Week 2

Introduction to Internet of Things
Week 2
Presented By: Riya Tapwal

Under the supervision of
Prof. Sudip Misra
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
IIT Kharagpur Feb, 2024 1

Functionality-based IoT Protocol Organization
• Connectivity: Protocols which helps in establishing connections. (6LowPAN, RPL)

• Identification: Checks the identity of the user (using private key or password). (EPC, uCode, IPv6, URIs)
• Communication / Transport: (Protocols which helps in the communication of two devices) (WiFi,
Bluetooth, LPWAN)
• Discovery: Protocol suite for advertisement and discovery of network services (Physical Web, mDNS,
DNS-SD)
• Data Protocols: Enable devices to exchange information (MQTT, CoAP, AMQP, Websocket, Node)
• Device Management: A device can communicate updates about its location, diagnostic information, and
error codes by using the Device Management Protocol. (TR-069, OMA-DM)
• Semantic: Regulate the application-related aspects of the communicating IT systems (JSON-LD, Web
Thing Model)
• Multi-layer Frameworks: Protocols spread across various protocol stack layers (Alljoyn, IoTivity,
Weave, Homekit)
IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 2 2

MQTT
• Message Queue Telemetry Transport
• Publish-subscribe-based lightweight
messaging protocol
• Components:
• Publishers
• Subscribers
• Brokers

MQTT
Connect
Disconnect
Subscribe
Unsubscribe
Publish

MQTT Applications
• Facebook Messenger uses MQTT for online chat.
• Amazon Web Services use Amazon IoT with MQTT.
• Microsoft Azure IoT Hub uses MQTT as its main protocol

for telemetry messages.
• The EVRYTHNG IoT platform uses MQTT as an M2M

protocol for millions of connected products.
• Adafruit launched a free MQTT cloud service for IoT

experimenters called Adafruit IO
IIT Kharagpur Week 2

SMQTT
• Secure MQTT is an extension of MQTT which uses encryption based on lightweight attribute based
encryption.
• The main advantage of using such encryption is the broadcast encryption feature, in which one message
is encrypted and delivered to multiple other nodes, which is quite common in IoT applications.
• In general, the algorithm consists of four main stages: setup, encryption, publish and decryption

SMQTT
• In the setup phase, the subscribers and publishers register themselves to the broker and get a master
secret key according to their developer’s choice of key generation algorithm.
• When the data is published, it is encrypted and published by the broker which sends it to the subscribers,
which is finally decrypted at the subscriber end having the same master secret key.
• The key generation and encryption algorithms are not standardized.
• SMQTT is proposed only to enhance MQTT security features

CoAP
• CoAP
Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)
The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is a session layer protocol designed by IETF Constrained RESTful
Environment (CoRE) working group to provide lightweight RESTful (HTTP)
interface.
Representational State Transfer (REST) is the standard interface between HTTP client and servers.
Lightweight applications such as those in IoT, could result in significant overhead and power consumption by REST.
CoAP is designed to enable low-power sensors to use RESTful services while meeting their power constraints

CoAP Layers
• CoAP architecture is divided into two main sub-layers:

• Messaging
• Request/response.
• The messaging sub-layer is responsible for reliability and duplication of messages, while the request/response sub-layer
is responsible for communication.
• Data Protocol Message Types:

• Confirmable
• Non Confirmable
• Piggyback
• Separate

• CoAP: Cont…
Client Server Client Server
CON
Non Message
ACK
Confirmable Non Confirmable

• CoAP: Cont…
CON
CON
ACK
ACK+ Data
Wait
Data
ACK
Piggyback Separate

CoAP Features
• Reduced overheads and parsing complexity.
• URL and content-type support.
• Support for the discovery of resources provided by known CoAP services.
• Simple subscription for a resource, and resulting push notifications.
• Simple caching based on maximum message age

AMQP
Advanced Message Queuing Protocol.
Open standard for passing business messages

between applications or organizations.
Connects between systems and business processes.
It is a binary application layer protocol.
Basic unit of data is a frame

AMQP: Applications
● Monitoring and global update sharing.

● Connecting different systems and processes to talk to each other.
● Allowing servers to respond to immediate requests quickly and delegate time consuming tasks for later processing.
● Distributing a message to multiple recipients for consumption.
● Enabling offline clients to fetch data at a later time.
● Introducing fully asynchronous functionality for systems.
● Increasing reliability and uptime of application deployments.

XMPP
▪ XMPP – Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol.

▪ A communication protocol for message-oriented
middleware based on XML (Extensible Markup
Language).
▪ Real-time exchange of structured data.
▪ It is an open standard protocol.
▪ Decentralization – No central server; anyone can run
their own XMPP server.
▪ Open standards – No royalties or granted permissions
are required to implement these specifications
▪ Security – Authentication, encryption, etc.
▪ Flexibility – Supports interoperability

XMPP Weakness
▪ Does not support QoS.
▪ Text based communications induces higher network overheads.
▪ Binary data must be first encoded to base64 before transmission.

XMPP Applications
▪ Publish-subscribe systems
▪ Signalling for VoIP
▪ Video
▪ File transfer
▪ Gaming
▪ Internet of Things applications
▪ Smart grid
▪ Social networking services

Comparison
XMPP, MQTT, CoAP, and AMQP are all communication protocols, but they serve different purposes and have different characteristics. Here's a brief comparison of each:
1. XMPP (Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol):

○ Purpose: XMPP is primarily used for real-time messaging and presence information exchange.
○ Characteristics: It is based on XML and is highly extensible, supporting features like one-to-one and multi-user chat, presence notifications, and service discovery.
○ Typical Use Cases: Instant messaging applications, presence information systems, chatbots, collaborative platforms.
○ Advantages: Decentralized architecture, extensibility, support for real-time communication.
2. MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport):
○ Purpose: MQTT is a lightweight messaging protocol designed for constrained devices and low-bandwidth, high-latency or unreliable networks.
○ Characteristics: It uses a publish-subscribe messaging pattern and is optimized for minimal overhead and efficient data transmission. It supports Quality of
Service (QoS) levels for message delivery reliability.
○ Typical Use Cases: Internet of Things (IoT) applications, telemetry and sensor data collection, home automation, real-time monitoring and control systems.
○ Advantages: Lightweight, efficient, supports various QoS levels, suitable for resource-constrained devices.
3. CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol):
○ Purpose: CoAP is a specialized protocol designed for machine-to-machine communication in constrained environments, such as IoT devices and sensor networks.
○ Characteristics: It is RESTful and uses a client-server communication model, similar to HTTP, but with optimizations for constrained networks and devices. CoAP
supports features like request-response interactions, multicast communication, and resource discovery.
○ Typical Use Cases: IoT applications, smart energy systems, industrial automation, healthcare monitoring.
○ Advantages: Lightweight, designed for constrained environments, supports RESTful interactions, efficient resource usage.
4. AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol):
○ Purpose: AMQP is a messaging protocol designed for reliable, asynchronous communication between applications and services.
○ Characteristics: It provides features like message queuing, routing, and delivery guarantees, making it suitable for enterprise messaging and distributed systems.
AMQP supports both point-to-point and publish-subscribe messaging patterns.
○ Typical Use Cases: Enterprise messaging systems, financial services, cloud computing, distributed systems.
○ Advantages: Reliable message delivery, support for complex messaging patterns, interoperability between different messaging systems.
18
IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 2
IEEE 802.15.4
Well-known standard for low data-rate WPAN.
Developed for low-data-rate monitoring and

control applications and extended-life
low-power-consumption uses.
This standard uses only the first two layers (PHY,

MAC) plus the logical link control (LLC) and
service specific convergence sub-layer (SSCS)
additions to communicate with all upper layers.
Operates in the ISM band

Zigbee
Most widely deployed enhancement of IEEE 802.15.4.
The ZigBee protocol is defined by layer 3 and above. It works with the 802.15.4 layers 1 and 2.
The standard uses layers 3 and 4 to define additional communication enhancements.
These enhancements include authentication with valid nodes, encryption for security, and a data routing and forwarding
capability that enables mesh networking.
The most popular use of ZigBee is wireless sensor networks using the mesh topology

Zigbee Applications
● Building automation
● Remote control (RF4CE or RF for consumer electronics)
● Smart energy for home energy monitoring
● Health care for medical and fitness monitoring
● Home automation for control of smart homes
● Light Link for control of LED lighting
● Telecom services

6LoWPAN
• Low-power Wireless Personal Area Networks over IPv6.
• Allows for the smallest devices with limited processing ability to transmit information wirelessly using an Internet
protocol.
• Allows low-power devices to connect to the Internet.
• Allows IEEE 802.15.4 radios to carry 128-bit addresses of Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6).
• Header compression and address translation techniques allow the IEEE 802.15.4 radios to access the Internet.
• IPv6 packets compressed and reformatted to fit the IEEE 802.15.4 packet format.
• Uses include IoT, Smart grid, and M2M applications.

6LoWPAN
• Routing protocols in use:

LOADng
• RPL
LOADng Routing
• Derived from AODV and extended for use in IoT.

• Basic operations of LOADng include:
• Generation of Route Requests (RREQs) by a LOADng Router (originator)
for discovering a route to a destination,
• Forwarding of such RREQs until they reach the destination LOADng
Router,
• Generation of Route Replies (RREPs) upon receipt of an RREQ by the
indicated destination, and unicast hop-by-hop forwarding of these
RREPs towards the originator

6LoWPAN
If a route is detected to be broken, a Route Error (RERR) message is returned to the originator of that data packet to
inform the originator about the route breakage.
Optimized flooding is supported, reducing the overhead incurred by RREQ generation and flooding.
Only the destination is permitted to respond to an RREQ.
Intermediate LOADng Routers are explicitly prohibited from responding to RREQs, even if they may have active routes to
the sought destination.
RREQ/RREP messages generated by a given LOADng Router share a single unique, monotonically increasing sequence
number

RPL
Distance Vector IPv6 routing protocol for lossy and low power networks.
Maintains routing topology using low rate beaconing.
Beaconing rate increases on detecting inconsistencies (e.g. node/link in a route is down).
Routing information included in the datagram itself.
Proactive: Maintaining routing topology.
Reactive: Resolving routing inconsistencies
RPL separates packet processing and forwarding from the routing optimization objective, which helps in Low power
Lossy Networks (LLN).
RPL supports message confidentiality and integrity.
Supports Data-Path Validation and Loop Detection
Routing optimization objectives include
minimizing energy
minimizing latency
satisfying constraints (w.r.t node power, bandwidth, etc.)
RPL operations require bidirectional links.
In some LLN scenarios, those links may exhibit asymmetric properties.
It is required that the reachability of a router be verified before the router can be used as a parent

RFID
 RFID is an acronym for “radio-frequency identification”

 Data digitally encoded in RFID tags, which can be read by a
reader.
 Somewhat similar to barcodes.
 Data read from tags are stored in a database by the reader.
 As compared to traditional barcodes and QR codes, RFID tag
data can be read outside the line-of-sight.
 RFID tag consists of an integrated circuit and an antenna.
 The tag is covered by a protective material which also acts as
a shield against various environmental effects.
 Tags may be passive or active.
 Passive RFID tags are the most widely used.
 Passive tags have to be powered by a reader inductively
before they can transmit information, whereas active tags have
their own power supply

RFID
 Inventory management
 Asset tracking
 Personnel tracking
 Controlling access to restricted areas
 ID badging
 Supply chain management
 Counterfeit prevention (e.g. in the pharmaceutical industry)

Question No: 1
• Which of the following is NOT a data and communication protocol?
a. MQTT
b. AMQP
c. Websocket
d. Alljoyn

Question No: 1
• Functionality-based IoT Protocol Organization
• Connectivity: Protocols which helps in establishing connections. (6LowPAN, RPL)

• Identification: Checks the identity of the user (using private key or password). (EPC, uCode, IPv6, URIs)
• Communication / Transport: (Protocols which helps in the communication of two devices) (WiFi,
Bluetooth, LPWAN)
• Discovery: Protocol suite for advertisement and discovery of network services (Physical Web, mDNS,
DNS-SD)
• Data Protocols: Enable devices to exchange information (MQTT, CoAP, AMQP, Websocket, Node)
• Device Management: A device can communicate updates about its location, diagnostic information, and
error codes by using the Device Management Protocol. (TR-069, OMA-DM)
• Semantic: Regulate the application-related aspects of the communicating IT systems (JSON-LD, Web
Thing Model)
Question No: 1
• Which of the following is NOT a data and communication protocol?
a. MQTT
b. AMQP
c. Websocket
d.
Alljoyn

Question No: 2
• Which of the following AMQP frame type is used to inform the changes in state of transfer?
a. Flow
b. Disposition
c. Transfer
d. State

Question No: 2
AMQP: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol
Data Protocol
Types of frames
▪ Open (connection open)

▪ Begin (session open)
▪ Attach (initiate new link)
▪ Transfer (for sending actual messages)
▪ Flow (controls message flow rate)
▪ Disposition (Informs the changes in state of transfer)
▪ Detach (terminate the link)
▪ End (session close)
▪ Close (connection close

Question No: 2
• Which of the following AMQP frame type is used to inform the changes in state of
transfer?
a. Flow
b. Disposition
c. Transfer
d. State

Question No: 3
• Which of the following is NOT a messaging mode of CoAP?
a. Separate
b. Pager
c. Piggyback
d. Confirmable

Question No: 3
• CoAP
Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)

Data Protocol
Message Types:
• Confirmable
• Non Confirmable
• Piggyback
• Separate

Question No: 3
• CoAP: Cont…
CON
Non Message
ACK
Confirmable Non Confirmable

Question No: 3
• CoAP: Cont…
CON
CON
ACK
ACK+ Data
Wait
Data
ACK
Piggyback Separate

Question No: 3
• Which of the following is NOT a messaging mode of CoAP?
a. Separate
b. Pager
c. Piggyback
d. Confirmable

Question No: 4
• The Zigbee Component “APS” stands for .
a. Application Support Sub-layer

b. Application Protocol Support
c. Application Policy Support
d. Application Protocol Sub-layer

Question No: 4
APS: Application Support Sub-layer
• Interfacing and control services

• Bridge between network and other layers

Question No: 4
• The Zigbee Component “APS” stands for .
a. Application Support Sub-layer

b. Application Protocol Support
c. Application Policy Support
d. Application Protocol Sub-layer

Question No: 5
• Does IEEE 802.15.4 support IPv6 multicast?
a. Yes
b. No

Question No: 5
• Does IEEE 802.15.4 support IPv6 multicast?
a. Yes
b. No

Question No: 6
• In MQTT, a subscribes to a topic.
a. client
b. broker
c. publisher
d. All of the above

Question No: 6
SUBSCRIBER
PUBLISH
PUBLISH
PUBLISHER SUBSCRIBE
BROKER
PUBLISH
SUBSCRIBE SUBSCRIBER

Question No: 6
• In MQTT, a subscribes to a topic.
a. client
b. broker
c. publisher
d. All of the above

Question No: 7
• Which of the following is a characteristic of XMPP protocol?
a. No interoperability
b. Closed standards
c. No central server
d. All of the above

Question No: 7
XMPP
▪ XMPP – Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol.

▪ A communication protocol for message-oriented middleware based on XML (Extensible Markup Language).
▪ Real-time exchange of structured data.
▪ It is an open standard protocol.
▪ Decentralization – No central server; anyone can run their own XMPP server.
▪ Open standards – No royalties or granted permissions are required to implement these specifications
▪ Security – Authentication, encryption, etc.
▪ Flexibility – Supports interoperability

Question No: 7
• Which of the following is a characteristic of XMPP protocol?
a. No interoperability
b. Closed standards
c. No central server
d. All of the above

Question No: 8
• Which of the following protocol has a component named “bindings”?
a. XMPP
b. AMQP
c. CoAP
d. None of the above

Question No: 8
• AMQP Components
Exchange
•Part of Broker
• Receives messages and routes them to Queues
Queue
•Consumers receive messages from queues
• Separate queues for separate business processes
Bindings
Rules for distributing messages (who can access what message, destination of the message)

Question No: 8
• Which of the following protocol has a component named “bindings”?
a. XMPP
b.
c. CoAP
AMQP
d. None of the above

Question No: 9
• Is CoAP RESTful?
a. Yes
b. No

Question No: 9
• Is CoAP RESTful?
a. Yes
b. No

Question No: 10
• RPL routing is based upon routing protocol.
a. Enhanced Interior Gateway

b. Interior Gateway
c. Open Shortest Path First
d. Distance vector IPv6

Question No: 10
• RPL routing
• Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks
• Proactive protocol
• IPV6 Distance vector

Question No: 10
• RPL routing is based upon routing protocol.
a. Enhanced Interior Gateway

b. Interior Gateway
c. Open Shortest Path First
d. Distance vector IPv6

Question No: 11
Which of the following protocol is used to implement device management for mobile devices?
a. OMA-DM
b. Websocket
c. Alljoyn
d. DNS-SD

Question No: 11
a. OMA-DM
b. Websocket
c. Alljoyn
d. DNS-SD
OMA-DM is a protocol specified by the Open Mobile Alliance and is often used in the context of complex structured
mobile solutions. It is often preferred by service providers to implement device management for mobile devices.

Question No: 12
In LOADng, can intermediate routers respond to Route Requests (RREQs)?
a. Yes, in any case
b. Yes, only when RREQ flooding occurs
c. Yes, only if they have active routes to the sought destination
d. No

Question No: 12
a. Yes, in any case
d. No
Intermediate LOADng Routers are explicitly prohibited from responding to RREQs, even if they may have active
routes to the sought destination.

Question No: 13
Which of the following functions as the network bridge in IEEE 802.15.4 network?
a. PAN Coordinator
b. Router
c. Device
d. None of these

Question No: 13
Which of the following functions as the network bridge in IEEE 802.15.4 network?
a. PAN Coordinator
b. Router
c. Device
d. None of these
Every IEEE 802.15.4 network has a minimum of one coordinator device type who acts as the root; it also functions as
the network bridge. The coordinator performs data handling and storing operations.

Question No: 14
Which of the following allow communication between Zigbee and no-Zigbee devices?
a. layer-5 application-level bridge
b. layer-7 application-level gateway
c. layer-7 application-level bridge
d. layer-5 application-level gateway

Question No: 14
Which of the following allow communication between Zigbee and no-Zigbee devices?
a. layer-5 application-level bridge
b. layer-7 application-level gateway
c. layer-7 application-level bridge
d. layer-5 application-level gateway
In order to enable communication between Zigbee and no-Zigbee devices, a layer-7 application-level gateway has to
be created, which is quite complex.

Question No: 15
Statement I: RFIDs are radio-frequency-based.
Statement II: RFID devices can act as both readers as well as tags.
Which one of the following is correct?
a. Statement I is true but Statement II is false
b. Statement I is false but Statement II is true
c. Both the statements are true
d. Both the statements are false

Question No: 15
Statement I: RFIDs are radio-frequency-based.
Statement II: RFID devices can act as both readers as well as tags.
Which one of the following is correct?
a. Statement I is true but Statement II is false
b. Statement I is false but Statement II is true
c. Both the statements are true
d. Both the statements are false
RFIDs are primarily radio-frequency-based, which can work even when they are not visible. These devices can’t act as
both readers as well as tags.

Question No: 16
In AMQP, which of the following functionality defines its component “exchange”?
a. linkage between various queues
b. receives messages from various queues
c. defines rules for message routing to various queues
d. routing the messages to various queues

Question No: 16
In AMQP, which of the following functionality defines its component “exchange”?
a. linkage between various queues
b. receives messages from various queues
c. defines rules for message routing to various queues
d. routing the messages to various queues
Messages are not posted directly in the queue; rather, the user sends messages to the exchange. An exchange is
responsible for routing the messages to the various queues.

Question No: 17
Which of the following is designed to have low overhead and better scalability in terms of dense networks?
a. LOADng
b. RPL
c. Both LOADng and RPL
d. AODV

Question No: 17
Which of the following is designed to have low overhead and better scalability in terms of dense networks?
a. LOADng
b. RPL
c. Both LOADng and RPL
d. AODV
RPL is designed to have low overhead and better scalability in terms of dense networks.

Question No: 18
Which of the following AMQP frame type controls the message flow rate?
a. Transfer
b. Flow
c. Control
d. Disposition

Question No: 18
Which of the following AMQP frame type controls the message flow rate?
a. Transfer
b. Flow
c. Control
d. Disposition
“Flow” frame type controls the message flow rate.

Question No: 19
Does 6LoWPAN allow interoperability between IEEE802.15.4-based wireless devices and other IP-based devices?
a. Yes
b. No

Question No: 19
Does 6LoWPAN allow interoperability between IEEE802.15.4-based wireless devices and other IP-based devices?
a. Yes
b. No
6LoWPAN allows interoperability between IEEE802.15.4-based wireless devices, as well as other IP-based devices.
6LoWPAN simply uses a bridge to enable communication between other devices.

Question No: 20
Does MQTT support event-driven architecture?
a. Yes
b. No

Question No: 20
a. Yes
b. No
MQTT protocol uses a publish/subscribe architecture.

Publish/subscribe is event-driven and enables messages to be pushed to clients.

Question No: 21
Which of the following is the acronym for “Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol”?
a. EMPP
b. XMLP
c. XMPP
d. XMP

Question No: 21
a. EMPP
b. XMLP
c. XMPP
d. XMP

Question No: 22
An IoT network requires communication mechanism, which is capable of synchronous as well as asynchronous
communication. The mechanism should support both request-response, as well as publish-subscribe models. Which of
the following protocol would be best suited for such a mechanism?
a. AMQP
b. CoAP
c. MQTT
d. None of these

Question No: 22
communication. The mechanism should support both request-response, as well as publish-subscribe models. Which of
the following protocol would be best suited for such a mechanism?
a. AMQP
b. CoAP
c. MQTT
d. None of these
CoAP is capable of synchronous as well as asynchronous communication. It supports both request-response as well as
publish-subscribe models.

Question No: 23
Which of the following technique is used to transmit data frames in Beacon-enabled IEEE 802.15.4 networks?
a. unslotted CSMA/CA
b. slotted CSMA/CA
c. unslotted CSMA/CD
d. slotted CSMA/CD

Question No: 23
b. slotted CSMA/CA
d. slotted CSMA/CD
The periodic transmission of beacon messages characterizes beacon enabled networks. Here, the data frames are sent
via slotted CSMA/CA with a super-frame structure managed by a personal area network (PAN) coordinator.

Question No: 24
What is the maximum size of hop limit in 6LoWPAN packet format?
a. 8-bit unsigned integer
b. 16-bit unsigned integer
c. 8-bit signed integer
d. 16-bit signed integer

Question No: 24
Hop limit in 6LoWPAN packet format allows up to 8-bit unsigned integer. Decremented by 1 by each node that
forwards the packet. The packet is discarded if Hop Limit is decremented to zero.

Question No: 25
In the context of XMPP, which of the following correctly defines BOSH?
a. XML streaming
b. HTTP binding
c. Both XML streaming and HTTP binding
d. Binary encoding

Question No: 25
a. XML streaming
b. HTTP binding
d. Binary encoding

Question No: 26
a. OMA-DM
b. Websocket
c. Alljoyn
d. DNS-SD

Question No: 26
a. OMA-DM
b. Websocket
c. Alljoyn
d. DNS-SD

Question No: 27
a. Yes, in any case
d. No

Question No: 27
a. Yes, in any case
d. No

Question No: 28
Statement I – The messaging sub-layer of CoAP, is responsible for reliability and duplication of messages.
Statement II – The request/response sub-layer is responsible for communication.
Which of the above statement/statements is/are correct?
a. Only Statement I
b. Only Statement II
c. Both Statement I and II
d. Statement I Correct but Statement II Incorrect

Question No: 28
Statement I – The messaging sub-layer of CoAP, is responsible for reliability and duplication of messages.
Statement II – The request/response sub-layer is responsible for communication.
Which of the above statement/statements is/are correct?
a. Only Statement I
b. Only Statement II
d. Statement I Correct but Statement II Incorrect

Question No: 29
Which of the following is a messaging mode in CoAP?
a. Append
b. Substitute
c. Attempt
d. Separate

Question No: 29
Which of the following is a messaging mode in CoAP?
a. Append
b. Substitute
c. Attempt
d. Separate

Question No: 30
Which of the following provides for the discovery of services residing locally or across a network?
a. Internet
b. SMQTT
c. XMPP
d. CoAP

Question No: 30
Which of the following provides for the discovery of services residing locally or across a network?
a. Internet
b. SMQTT
c. XMPP
d. CoAP

Question No: 31
AMQP is a protocol of which layer?
a. Transport Layer
b. Application Layer
c. Network Layer
d. Session Layer

Question No: 31
AMQP is a protocol of which layer?
a. Transport Layer
b. Application Layer
c. Network Layer
d. Session Layer

Question No: 32
Which of the following is NOT a feature of the AMQP protocol?
a. Closed Standard
b. Security
c. Reliability
d. Routing

Question No: 32
Which of the following is NOT a feature of the AMQP protocol?
a. Closed Standard
b. Security
c. Reliability
d. Routing

Question No: 33
There are a total of _________ number of AMQP frame types are defined that are used to initiate, control, and tear
down the transfer of messages between two peers.
a. Seven
b. Eight
c. Nine
d. None of these

Question No: 33
There are a total of _________ number of AMQP frame types are defined that are used to initiate, control, and tear
down the transfer of messages between two peers.
a. Seven
b. Eight
c. Nine
d. None of these

Question No: 34
The function/functions of the Queue component of the AMQP protocol is/are -
a. Receive messages and route them to queues
b. Separate queues for separate business process
c. Consumer receive messages from queues
d. Both (b) and (c)

Question No: 34
The function/functions of the Queue component of the AMQP protocol is/are -
a. Receive messages and route them to queues
d. Both (b) and (c)

Question No: 35
a. XML streaming
b. HTTP binding
d. Binary encoding

Question No: 35
a. XML streaming
b. HTTP binding
d. Binary encoding

Question No: 36
a. Yes
b. No

Question No: 36
a. Yes
b. No

Question No: 37
a. EMPP
b. XMLP
c. XMPP
d. XMP

Question No: 37
a. EMPP
b. XMLP
c. XMPP
d. XMP

Question No: 38
communication. The mechanism should support both request-response, as well as publish-subscribe models. Which
of the following protocol would be best suited for such a mechanism?
a. AMQP
b. CoAP
c. MQTT

Question No: 38
communication. The mechanism should support both request-response, as well as publish-subscribe models. Which
of the following protocol would be best suited for such a mechanism?
a. AMQP
b. CoAP
c. MQTT

Question No: 39
b. slotted CSMA/CA
d. slotted CSMA/CD

Question No: 39
b. slotted CSMA/CA
d. slotted CSMA/CD

Question No: 40

Question No: 40

Question No: 41
Which of the following is based on the publish-subscribe model?
a. MQTT
b. HTTP
c. HTTPS
d. All of these

Question No: 41
a. MQTT
b. HTTP
c. HTTPS
d. All of these

Question No: 41
a. MQTT
b. HTTP
c. HTTPS
d. All of these

Question No: 42
In MQTT, a topic to which a client is subscribed is updated in the form of messages and distributed by the _______?
a. Publishers
b. Message Broker
c. Subscribers
d. All of these

Question No: 42
In MQTT, a topic to which a client is subscribed is updated in the form of messages and distributed by the _______?
a. Publishers
b. Message Broker
c. Subscribers
d. All of these

Question No: 43
Which of the following is used when more than one level needs to be subscribed, such as the entire sub-tree, i.e., a
multilevel wildcard?
a. +
b. #
c. \
d. None of these

Question No: 43
Which of the following is used when more than one level needs to be subscribed, such as the entire sub-tree, i.e., a
multilevel wildcard?
a. +
b. #
c. \
d. None of these

Question No: 44
The CoAP protocol is designed for -.
a. Heavy Web Application
b. Publish-Subscribe Applications
c. Machine-to-Machine (M2M) applications
d. Both (a) and (b)

Question No: 44
The CoAP protocol is designed for -.
a. Heavy Web Application
b. Publish-Subscribe Applications
c. Machine-to-Machine (M2M) applications
d. Both (a) and (b)

Question No: 45
Which of the following statements is/are false?
Statement – I: IEEE 802.15.4 is a well-known standard for low data-rate Wireless
Personal Area Network (WPAN).
Statement – II: IEEE 802.15.4 standard operates in the ISM band.
a. Statement - II
b. Statement - I
d. None of these

Question No: 45
Which of the following statements is/are false?
Statement – I: IEEE 802.15.4 is a well-known standard for low data-rate Wireless
Personal Area Network (WPAN).
Statement – II: IEEE 802.15.4 standard operates in the ISM band.
a. Statement - II
b. Statement - I
d. None of these

Question No: 46
The IEEE 802.15.4 establishes functionalities in which layers?
a. Application and Session Layers
b. Transport and Data Link Layers
c. Network and Session Layers
d. Physical and Data Link Layers

Question No: 46
The IEEE 802.15.4 establishes functionalities in which layers?
a. Application and Session Layers
b. Transport and Data Link Layers
c. Network and Session Layers
d. Physical and Data Link Layers

Question No: 47
State whether the following statement is True or False.
Statement: Similar to traditional barcodes and QR codes, RFID tag data cannot be read outside the line-of-sight.
a. False
b. True

Question No: 47
Statement: Similar to traditional barcodes and QR codes, RFID tag data cannot be read outside the line-of-sight.
a. False
b. True

Question No: 48
The full form of MQTT is
a. Message Queue Telemetry Transport
b. Message Query Telemetry Transport
c. Message Queue Telemedicine Transport
d. None of these

Question No: 48
The full form of MQTT is
a. Message Queue Telemetry Transport
b. Message Query Telemetry Transport
c. Message Queue Telemedicine Transport
d. None of these

Question No: 49
In MQTT, a ________________ controls the publish-subscribe messaging pattern.
a. Publishers
b. Message Broker
c. Subscribers
d. All of these

Question No: 49
In MQTT, a ________________ controls the publish-subscribe messaging pattern.
a. Publishers
b. Message Broker
c. Subscribers
d. All of these

Question No: 50
Which of the following is NOT a component of MQTT?
a. Publishers
b. Users
c. Brokers
d. None of these

Question No: 50
Which of the following is NOT a component of MQTT?
a. Publishers
b. Users
c. Brokers
d. None of these

Question No: 51
______________ is an extension of MQTT which uses lightweight attribute based encryption. It has ___________
main stages.
a. SMQTT, three
b. BMQTT, three
c. SMQTT, four
d. None of these

Question No: 51
______________ is an extension of MQTT which uses lightweight attribute based encryption. It has ___________
main stages.
a. SMQTT, three
b. BMQTT, three
c. SMQTT, four
d. None of these

Question No: 52
Which of the following is based on Request-Response model between end-points?
a. MQTT
b. CoAP
c. Both (a) and (b)
d. Neither (a) nor (b)

Question No: 52
Which of the following is based on Request-Response model between end-points?
a. MQTT
b. CoAP
c. Both (a) and (b)

Question No: 53
The two sub-layers of CoAP are -
a. Messaging and Holding
b. Messaging and Backoff
c. Messaging and Teardown
d. Messaging and Request/response

Question No: 53
The two sub-layers of CoAP are -
a. Messaging and Holding
b. Messaging and Backoff
c. Messaging and Teardown
d. Messaging and Request/response

Question No: 54
Which of the followingis used for real-time exchange of structured data?
a. MQTT
b. SMQTT
c. XMPP
d. CoAP

Question No: 54
Which of the following is used for real-time exchange of structured data?
a. MQTT
b. SMQTT
c. XMPP
d. CoAP

Question No: 55
XMPP uses the ________________ architecture.
a. Publish-subscribe
b. Client-server
c. Both (a) and (b)

Question No: 55
XMPP uses the ________________ architecture.
a. Publish-subscribe
b. Client-server
c. Both (a) and (b)

Question No: 56
Which of the following message delivery guarantees allow each message to be delivered certainly but also may be
delivered multiple times.
a. At-least-once
b. At-most-once
c. Exactly-once
d. Both (a) and (b)

Question No: 56
Which of the following message delivery guarantees allow each message to be delivered certainly but also may be
delivered multiple times.
a. At-least-once
b. At-most-once
c. Exactly-once
d. Both (a) and (b)

Question No: 57
Which of the following is/are NOT an AMQP frame type?
a. Open
b. Close
c. End
d. None of these

Question No: 57
Which of the following is/are NOT an AMQP frame type?
a. Open
b. Close
c. End
d. None of these

Question No: 58
Which of the following is/are NOT the function/functions of the Bindings component of
the AMQP protocol?
a. Receives messages and routes them to queues
d. All of these

Question No: 58
Which of the following is/are NOT the function/functions of the Bindings component of
the AMQP protocol?
a. Receives messages and routes them to queues
d. All of these

Question No: 59
Which of the following is/are NOT exchange types in AMQP?
a. Direct
b. Indirect
c. Fan-out
d. Topic

Question No: 59
Which of the following is/are NOT exchange types in AMQP?
a. Direct
b. Indirect
c. Fan-out
d. Topic

Question No: 60
Statement: The IEEE 802.15.4 is a well-known standard for low data-rate Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN).
a. True
b. False

Question No: 60
Statement: The IEEE 802.15.4 is a well-known standard for low data-rate Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN).
a. True
b. False

Question No: 61
The networking topologies supported in the IEEE 802.15.4 are -
a. Only Star
b. Star and Mesh
c. Only Mesh
d. None of these

Question No: 61
The networking topologies supported in the IEEE 802.15.4 are -
a. Only Star
b. Star and Mesh
c. Only Mesh
d. None of these

Question No: 62
Statement: Periodic transmission of beacon messages does not occur in beacon enabled networks (IEEE 802.15.4).
a. False
b. True

Question No: 62
Statement: Periodic transmission of beacon messages does not occur in beacon enabled networks (IEEE 802.15.4).
a. False
b. True

Thank
You
IIT Kharagpur Week 2 163

Week 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Week 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introduction to Internet of Things

Presented By: Riya Tapwal

Prof. Sudip Misra

Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India

IIT Kharagpur Feb, 2024 1

• Connectivity: Protocols which helps in establishing connections. (6LowPAN, RPL)

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 2 2

• Message Queue Telemetry Transport

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 2 3

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 2 4

• Facebook Messenger uses MQTT for online chat.

• Amazon Web Services use Amazon IoT with MQTT.

• Microsoft Azure IoT Hub uses MQTT as its main protocol

• The EVRYTHNG IoT platform uses MQTT as an M2M

• Adafruit launched a free MQTT cloud service for IoT

IIT Kharagpur Week 2

IIT Kharagpur Week 2

• The key generation and encryption algorithms are not standardized.

• SMQTT is proposed only to enhance MQTT security features

IIT Kharagpur Week 2

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 2 8

• CoAP architecture is divided into two main sub-layers:

• Data Protocol Message Types:

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 2 9

Client Server Client Server

Confirmable Non Confirmable

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 2 10

Client Server Client Server

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 2 11

• Reduced overheads and parsing complexity.

• URL and content-type support.

• Support for the discovery of resources provided by known CoAP services.

• Simple subscription for a resource, and resulting push notifications.

• Simple caching based on maximum message age

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 2 12

Advanced Message Queuing Protocol.

Open standard for passing business messages

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 2 13

● Monitoring and global update sharing.

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 2 14

▪ XMPP – Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol.

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 2 15

▪ Does not support QoS.

▪ Text based communications induces higher network overheads.

▪ Binary data must be first encoded to base64 before transmission.

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 2 16

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 2 17

1. XMPP (Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol):

Developed for low-data-rate monitoring and

This standard uses only the first two layers (PHY,

Operates in the ISM band

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 2 19

The standard uses layers 3 and 4 to define additional communication enhancements.

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 2 20

● Remote control (RF4CE or RF for consumer electronics)

● Smart energy for home energy monitoring

● Health care for medical and fitness monitoring

● Home automation for control of smart homes

● Light Link for control of LED lighting

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 2 21

• Low-power Wireless Personal Area Networks over IPv6.

• Allows low-power devices to connect to the Internet.

• Uses include IoT, Smart grid, and M2M applications.