pointer)
Polyarthritis/polymyositis (spaniels)
Familial Shar-Pei fever
Lymphoplasmacytic synovitis
Osteoarthritis (secondary to trauma, joint instability, incongruity, immobilization, or
osteochondrosis)
Erosive
Rheumatoid-like arthritis
Erosive polyarthritis of Greyhounds
Feline chronic progressive polyarthritis
Bone Disorders
Differential Diagnosis: Congenital, Developmental, Genetic
Congenital
Hemimelia, phocomelia, amelia: absence of portions or entire limb (amelia)
Syndactyly: fusion of two or more digits; rarely clinically significant
Polydactyly: extra digits
Ectrodactyly: third metacarpal and digit missing forming a cleft (split or “lobster” claw)
Segmented hemiatrophy: limb hypoplasia
Developmental and Genetic
Osteopetrosis: rare; diaphysis remains filled with bone, marrow does not form, fragile bones
Osteogenesis imperfecta: heritable diseases—fragile bones
Mucopolysaccharidosis: rare lysosomal storage disease—Siamese cats—causes dwarfism, facial
dysmorphism
Dwarfism
• Osteochondrodysplasias
• Pituitary dwarfism
• Congenital hypothyroidism
Retained cartilage cores
Craniomandibular osteopathy (West Highland White Terrier, Scottish Terrier, Cairn Terrier, Boston
Terrier, other terriers)
Multiple cartilaginous exostoses
Differential Diagnosis: Metabolic, Nutritional, Endocrine, Idiopathic
Metabolic
Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
Lead poisoning
Nutritional
Rickets (hypovitaminosis D)
Renal osteodystrophy
Hypervitaminosis A: causes osteopathy
Hypovitaminosis A: deformed bones secondary to impedance of bone remodeling
Hypervitaminosis D: skeletal demineralization
Zinc-responsive chondrodysplasia
Copper deficiency
Overnutrition of growing dogs
Endocrine
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy
Hyperadrenocorticism
Hypogonadism: delay in physis closure after early gonadectomy
Hepatic osteodystrophy
 Anticonvulsant osteodystrophy
Idiopathic
Enostosis (panosteitis)
Metaphyseal osteopathy (hypertrophic osteodystrophy)
Avascular necrosis of femoral head (Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease)
Secondary hypertrophic osteopathy (usually in response to thoracic neoplasia)
Medullary bone infarction
Bone cyst
Aneurysmal bone cyst
Subchondral bone cyst
Fibrous dysplasia
Central giant cell granuloma