WIND- the natural movement of air or other gases elative to a planet’s

GEOGRAPHY 2 REVIEWER surface.

SPHERES OF THE EARTH 3. BIOSPHERE- is made up of the parts of earth where life exists; it
ATMOSPHERE- a mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth. encompasses all living organisms including plants, animals and
microorganisms.
LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE ECOLOGY- the study of the interaction of living organisms with
each other and with their environment.
1. TROPOSHERE- the lowest part of the atmosphere; the part we live
INDIVIDUALS (ORGANISMS)- the basic living things in an
in.
ecosystem.
2. STRATOSPHERE- this extends upwards from the tropopause to
POPULATION- a group organism of the same species living in a
about 50 km; it contains much of the ozone in the atmosphere.
particular area.
-ozone, protects us from skin cancer and other COMMUNITY- made up of population of different species living
health damage. together in a certain habitat.
ECOSYSTEM- a community of living organisms along with their
3. MESOSPHERE- the region above the stratosphere. natural habitat and the non-living components of their environment.
WEATHER AND CLIMATE BIOTIC- all the living organisms found in an ecosystem.
ABIOTIC- the non-living elements.
WEATHER- a local and temporary condition in the air or the atmosphere. TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM (LAND-BASED)
-Forest ecosystem
CLIMATE-associated with place. It includes the daily seasonal, and yearly
-Grassland ecosystem
variation in the weather.
-Desert ecosystem
LATITUDE- a coordinate that specifies the north-south position of a point -Tundra Ecosystem
on the surface of the earth. AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM (WATER-BASED)
-Marine ecosystem
LOW LATITUDE- belt between 30-0 degrees north and south of the
-Fresh ecosystem
equator.
4. HYDROSPHERE- the component of the earth that is composed of all
MIDDLE LATITUDE- between the tropic of cancer and arctic circle on the
liquid water found on the planet; bodies of water accounts for 75% of the
north and tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic circle on the south.
total surface of the earth.
TEMPERATURE- refers to the quantity of heat present in particular mass.
BODIES OF WATER
PRECIPITATION- watercycle process by which water circulates between
the earth’s ocean, atmosphere, and land. STRAIT- a landform connecting two seas or two other large areas of water.

HUMIDITY- the amount of water vapor in the air. GULF- a large area of a sea or ocean that is partially enclosed by land.

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE- refers to the mass weight of a column of air BAY- a body of water partially surrounded by land.
above a given point.
RIVER- a natural watercourse, typically a large stream of water that flows
towards an ocean, sea, lake or river.
LAKE-bodies of fresh water surrounded by land.
FALLS- a part of river that take a step drop.
RAPIDS- a section of a river where the water moves very fast.
5.LITHOSPHERE- the hard shell of the earth, consisting of the crust and
the topmost part of the upper mantle.
ALFRED WENGENER
- A german geophysicist and meteorologist, published “the origin of
continents and oceans”
LANDMASS- a large area of land such as a continent that is in one piece
and not broken up by oceans.
LANDFORMS;
- MOUNTAINS
- PLAINS- low level areas.
- PLATEAUS- “plains up in the air”
- HILLS- can be called miniature mountains.
EARTH PROCESSES -forces within the earth.
CLIMATE FACTORS
1. Latitude- distance north or south of the equator.
2. Altitude- height above sea level.
3. Distribution of land and bodies of water- a larger body of water tends
to cause a mild or moderate climate.
4. Orographic barriers- cause different climates on opposite sides of
mountain.
5. Pressure and wind- winds blow most often in different parts of the
earth.
6. Ocean current- rivers of water that moves through the ocean.
7. Storms- a violent distribution of the atmosphere with strong winds
and usually rain, thunder, lightning or snow.
HUMAN SPHERE AND POPULATION GROWTH
HUMAN SPHERE- comprises of human, it various products and
environment of both artificial and natural characteristics.
POPULATION GROWTH
- the increase in the number of individuals.
-known as one of the driving forces behind environmental problems, because
the growing population demand more and more.

 Earthquake – sudden shaking of grounds.

 Convergent boundaries- collide
 Divergent boundaries- move away from each other.
 Transform boundaries- sliding.
 Volcanoes- opening in the earth’s crust.
TYPES OF ROCKS
 Igneous rock- forms by hot magma.
 Sedimentary rock- formed when sediment is compressed in layered
and hardened.
 Metamorphic rock- formed by the high temperature and pressure
inside the earth.
WEATHERING- breakdown of rocks
EROSION- transport of rocks.