Chapter WHAT KEEPS US AND OTHER
2 ORGANISMS ALIVE?
The Earth’s life-support system has four
major components. Scientific studies reveal
that the earth’s life-support system consists of
four main spherical systems that interact with
one another—the atmosphere (air), the
hydrosphere (water), the geosphere (rock,
soil, sediment), and the biosphere (living
things).
The atmosphere is a thin spherical envelope
of gases surrounding the earth’s surface. Its
inner layer, the troposphere, extends only
about 17 kilometers (11 miles) above sea
level at the tropics and about 7 kilometers (4
miles) above the earth’s north and south
poles. It contains the majority of the air that
we breathe, consisting mostly of nitrogen
(78% of the total volume) and oxygen (21%).
The remaining 1% of the air includes water
vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane, all of
which are called greenhouse gases, because
they trap heat and thus warm the lower
atmosphere. Almost all of the earth’s weather
occurs in this layer.
The next layer, stretching 17–50 kilometers
(11–31 miles) above the earth’s surface, is
the stratosphere. Its lower portion contains
enough ozone (O3) gas to filter out most of
the sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation. This
global sunscreen allows life to exist on land
and in the surface layers of bodies of water.
The hydrosphere consists of all of the water
on or near the earth’s surface. It is found as
liquid water (on the surface and
underground), ice (polar ice, icebergs, and
ice in frozen soil layers called permafrost),
and water vapor in the atmosphere. Most of
this water is in the oceans, which cover about
71% of the globe. The geosphere consists of
the earth’s intensely hot core, a thick mantle
composed mostly of rock, and a thin outer
crust. Most of the geosphere is located in the
earth’s interior. Its upper portion contains
nonrenewable fossil fuels and minerals that
we use, as well as renewable soil chemicals
that organisms need in order to live, grow,
and reproduce. The biosphere occupies
those parts of the atmosphere, hydrosphere,
and geosphere where life exists. This thin
layer of the earth extends from about 9
kilometers (6 miles) above the earth’s surface
down to the bottom of the ocean, and it
includes the lower part of the atmosphere,
most of the hydrosphere, and the uppermost
part of the geosphere. If the earth was an
apple; the biosphere would be no thicker than
the apple’s skin. The goal of ecology is to
understand the interactions in this thin layer
of air, water, soil, and organisms.
 Major Biomes of the World
Rainforest Grassland Desert
Biologists have classified the terrestrial (land)
portion of the biosphere into biomes— large
regions such as forests, deserts, and grasslands,
with distinct climates and certain species
(especially vegetation) adapted to them.
Scientists divide the watery parts of the biosphere
into aquatic life zones, each containing numerous
ecosystems. There are freshwater life zones
(such as lakes and streams) and ocean or marine
life zones (such as coral reefs and coastal
estuaries). The earth is mostly a water planet with
saltwater covering about 71% of its surface and
freshwater covering just 2%. (On the surface and
underground), ice (polar ice, icebergs, and ice in
frozen soil layers called permafrost), and water
vapor in the atmosphere. Most of this water is in
the oceans, which cover about 71% of the globe.
Three Factors Sustain Life on Earth
The cycling of matter or nutrients (the
atoms, ions, and compounds needed for
survival by living organisms) through parts of
the biosphere. Because the earth is closed to
significant inputs of matter from space, its
essentially fixed supply of nutrients must be
continually recycled to support life. Nutrient
movements in ecosystems and in the
biosphere are round-trips, which can take
from seconds to centuries to complete. The
law of conservation of matter governs this
nutrient cycling process.
The one-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun, through living things in their
Aquatic Tundra
feeding
interactions, into the environment as low-
quality energy (mostly heat dispersed into air
or water at a low temperature), and
eventually back into space as heat. No round-
trips are allowed because high quality energy
cannot be recycled. The first and second laws
of thermodynamics govern this energy flow.
Gravity, which allows the planet to hold onto
its atmosphere and helps to enable the
movement and cycling of chemicals through
the air, water, soil, and organisms.
Millions of kilometers from the earth, in the
immense nuclear fusion reactor that is the
sun, nuclei of hydrogen fuse together to form
larger helium nuclei, releasing tremendous
amounts of energy into space. Only a very
small amount of this output of energy reaches
the earth—a tiny sphere in the vastness of
space. This energy reaches the earth in the
form of electromagnetic waves, mostly as
visible light, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and
heat (infrared radiation). Much of this energy
is absorbed or reflected back into space by
the earth’s atmosphere, clouds, and surface.
Ozone gas (O3) in the lower stratosphere
absorbs about 95% of the sun’s harmful
incoming UV radiation. Without this ozone
layer, life as we know it on the land and in the
upper layer of water would not exist. The UV, Human activities add greenhouse gases to
visible, and infrared energy that reaches the the atmosphere. For example, burning carbon
atmosphere lights the earth during daytime, containing fuels releases huge amounts of
warms the air, and evaporates and cycles carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere.
water through the biosphere. Approximately Growing crops and raising livestock release
1% of this incoming energy generates winds. large amounts of methane (CH4) and nitrous
Green plants, algae, and some types of oxide (N2O). Clearing CO2-absorbing tropical
bacteria use less than 0.1% of it to produce rain forests (Core Case Study) faster than
the nutrients they need through they can grow back also increases the
photosynthesis and in turn to feed animals amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. There is
that eat plants and flesh. Of the total solar considerable and growing evidence that
radiation intercepted by the earth, about 1% these activities are increasing the natural
reaches the earth’s surface, and most of it is greenhouse effect and warming the earth’s
then reflected as longer-wavelength infrared atmosphere. This in turn is changing the
radiation. As this infrared radiation travels earth’s climate.
back up through the lower atmosphere
toward space, it encounters greenhouse
gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide,
methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. It causes
these gaseous molecules to vibrate and
release infrared radiation with even longer
wavelengths. The vibrating gaseous
molecules then have higher kinetic energy,
which helps to warm the lower atmosphere
and the earth’s surface. Without this natural
greenhouse effect, the earth would be too
cold to support the forms of life we find here
today.
 a. Atmosphere

1. What are the characteristics that define a b. Hydrosphere

biome?
c. Geosphere
a. Temperature and humidity
d. Biosphere
b. Climate and vegetation
5. How can human activities negatively impact
c. Altitude and longitude a biome and its ability to sustain life?

d. Animal diversity and precipitation a. By promoting biodiversity

2. Which biome is characterized by low b. By reducing pollution levels

temperatures, permafrost, and a short growing
c. By increasing conservation efforts
season?
d. By deforestation and pollution
a. Desert
6. How do the geosphere and hydrosphere
b. Tundra
interact?
c. Rainforest
a. Through precipitation
d. Grassland
b. Through volcanic activity
3. Why is biodiversity important in maintaining
c. Through photosynthesis
the health of a biome?
d. Through atmospheric pressure
a. It increases pollution levels
7. -10. What are the 4 main spherical systems
b. It enhances the aesthetics of the biome
that supports life?
c. It contributes to ecosystem stability and
resilience

d. It has no impact on the biome's health

4. Which sphere includes all water on Earth,

including oceans, lakes, rivers, and
groundwater?