STUDY OF COMMON TOMATOES FUNGAL DISEASES WITHIN

GOMBE METROPOLIS

By

HADIZA ADAMU

UG16/SCBS/1059

A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL

SCIENCE,FACULTY OF SCIENCE, GOMBE STATE UNIVERSITY, IN
PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD
OF A B.Sc. (HONS) IN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE.

APRIL, 2024
Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................................2
1.0 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................2
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY............................................................................................................2
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM.................................................................................................................4
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY............................................................................................................4
1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY................................................................................................5
1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS SUMMARY................................................................................................6
CHAPTER TWO.........................................................................................................................................7
LITERATURE REVIEW....................................................................................................................................7
2.0 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................7
2.1 REVIEW OF EXISTING LITERATURE.....................................................................................................7
2.2.1 EARLY BLIGHT.............................................................................................................................9
2.2.2 DAMPING OFF...........................................................................................................................10
2.2.3 BUCKEYE ROT OF TOMATO.......................................................................................................11
2.2.4 ANTHRACNOSES ROT................................................................................................................11
2.2.5 SEPTORIA LEAF SPOT................................................................................................................11
2.2.6 FUSARIUM WILT DISEASE.........................................................................................................12
2.2.7 LATE BLIGHT..............................................................................................................................12
2.3.1 EPIDEMIOLOGY.........................................................................................................................13
2.3.2 DIAGNOSIS................................................................................................................................13
2.4 MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND DISEASE CONTROL.......................................................................14
2.5 GAPS IN RESEARCH AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS................................................................................14
CHAPTER THREE........................................................................................................................................16
MATERIALS AND METHODS.......................................................................................................................16
3.1 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................16
3.2 MEDIA..............................................................................................................................................16
3.2.1 PREPARATION OF CULTURE MEDIA..........................................................................................16
3.2.2 INOCULATION...........................................................................................................................17
3.2.3 INCUBATION.............................................................................................................................17
3.3 METHOD OF IDENTIFICATION OF ORGANISM..................................................................................17
3.4 SUB-CULTURED................................................................................................................................17
 3.5 IDENTIFICATION OF ISOLATE...........................................................................................................18
3.6 RECOMMENDATIONS BASED ON FINDINGS....................................................................................18
3.6.1 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES.......................................................................18
3.6.2 MARKET-SPECIFIC INTERVENTIONS..........................................................................................18
CHAPTER FOUR..........................................................................................................................................19
RESULT ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION.....................................................................................................19
4.1 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................19
4.2 RESULT.............................................................................................................................................19
CHAPTER FIVE............................................................................................................................................22
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS...........................................................................22
5.1 DISCUSSIONS...................................................................................................................................22
5. 2 CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................................23
5.3 RECOMMENDATION........................................................................................................................23
REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................................24
ABSTRACT

This study focused on the investigation of fungal diseases affecting tomatoes within Gombe
Metropolis, specifically in Kasuwan Tare, Old Market, and Main Market. The research aimed to
identify the fungal species responsible for tomato spoilage, analyze their morphological
characteristics, and assess their prevalence in the different market areas. The findings revealed
five prominent fungal species associated with tomato fruit spoilage: Aspergillus flavus,
Aspergillus Niger, Fusarium SPP, Rhizopus stolonifer, and Penicillium SPP.,Aspergillus
fumigatus. Morphological characteristics were used to distinguish these isolates, providing
valuable visual cues for their differentiation. The identified fungi exhibited unique traits, such as
the yellow-green powdery texture of Aspergillus flavus and the creamy cottony colonies with
whitish-orange pigmentation of Fusarium SPP.
 CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Tomatoes are globally significant vegetable crops known for their versatility, nutrition, and
economic importance. In Gombe Metropolis and many other regions, tomatoes are a vital part of
diets and a source of income for small-scale farmers. However, these crops are vulnerable to
fungal diseases like early blight, late blight, and powdery mildew, which can harm both tomato
quality and yield. This study focuses on Gombe Metropolis, offering insights into the challenges
faced by tomato farmers and proposing sustainable solutions for managing fungal diseases, with
potential applicability to subtropical regions with similar issues

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Tomato comes from the kingdom Plantae. Family solanaceaea and the genus solanum. Its
botanical name is lycopersion exculentum. The tomato belongs to the nightshade family. It has
its origin in South Africa where it was growing in the wild. Nigeria is the second largest
producers of tomato fruit in Africa and the 13 and largest in the world. Today tomato has become
an important and popular and industrial commodity, ranking second in the global horticultural
produce after potato (Tan. et al., 2010) Tomatoes are a good source of ions, fibers and dietary
supplement. There are hundreds of tomatos varieties with different colors when temperature falls
too low or soar too high, the tomato plant and fruit suffer. Ripe tomato need to be placed in an
area with temperature between 55℉ and 70 ℉

There was increase in the global production of tomato in recent time largely due to
introduction of high yielding and more desirable varieties of tomatoes through breeding
activities, and also due to advent of mechanized agricultural process (Schwart, et al., 2010).
Today, countless variety of tomatoes has been breed and are consumed all over the globe in
different recipes. In Africa the total tomato production was 17.938 million tons in 2012, with
Egypt being the highest producer with 8.625million tons followed by Nigeria with 1.66million
tons. Tomato has the tendency of improving the lives of small scale rural farmers in most
developing country of the world (Schwart, et al., 2010). Beside it numerous health benefit,
tomato has serve as a source of income for farmers as a result of its numerous uses (Adenuga, et.,
al 2013). The tomatoes industry can increase the foreign export earning of many Africans
countries like Nigeria there by contributing to the GDP.

Despite the economic potential of tomato, a lot of problems are associated with its
production which mostly leads to loses such problems include lack of irrigation system, paste
and diseases, lack of postharvest handling practice and treatment that would prolong the
otherwise short shelf life among others (Arab, et al., 2015).This could result to up to 55% loses
of entire harvest(Pila and Rao, 2010). Loses acute in tomato is mostly due to incidental spoilage
of fruit in the value chain cause by myrad of pathogens such as fungi. High levels of sugars and
nutrient element and low pH value of tomato make them particularly desirable to fungal decay
(Singh and Sharma, 2007). In addition to increase in loses the occurrence of fungal spoilage may
constitute a potential health hazard to consumer due to production of mycotosins by the fungi
(Effiuvmere, 2000). Fungi are a kingdom of usually multicellular ukaryotic organism that are
heterophs (cannot make their own food) and have important roles in nutrient cycling in an
ecosystem. Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually and they have symbiotics association
with plants and bacteria. Fungi produce numerous drugs like penicillin and other antibiotic and
food plant disease caused by fungi include rusts, smuts, and leaf, root and stem rots and may
cause severe damage to crops, fungi enters plants through natural openings such as stomata and
through wounds caused by pruning, harvesting ,hall ,insects others disease and other mechanical
damage. fungi are clearly distinguished from all other living organisms, including animals, by
their principal modes of vegetative growth and nutrient intake.

Fungi grow from the tips by filaments(hyphae) that makeup the bodies of the organism
(mycelia),and they digest organic matter externally before absorbing it into their mycelia. The
disease can be classified in to infectious and noninfectious disease. The infectious
microorganism that include fungi,bacteria,nematode.These disease are contagious and can be
spread from plant to plant in afield, often very rapidly when environmental condition are
favourable fungal disease like early blight is common leaf spotting fungal disease of tomato
caused by the fungus Alternaria solani,septoria leaf spot,late blight and many more.

Gombe Metropolis, located in the northeastern region of Nigeria, offers a unique

environment for the study of tomato fungal diseases. Its distinct climate, agricultural practices,
and local tomato varieties make it an interesting case study for researchers and agriculturists
alike. By focusing on this specific geographic area, we aim to provide valuable insights into the
challenges faced by tomato farmers in Gombe Metropolis and propose sustainable solutions to
mitigate the impact of fungal diseases on tomato production. This study is not only relevant for
local farmers and policymakers but also contributes to the broader knowledge of tomato crop
management in subtropical regions with similar challenges.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Tomato production in Gombe Metropolis is facing a significant challenge due to the
prevalence of fungal diseases, such as early blight, late blight, and powdery mildew, which not
only lead to substantial yield losses but also compromise the quality and safety of harvested
tomatoes. These diseases not only affect the availability of this essential dietary staple for the
local population but also exacerbate food insecurity. The urgency of addressing this issue cannot
be overstated, as it has significant economic losses for farmers and could exacerbate food
insecurity in the region. A comprehensive study is needed to understand the dynamics of these
diseases, their prevalence across different seasons, and the specific challenges faced by local
farmers. This research aims to provide data-driven insights, inform evidence-based solutions, and
contribute to sustainable tomato cultivation in the region, safeguarding the livelihoods of farmers
and the availability of this vital food resource for the local population.
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study is crucial for Gombe Metropolis because it addresses the impact of fungal diseases
on tomato production. It aims to:

i. Enhance Local Food Security: By safeguarding tomato supplies, ensuring a consistent

source of essential nutrients for the community.
ii. Empower Farmers: Farmers will benefit from improved disease management practices,
leading to increased yields and incomes.
iii. Advance Research: Contributes valuable data to plant pathology research, especially in
subtropical regions.
iv. Inform Policymaking: Helps policymakers formulate evidence-based strategies to support
local agriculture, promoting sustainability and economic growth in the region.
The research will aid our knowledge on fungi disease of tomato fruits and it will also identify
some diseases of fungi that are associated to tomato plant.

1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main aim of this study is to comprehensively investigate fungal diseases affecting tomato
production within Gombe Metropolis and propose effective measures for their management, with
a focus on enhancing crop yield and food security.

Specific Objectives:

i. Identify Common Fungal Diseases:

To determine the prevalent fungal diseases affecting tomato crops in Gombe Metropolis
through systematic field surveys and laboratory analyses.
ii. Assess Impact on Tomato Production:
To quantify the economic and yield losses attributed to fungal diseases, providing a clear
understanding of their impact on local agriculture.
iii. Characterize Disease Patterns:
To analyze the seasonal and spatial distribution of fungal diseases, identifying trends and
high-risk areas within Gombe Metropolis.
iv. Evaluate Control Measures:
To assess the effectiveness of existing disease management strategies and identify
potential innovations for sustainable disease control.
v. Recommend Best Practices:
To propose evidence-based recommendations for farmers, including the adoption of
disease-resistant tomato varieties, integrated pest management, and improved crop
protection measures.
vi. Contribute to Knowledge: To contribute valuable insights to the field of plant
pathology, particularly in subtropical regions, by documenting the prevalence and
management of fungal diseases in tomatoes.
1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS SUMMARY
Scope: This study focuses on fungal diseases in tomato production within Gombe Metropolis,
spanning a specific time period to capture seasonal variations.

Limitations: Potential limitations include weather variability's impact on disease patterns,

resource constraints, data availability, limited generalizability to other regions, and the influence
of various human and environmental factors. These constraints will be acknowledged and
documented to maintain research integrity.

1.6 RESEARCH QUESTION OR HYPOTHESIS

Primary Research Question:
"What are the common fungal diseases affecting tomatoes in Gombe Metropolis, and what is
their impact on crop yield and food security?"
Hypotheses:
Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no significant difference in the prevalence of fungal diseases
across different seasons in Gombe Metropolis.
Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There is a significant difference in the prevalence of fungal
diseases across different seasons in Gombe Metropolis.

Null Hypothesis (H0): Existing disease management strategies in Gombe Metropolis are not
effective in mitigating the impact of fungal diseases on tomato crops.

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): Existing disease management strategies in Gombe Metropolis are
effective in mitigating the impact of fungal diseases on tomato crops.
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 INTRODUCTION
Tomato farming in Gombe Metropolis, similar to other agricultural ventures, faces various
challenges, amongst which fungal diseases pose significant threats to yield and crop quality. An
exploration of common fungal diseases afflicting tomatoes within this region is crucial for
devising effective management and control strategies.

2.1 REVIEW OF EXISTING LITERATURE

Tomato, solanum lycopersium, is a cultivated member of alarge and diverse genus solanum,
tomato fruit is worldwide, eaten as both raw and processed forms (moneruzzaman et al., 2008) it
is annual and short lived perennials herb,dicotic and angiospermic plant belong to family
solanaceae.Tomato is rich in vitamins, carbohydrate,protein,fats, and potassium (Talvas et al.,
2010) Tomato is considered aprotective food because of its particular nutritive value, as it
provide important nutrients such as lycopene, beta,carotene,flavoid,vitamin c and
hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, furthermore, this crop Has achieved tremendous popularity
especially in recent years with the discovery of lycope’s anti-oxidative activities and anti-cancer
functions (wu et al., 2011), (Riola et al., 2014),Thus, tomato production and consumption are
constantly increasing. It is noteworthy that tomatoes are not only sold fresh ,but also processed
as soups, sauces, juices, or powder contrates.

From botanical point of view, the tomato is a fruit ,nevertheless, it contains amuch lower
sugar content compared to other fruit. It is a diploid plant with 2n=24 chromosomes. The tomato
belong to the solanaceae family which contain more than 3000 species including plant of tobacco
petunias and peppers (Bai and lindhout, 2007) Tomatoes may be pear-shaped, elongated,
flattened and heart shaped. They are the edible, fleshy and reddish when ripe and vary in their
acid composition, with white and yellow ones being less acidic. The consumption of tomatoes
throughout the world is believed to benefit the heart and other organs. The richest source of
lycopene is tomato and tomato-based products. Lycopene has
been found to prevent prostate cancer, improve the skin’s ability to protect itself against the
harmful ultra violet rays, decrese the risk of breast, lung, stomach, bladder, uterine, head and
neck cancers, protect against neutrogenerative diseases, lower urinary tract infections and reduce
the cardiovascular risk associated with type 2 daibetes. Tomatoes have serious challenges to their
existence. These include changes in cliumate conditions, pest, in adequate rainfall and
microorganisms particularly fungi. One of the limiting factors that influences tomato
economically value is its relatively short shelf life caused.
In southwestern Nigeria, especially in the urban centres, it is a common knowledge that
the resource poor urban dwellers and many commercial food vendors often intentionally
purchase the physically damaged tomato for their cooking these types are much cheaper than the
undamaged ones. It is also believed by these people that the damaged physical conditions of
these vegetables is only cosmetic significance, and as such, do not negatively impact on their
nutritional value. Tomato crop and yield is suffered every year due to number of pathogenic
disease.The disease fungi enter generally through some wound or other opening, although some
are capable of penetrating the epidermis.They then extensively reproduce, causing acharacteristic
symptom of the causal fungi. This ranges from aslight wilting of leaves to total defoliation or
curlinfrom small rotten spot on the stem or surface of the fruit to total infection and othes
destruction of the whole tomato. Tomatoes are planted by an estimated 85% of the gardens such
year (olaniyi etal., 2010). If well managed, they are highly productive ( Denton and swarp,1983).
Cropping of tomatoes during the wet and dry seasons contribute immensely to the national
requirement, however, the bulk of production is from the dry season cropping ( Anon, 1989)
Spoilage of tomatoes are those adverse changes in the changes in the quality of tomatoes that are
brought about by the action of predominantly biological and physical factors. These may be
changes in taste, smell, appearance or texture of the fruits Ghosh (2009).

Haghi, et al., (2023) conducted a study on biocontrol using Iranian Pythium oligandrum
isolates in soil-borne fungal pathogen management for tomatoes. The study investigated the
effectiveness of Iranian Pythium oligandrum isolates as native biocontrol agents against soil-
borne fungal pathogens causing diseases on tomato. The isolates K29, K48, and K87 were
identified as the most effective. The oospores were formulated as seed-coating, kaolin dust
mixture, and perlite-coating, and compared with common fungicides in greenhouse tests. Results
showed that all selected isolates and chemical fungicides significantly reduced disease severity,
with seed-coating formulations showing better performance. These findings suggest the potential
use of P. oligandrum isolates as biocontrol agents for tomato protection.

Shonde et al., (2023) conducted a study on the isolation, identification, and the effect of
fungi from the rhizosphere of diseased vegetable crops in Lagos State, Nigeria. This study
investigated the impact of fungi from the rhizosphere of diseased vegetable crops in Lagos State,
Nigeria. A total of 138 fungi isolates were found, with Idi-Araba farm having the highest number
(46%), Mile 12 contributing 24%, Iyana Iba 18%, and Badagry farm having the least. Five
pathogenic fungi were identified, with 33% of isolates from Idi-Araba, 25% from Iyana-Iba, 25%
from Mile 12, and 17% from Badagry.

Fu et al., (2023) investigated the impact of 13 consecutive cycles of tomato monoculture

cropping on soil chemical properties and the soil fungal community in a solar greenhouse. The
study explores the impact of consecutive tomato monoculture cropping (CTM) on soil chemical
properties and fungal community in solar greenhouses. Results show that CTM increases soil
phosphorus and electrical conductivity, but also leads to imbalanced fungal compositions.
Beneficial fungi decrease at CTM13, while pathogenic fungi increase. The study suggests that
decreasing soil EC and pathogenic fungi and enhancing beneficial fungi is crucial for sustainable
tomato production in greenhouses.

Liu et al., (2023) conducted an evaluation of immobilized microspheres of Clonostachys

rosea on Botrytis cinerea and tomato seedlings in their study published in Biomaterials. The
study evaluated the effectiveness of immobilized microspheres of Clonostachys rosea on Botrytis
cinerea and tomato seedlings. The researchers used sodium alginate as a carrier to immobilize
Clonostachys rosea, a fungal agent used in biological control. The results showed that the
embedded C. rosea effectively suppressed gray mold growth and promoted stress-related enzyme
activity in tomato plants. The study suggests that immobilization of C. rosea can be used as a
basis for developing new immobilized biocontrol agents.

2.2 COMMON FUNGAL DISEASES OF TOMATO PLANTS

2.2.1 EARLY BLIGHT

Early blight caused by the fungal pathogen Alternaria sonari, is one of the most common tomato
disease.
 Symptoms of early blight occur on fruit,stem and foliage of tomatoes and stem,foliage
and tubers of potatoes.inital symptoms on leaves appear as small 1-2mm black or brown lesion
and under conducive environmental condition the lesion will enlarge and are often surrounded by
yellow halo.Lesion greater than 10mm in diameter often have dark pigment concentric rings.This
so called ‘bulls eye’type lesion is highly characteristics of early blight.The disease was reported
by Douglas(1992)from the California. The casual organism was isolated from the dead decaying
potato and afterward it was reported from the decaying tomato fruits.The early blight fungus can
come from many sources. It can persist in the soil or debris for atleast 1 year.Early blight conidia
spores surviving in the soil or debris are splashed on the lower leaves during rain or sprinkler
irrigation. Conidia germinate in the presence of a thin film of water on foliage. Germinated
conidia infect tissues if foliage remains wet for another 5 to 10 hours defending on the
temperature.High humidity and temperatures above 75f favors disease development. Inadequate
fertility and organic matter,minor element deficiency and lack of soil moisture predispose
tomatoes to infection and set the stage for an epidemic where plants have not been protected by
fungicides.The fungus can be carried on and under the seed coat. Early blight can infect the fruit
through the calyx or stem attachment in the immature green or red stage and can produce distinct
target-like lesion similar to foliar infection.Defoliation cause by early blight can reduce fruit
yield and can leave the fruit open to sun-scold injury.

2.2.2 DAMPING OFF

Tomato seedlings are prone to attack by several soil borne fungal pathogens that cause
serious diseases such as damping-off, which is one of the major cause of seedling loss which is
mostly aphythium-induced root rot disease when the fungi kills newly emerged or emerging
seedlings it is known as damping off.Damping off usually refers to the rotting of stem and root
tissues at and below the soil surface. In most cases, infected plants will germinate and come up
fine, but within afew days they become water-soaked and mushy,fall over at the base and die.It is
most prevalent in wet and cool conditions.

Conditions for the development of this disease are high temperature, high
humidity,high soil moisture,poor aeration,high levels of nitrogen fertilizer and closely sown
seed. Damping off tomatoes occur in 2 stages i.e the pre-emergence phase where seedlings are
killed just before they reach the soil surface and the post-emergence which is characterized by
the infection of the young, juvenile tissues of the collar at the ground level.

2.2.3 BUCKEYE ROT OF TOMATO

It is caused by phytopthora parasitica.it was first reported by sherbakoff(1917).Buckeye rot
typically affect immature green fruit that lay on the soil surface. The phytopthora specie that
cause buckeye fruit and root rot can infect all part of tomato plants.in fruit it start as grayish-
brown,water soaked lesion that expand rapidly forming brown concentric rings that resemble a
buckeye nut-hence the name brown discoloration can extend in to fruit canters with young green
fruit becoming mummified while, mature fruit quickly rot from invasion by secondary organism.

These phytopthora species have a have a relatively wide host range and can survive in
soil and infested plant debris for at least two years. They can be spread by irrigation water and
farm equipment. Initial infection is favored by moderate soil moisture levels and temperature
(20c) excessive irrigation or rain in combination with heavy or compacted soils favors further
disease development.

2.2.4 ANTHRACNOSES ROT

Anthracnose of tomato caused by several fungal species in the genus colletotrichum
including C, coccodes, C. demetium and C. gloesporiodes. Anthracnose fruit is a soil –borne
disease that affect ripe tomato fruit infections go unnoticed on green fruit and as fruit ripens
depressed circular water-soaked spots appear on red fruits. Symptoms of anthracnose appear
frost as smell,circular slightly sunken lesions on the surface of ripening fruit.As those spots
expand they develop dark centers of specks.The rings consist of numerous small spore-producing
bodies of the fungus(microscleratia and acervuli).Microsclerotia can overwinter in the soil and
serve as a source of inoculum for the next growing season.

2.2.5 SEPTORIA LEAF SPOT

Septoria leaf spot caused by the fungus septoria lycopersici is a soil-borne fungal
disease that only infect tomato leaves and stem .It first appears as small,water soaked spots that
soon become circular spot about 1/8 inch in diameter. The lesions gradually develop grayish
white centers with dark edges.The light colored centers of these spots are the most distinctive
symptoms of septoria leaf spot.As the disease develops and more leaf spots develop the areas
surrounding spots will turn yellow causing leaves to wither or die.The disease spreads from the
older leaves upward and can totally defoliate aplant in a plant in a plant in a short period of time

2.2.6 FUSARIUM WILT DISEASE

It is caused by fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lycopersici. The disease is reported to cause
great losses in tomato product globally ,but especially in warmer climates(Blancard,1994).The
pathogen is soil borne and persist for many years in the soil without ahost.Root knot nematode
infection makes fusarium wilt resistant varieties more susceptible to the fungus because of
physiological changes in the root. Disease development is favored by warm temperatures
(e.g,27-28c) dry weather and acidic soil (PH 5-5.6).Rapidly growing, highly succulent tomato
plants exposed to fertilization with ammonium nitrate are especially susceptible to the disease it
can be transmitted or disseminated by infected seed or transplant grown in infected
soil ,equipment, training,stakes,shoes etc. first symptoms are yellowing of leaves,beginning with
the lower leaves and working upward,stunting and wilting which often become observable at
maturity of the plant after flowering and initiation of fruit set. Losses due to fusarium wilt in
tomato can be severe sometimes resulting in total and complete loss of yield under greenhouse
and field condition (walker et al., 1971).

2.2.7 LATE BLIGHT

It is caused by the fungus phytopthora infestants,the disease is historically associated
with potatoes and the irish famine of the mid-1800s the late blight can also infect tomato
plantings,and usually appears in mid or late august.The fungus is a wet weather disease favored
by cool night and warm days.Temperatures above 30C are considered unflavorable for late blight
development.The fungus survive mainly in potato seed tubers and infected tomato transplant
some survival may occur on dead potato and tomato vine.

The disease will first appear as grayish indefinite patches on older leaves and stems. The spots
enlarge in moist weather and may produce white fuzzy growth on the under of infected leaves.
The fungus will also attack fruit causing a dark greasy colored lesion with a slightly
sunken,rough surface on green fruit.These lesion may enlarge turning the whole fruit brownish
black. Infected fruit often remain firm,affected stems and petioles may be eventually collapse at
the point of infection, leading to death of all distal part of the plant.
2.3 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND DIAGNOSIS

The prevalence and diagnosis of these diseases are contingent upon environmental factors such
as temperature, humidity, and the presence of inoculum. Routinely, diagnosis is based on
symptomatology and is occasionally confirmed through microbiological assays, as evidenced in
various studies.

2.3.1 EPIDEMIOLOGY
The epidemiology of fungal diseases in tomatoes involves understanding the patterns of disease
occurrence and spread within a given population of plants. Environmental factors play a crucial
role in determining the prevalence and severity of these diseases. For instance, warm and humid
conditions often create favorable environments for the proliferation of fungal pathogens. The
dynamics of fungal spore dispersal and their interaction with susceptible tomato plants contribute
to the overall epidemiological landscape.

The prevalence of fungal diseases can vary across different regions and markets, as observed in
surveys conducted in Gombe Metropolis. Factors such as local climate variations and market-
specific conditions may contribute to the differential incidence of these diseases among tomato
crops.

2.3.2 DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosing fungal diseases in tomatoes typically relies on a combination of approaches, with
symptomatology as a primary indicator. Common symptoms include discoloration, wilting,
lesions, and abnormal growth patterns. However, these symptoms alone may not provide a
definitive diagnosis, as they can be influenced by various biotic and abiotic factors.

Microbiological assays play a crucial role in confirming the presence of specific fungal
pathogens. The process involves isolating and culturing fungi from affected plant tissues or
environmental samples. Techniques like inoculation on selective media, observation of colony
morphology, and microscopic examination of fungal structures are employed in the laboratory to
identify the causative agents.

Various studies have emphasized the importance of integrating molecular techniques for accurate
and rapid diagnosis, allowing for the identification of specific fungal species. Polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) assays and DNA sequencing contribute to the precision of fungal identification,
aiding in targeted disease management strategies.

In conclusion, understanding the epidemiology and diagnosing fungal diseases in tomatoes

require a multidimensional approach that considers both environmental factors and laboratory
techniques. This comprehensive understanding is essential for developing effective strategies to
manage and mitigate the impact of fungal diseases on tomato crops in diverse agricultural
settings.

2.4 MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND DISEASE CONTROL

Integrated disease management practices are critical in the prevention and control of fungal
diseases in tomato cultivation. Crop rotation, for instance, disrupts the life cycles of pathogens
and reduces the inoculum in the soil, making it an effective cultural practice for disease
management (PlantVillage, 2002.). Another fundamental strategy is the use of disease-resistant
tomato varieties, which inherently reduces the vulnerability of crops to fungal infections (Singh,
2017). Irrigation practices also play a crucial role; it is essential to apply water in a manner that
minimizes leaf wetness, thus discouraging the proliferation of fungal spores (Rodrigues et al.,
2022). Additionally, the appropriate and timely application of fungicides, such as chlorothalonil,
mancozeb, or copper fungicides, forms a cornerstone of a comprehensive fungal disease control
program (Home & Garden Information Center, 2021). These fungicides, used in accordance with
the manufacturer's directions and safety guidelines, can effectively reduce the impact of diseases
like anthracnose when applied regularly and thoroughly (Oklahoma State University Extension,
2010.). By integrating these strategies, sustainable management of fungal diseases in tomato
crops can be achieved.

2.5 GAPS IN RESEARCH AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

The literature review reveals gaps in research, particularly localized studies on the resistance of
tomato varieties to these fungal pathogens and the development of organic control measures
within Gombe Metropolis. Further research in these areas could significantly contribute to the
sustainability of tomato production in this region. A synthesis of the literature underscores the
critical need for ongoing research to mitigate the impact of fungal diseases on tomato production
within Gombe Metropolis. Innovative disease management combined with farmer education can
form the cornerstone of efforts to secure tomato crops against fungal threats.
 CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 INTRODUCTION
The surveys conducted across diverse tomato markets in Gombe Metropolis revealed a varying
degree of fungal disease prevalence. Responses from stakeholders indicated that certain markets
experienced a higher incidence of diseases compared to others. The data collected provided
valuable insights into the specific challenges faced by local farmers and vendors.

Tomatoes samples were purchased from Gombe main market, Kasuwan Tare Bypass and old
market Gombe state.

The samples were brought in to the laboratory in the department of microbiology,

Gombe state university immediately after collections and were subjected to fungal analysis.

3.2 MEDIA
Media are usually used in analyzing bacteria and fungi in water. These are potato Dextrose Agar
(PDA) and Sabourate Dextrose Agar (SDA) which isolate fungi

3.2.1 PREPARATION OF CULTURE MEDIA

Before commencing the preparation of the culture media, all the materials were washed with
clean water and the environment was disinfected using ethanol. The potato dextrose agar (PDA)
was prepared using manufacturer’s instruction and used for the isolation of fungi from spoilt
tomato fruits and for the preparation of pure cultures. Thirty-nine (39) grams of PDA powder
was dissolved in 1000ml of distilled in a beaker and placed in a sterile conical flask, and 0.5gram
of chloramphenicol was added in to the medium to inhibit the growth of bacteria , and covered
with aluminium foil paper. It was then sterilized in Autoclave at 121c for 15 minutes. The
medium was allowed to cooled after autoclaving at about 45c.

The essence of sterilization using autoclave is to eliminate all contaminate which

may be found from the materials or from the culture media, and it is necessary to ensure that any
contamination seen is from the samples and not from the media.
3.2.2 INOCULATION
The prepared culture media was poured in to the petri-dishes and were allowed to solidify, and
the disease portion were picked using a swab stick. petri-dishes were arranged and labeled based
on the number of tomato samples to be analyzed.

In the inoculation process, the first step involved pouring the prepared culture media
into petri-dishes, allowing it to solidify. Once the media solidified, the disease portions from the
tomato samples were carefully collected using a swab stick. The petri-dishes were then
systematically arranged and labeled according to the number of tomato samples intended for
analysis. This methodical approach ensures that each sample is properly identified and correlated
with the corresponding petri-dish, facilitating a well-organized and traceable analysis of the
tomato samples for disease presence. The inoculation step lays the groundwork for subsequent
observations and assessments of the cultured samples.

3.2.3 INCUBATION
The treated samples were incubated for 3 days at 35c for complete growth of the fungi using
incubation machine. The dishes were placed in an inverted manner in to the incubation machine

3.3 METHOD OF IDENTIFICATION OF ORGANISM

The fungal isolates were identified using cultural and morphological features such as colony
growth pattern, conidial morphology and pigmentation. The techniques of oyeleke and manga
(2009) was also adopted for the identification of the isolated fungi using cotton blue in
lactophenol stain. The identification was achieved by placing a drop of stain in clean slide with
the aid of inoculating needle where a smalls portion of the area mycelia from the representative
fungi cultures was removed and placed in a drop of lactophenol. A cover slip was gently placed
with little pressure to eliminate air bubbles. The slide was then mounted and viewed under the
light microscope with x10 and x40 objective lenses. The morphological characteristics and
appearance of the fungal organism seen were identified.

3.4 SUB-CULTURED
The different fungi colonies growing out from the innocular pieces were sub-cultured by hyphal
tip culture method. This was done by transferring small amount of fungi mycelia together with
small of medium in to fresh prepared PDA plate and allowed to grow for five days at room
temperature(Tijjani et al 2018).
3.5 IDENTIFICATION OF ISOLATE
The different fungi isolates were identified on the basis of their colony characteristic, color, and
reproductive structure after examination under microscope. One to two drop of lactophenol blue
was placed on a clean dried slide and small amount of the fungal isolates was removed from the
cultured medium with the help of sterile inoculating needle and place in the mounting fluid, the
fungal material was then pressed in the mounting fluid and covered with slip.

The slide was then examined under the light microscope, the mycelia and the reproductive
structure (fruiting bodies) were then examined and the identification was done with the aid of a
photograph of the fungi present which has been snapped by a photomicrograph in a dark room.
The identification was done using fungi atlas.

3.6 RECOMMENDATIONS BASED ON FINDINGS

Based on the findings of the fungal analysis conducted on tomato samples from diverse markets
in Gombe Metropolis, several recommendations can be made to address the identified issues:

3.6.1 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

Based on the survey and laboratory analysis findings, implementing integrated pest management
(IPM) strategies is recommended. This includes the use of disease-resistant varieties, strategic
crop rotation, and the judicious use of fungicides.

3.6.2 MARKET-SPECIFIC INTERVENTIONS

Tailoring interventions based on the specific challenges identified in each market is crucial. This
could involve market-specific hygiene practices, targeted awareness programs, and collaborative
efforts among stakeholders.
 CHAPTER FOUR

RESULT ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION

4.1 INTRODUCTION
The ultimate goal of this chapter is to provide a clear and comprehensive interpretation of the
research findings, offering valuable insights for stakeholders in agriculture, public health, and
local markets. Additionally, recommendations for mitigating the impact of fungal diseases on
tomatoes will be proposed, building upon the knowledge generated through this study. As we
delve into the details of the analysis, it is essential to recognize the implications of the results for
agricultural practices, market management, and the overall well-being of consumers in the study
area.

4.2 RESULT
From Figure 1 : The fungi species isolated on the tomatoes fruit are shown in table 1, the result
of this study revealed five species of fungi associated with tomato fruits spoilage in kasuwan
tare, old market, and main market Gombe state. They include Aspergillus flavus,Aspergillus
Niger, Fusarium SPP, Rhizopus stolonifer, Penicillium SPP.,Aspergillus fumigatus

0
Aspergillus Aspergillus Fusarium SPP Rhizopus Penicillium Aspergillus
flavus Niger stolonifer SPP. fumigatus

Main Market Old Market Kasuwan Tare

Figure 1:
Table 1 below shows the morphological characteristics, The morphological characteristics of
various fungal isolates from spoiled tomatoes are detailed as follows; Aspergillus flavus is
identified by its yellow-green colony with a powdery texture, while Aspergillus Niger presents a
green colony with a black reverse side. Fusarium SPP manifests as creamy cottony colonies with
whitish-orange pigmentation, and Rhizopus stolonifer exhibits cottony colonies. Penicillium
SPP. displays a velvety to powdery texture, along with a distinctive blue-green and whitish-
yellow surface. Lastly, Aspergillus fumigatus is characterized by a grayish-green colony with a
fluffy texture.These morphological features serve as key identifiers for each fungal isolate,
providing a visual basis for their differentiation. Such characteristics are essential in
understanding and categorizing fungal species, contributing valuable insights into the diversity of
fungi responsible for tomato spoilage. Further laboratory analysis and confirmation may be
required for a comprehensive and accurate identification of these fungi in practical applications.

Table 1: morphological characteristics

FUNGAL ISOLATE MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Aspergillus flavus Yellow-green colony with a powdery texture

Aspergillus Niger Green colony with a black reverse side

Fusarium SPP Creamy cottony colonies with whitish orange pigmentation

Rhizopus stolonifer Cottony colonies

Penicillium SPP. Velvety to powdery texture, blue-green, and whitish-yellow surface

Aspergillus fumigatus Grayish-green colony with a fluffy texture

Table 2 illustrates the percentage of fungal occurrence isolated from spoiled tomatoes in three
distinct sampling areas: Main Market, Old Market, and Kasuwan Tare. Among the identified
fungi, Aspergillus flavus exhibited the highest prevalence in the Main Market, with five
occurrences, contributing to 25% of the total isolates. Aspergillus Niger was found in all three
areas, with the highest incidence in Kasuwan Tare, accounting for 22.5% of the total isolates.
Fusarium SPP demonstrated widespread distribution across the markets, totaling eight
occurrences and constituting 20% of the overall isolates. Rhizopus stolonifer was predominantly
isolated in the Old Market, with four occurrences, making up 15% of the total. Penicillium SPP.
and Aspergillus fumigatus showed varying occurrences in different markets, contributing 7.5%
and 10% to the total isolates, respectively. This analysis provides insights into the spatial
distribution and prevalence of fungal isolates, offering valuable information for understanding
and managing tomato spoilage in these markets.

Table 2: percentage of fungal occurance isolated from spoiled tomatoes per sampling area

FUNGAL MAIN OLD KASUWAN TOTAL PERCENTAGE

ISOLATE MARKET MARKET TARE

Aspergillus flavus 5 3 2 10 25%

Aspergillus Niger 3 2 4 9 22.5%

Fusarium SPP 2 3 3 8 20%

Rhizopus stolonifer 0 4 2 6 15%

Penicillium SPP. 1 2 0 3 7.5%

Aspergillus 2 0 2 4 10%
fumigatus
 CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 DISCUSSIONS
The fungi associated with the spoilage of tomato of post harvest tomato fruit in main market, old
market and kasuwan tare Gombe state. The fungi species isolated on the tomatoes fruit are
shown in table 1, the result of this study revealed six species of fungi associated with tomato
fruits spoilage in Kasuwan Tare, Old Market, and Main Market Gombe state. They include
Aspergillus flavus,Aspergillus Niger, Fusarium SPP, Rhizopus stolonifer, Penicillium
SPP.,Aspergillus fumigatus

Based on morphological characteristics, the morphological characteristics of various fungal

isolates from spoiled tomatoes are detailed as follows; Aspergillus flavus is identified by its
yellow-green colony with a powdery texture, while Aspergillus Niger presents a green colony
with a black reverse side. Fusarium SPP manifests as creamy cottony colonies with whitish-
orange pigmentation, and Rhizopus stolonifer exhibits cottony colonies. Penicillium SPP.
displays a velvety to powdery texture, along with a distinctive blue-green and whitish-yellow
surface. Lastly, Aspergillus fumigatus is characterized by a grayish-green colony with a fluffy
texture. These morphological features serve as key identifiers for each fungal isolate, providing a
visual basis for their differentiation. Such characteristics are essential in understanding and
categorizing fungal species, contributing valuable insights into the diversity of fungi responsible
for tomato spoilage. Further laboratory analysis and confirmation may be required for a
comprehensive and accurate identification of these fungi in practical applications.

The percentage of fungal occurrence isolated from spoiled tomatoes in three distinct sampling
areas: Main Market, Old Market, and Kasuwan Tare. Among the identified fungi, Aspergillus
flavus exhibited the highest prevalence in the Main Market, with five occurrences, contributing
to 25% of the total isolates. Aspergillus Niger was found in all three areas, with the highest
incidence in Kasuwan Tare, accounting for 22.5% of the total isolates. Fusarium SPP
demonstrated widespread distribution across the markets, totaling eight occurrences and
constituting 20% of the overall isolates. Rhizopus stolonifer was predominantly isolated in the
Old Market, with four occurrences, making up 15% of the total. Penicillium SPP. and
Aspergillus fumigatus showed varying occurrences in different markets, contributing 7.5% and
10% to the total isolates, respectively. This analysis provides insights into the spatial distribution
and prevalence of fungal isolates, offering valuable information for understanding and managing
tomato spoilage in these markets.

5. 2 CONCLUSION
Based on the finding of this research work, there are different fungal species like Aspergillus
flavus,Aspergillus Niger, Fusarium SPP, Rhizopus stolonifer, Penicillium SPP.,Aspergillus
fumigatus were found to be associated with tomatoes spoilage in main market, old market and
kasuwan tare gombe state . The fungi cause a significant loss loss of tomatoes fruits not only to
the farmers and fruits vendor but to all people who uses the tomatoes for consumption and other
household uses. There is a need in the future to come up with special preservative methods like
canning, sun drying and chemical preservatives to minimize tomatoes spoilage. Moreover, the
storage of tomato should be done at a temperature and relative humidity that does not favour the
growth of fungi.

5.3 RECOMMENDATION
Tomato fruits (Lycopersium esculentum) have high dietary and nutritional qualities. Their
spoilage by fungi results in loss of economic resources as well as food poisoining. The fruits are
usually transported from areas of production to areas of consumption in locally woven baskets
and sacks under condition that encourage the growth of fungi, Therefore a good curative
measure has to be applied in order to have a good storage and quality tomato fruits. Good quality
tomato fruits. Good quality control measures must therefore be employed by the farmers,
marketers and consumers during the harvesting, transportation, handling and processing of the
fruit. Frequent inspection of the fruits for sale by food inspectors is recommended. This will go
along way in presenting the consumption of contaminated tomato fruits thereby reducing the
health hazards posed by the mycotoxins produced by these fungi isolated in this study
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