‭A.

P‭‬‭‬Reviewer‬

‭ konomiks‭‬‭‬-‬‭isang‭‬‭‬agham‭‬‭‬panlipunan‭‬‭‬na‭‬‭‬layuning‭‬‭‬pag-aralan‭‬‭‬ang‭‬‭‬mga‭‬‭‬pagkilos,‬
E
‭pagsisikap‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬mga‭‬‭‬tao,‭‬‭‬at‭‬‭‬mga‭‬‭‬paraan‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬paggamit‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬mga‭‬‭‬limitadong‭‬‭‬pinagkukunang‬
‭yaman‭‬‭‬upang‭‬‭‬matugunan‭‬‭‬ang‭‬‭‬walang‭‬‭‬katapusang‭‬‭‬pangangailangan‭‬‭‬at‭‬‭‬kagustuhan‭‬‭‬sa‬
‭buhay.‬

‭Mula‭‬‭‬sa‭‬‭‬salitang‭‬‭‬Griyego;‬

‭OIKOS‬‭-‭‬‭‬Bahay‭‬‭‬o‭‬‭‬Tahanan‬ ‭NOMOS‬‭-‭‬‭‬Pamamahala‬

‭Ekonomiya‬

‭‬ p
● ‭ uhunan‭‬‭‬at‭‬‭‬pinagkukunang‭‬‭‬lupain‭‬‭‬o‭‬‭‬yaman.‬
‭●‬ ‭may‭‬‭‬kinalaman‭‬‭‬sa‭‬‭‬produksiyon‭‬‭‬at‭‬‭‬distribusyon‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬bansa.‬

‭DIBISYON‭‬‭‬NG‭‬‭‬EKONOMIKS‬

‭‬ M
● ‭ aykroekonomiks‬
‭-‬ ‭desisyong‭‬‭‬binubuo‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬bawat‭‬‭‬sambahayan‭‬‭‬at‭‬‭‬bawat‭‬‭‬bahay-kalakal‬
‭-‬ ‭sinusuri‭‬‭‬ang‭‬‭‬bawat‭‬‭‬negosyo‭‬‭‬at‭‬‭‬konsumer‬
‭●‬ ‭Makroekonomiks‬
-‭ ‬ t‭umutukoy‭‬‭‬sa‭‬‭‬kabuuan‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬ekonomiya‬
‭-‬ ‭tinatalakay‭‬‭‬ang‭‬‭‬kabuuang‭‬‭‬salik‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬produksyon‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬bansa‭‬‭‬at‭‬‭‬maging‭‬‭‬ang‭‬‭‬pambansang‬
‭kita.‬

‭PRINSIPYONG‭‬‭‬NAKAKAAPEKTO‭‬‭‬SA‭‬‭‬PAGPAPASYA‭‬‭‬NG‭‬‭‬TAO‬

‭ .‬ T
1 ‭ rade-Off‬‭-‭‬‭‬sa‭‬‭‬pagpili‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬isa,‭‬‭‬may‭‬‭‬isasakripisyong‬‭iba.‬
‭2.‬ ‭Opportunity‭‬‭‬Cost‬‭-‭‬‭‬alternatibong‭‬‭‬isinuko‭‬‭‬mo‭‬‭‬sa‭‬‭‬iyong‬‭pagpili‭‬‭‬at‭‬‭‬pakinabang‭‬‭‬na‬
‭tinalikdan‭‬‭‬mo‭‬‭‬sa‭‬‭‬iyong‭‬‭‬sarili.‭‬‭‬(potential‭‬‭‬benefits‭‬‭‬misses‭‬‭‬out‭‬‭‬bcos‭‬‭‬of‭‬‭‬ur‭‬‭‬choice)‬
‭3.‬ ‭Marginalism‬‭-‭‬‭‬karagdagang‭‬‭‬benepisyo‭‬‭‬(benefits)‭‬‭‬at‬‭kabawasan‭‬‭‬sa‭‬‭‬sakripisyo‭‬‭‬(cost)‭‬‭‬sa‬
‭gagawing‭‬‭‬desisyon.‬
‭4.‬ ‭Incentives‬‭-‭‬‭‬tumutugon‭‬‭‬ang‭‬‭‬tao‭‬‭‬batay‭‬‭‬sa‭‬‭‬gantimpalang‬‭makukuha‭‬‭‬o‭‬‭‬parusang‬
‭matatamo.‬

‭Pagpili‭‬‭‬at‭‬‭‬Pagdedesisyon‬

‭1.‬ S ‭ ocial‭‬‭‬Choice‬‭-‭‬‭‬sama-samang‭‬‭‬pagpapasya‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬mga‭‬‭‬indibidwal,‭‬‭‬pangkat,‭‬‭‬organisasyon,‬
‭at‭‬‭‬pamahalaan.‬
‭2.‬ ‭Economic‭‬‭‬Choice‬‭-‭‬‭‬Ang‭‬‭‬pagpipili‭‬‭‬at‭‬‭‬pagdedesisyon‭‬‭‬na‭‬‭‬ginagawa‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬indibidwal‭‬‭‬at‬
‭pamahalaan.‬
‭3.‬ ‭Opportunity‭‬‭‬Choice‬‭-‭‬‭‬sakripisyo‭‬‭‬sa‭‬‭‬halaga‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬isang‭‬‭‬bagay‭‬‭‬upang‭‬ ‭‬bigyang‭‬‭‬daan‭‬‭‬ang‬
‭mas‭‬‭‬makabuluhang‭‬‭‬paggamit‭‬‭‬dito.‬

➢
‭ ‬E ‭ conomics‭‬‭‬Goods‬‭-‭‬‭‬lahat‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬bagay‭‬‭‬ay‭‬‭‬may‭‬‭‬halaga‭‬‭‬at‬‭presyo‬
‭➢‬ ‭Free‭‬‭‬Goods‬‭-‭‬‭‬bagay‭‬‭‬na‭‬‭‬walang‭‬‭‬halaga/presyo‬
‭Ekonomista‭‬‭‬at‭‬‭‬Pilosopo‬

‭1.‬ ‭Adam‭‬‭‬Smith‬
-‭ ‬ ‭ inikilalang‬‭Ama‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬Makabagong‭‬‭‬Ekonomiks‬
K
‭-‬ ‭Ang‬‭doktrinang‭‬‭‬laissez-faire‭‬‭‬o‭‬‭‬Let‭‬‭‬Alone‭‬‭‬Policy‬‭ang‭‬‭‬nagpapaliwanag‭‬‭‬na‭‬‭‬hindi‬
‭dapat‭‬‭‬makialam‭‬‭‬ang‭‬‭‬pamahalaan‭‬‭‬sa‭‬‭‬pagpapatakbo‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬ekonomiya‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬pribadong‬
‭skto;‭‬‭‬sa‭‬‭‬halip,‭‬‭‬kailangan‭‬‭‬pagtuunan‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬pansin‭‬‭‬ang‭‬‭‬pamahalaan‭‬‭‬ang‬
‭pagpapanatili‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬kapayapaan‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬bansa‬
‭-‬ ‭espesyalisasyon‬ ‭-‭‬‭‬paghati‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬mga‭‬‭‬gawain‭‬‭‬ayon‭‬‭‬sa‭‬‭‬kapasidad‬‭at‭‬‭‬kakayahan‭‬‭‬sa‬
‭paggawa.‬
‭-‬ ‭isinulat‭‬‭‬nya‭‬‭‬ang‭‬‭‬aklat‭‬‭‬na‬‭An‭‬‭‬Inquiry‭‬‭‬into‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬Nature‬‭and‭‬‭‬Causes‭‬‭‬of‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬Wealth‭‬‭‬of‬
‭Nations‬
‭2.‬ ‭Thomas‭‬‭‬Robert‭‬‭‬Malthus‬
-‭ ‬ ‭ inigyang‭‬‭‬diin‭‬‭‬niya‭‬‭‬ang‭‬‭‬mga‭‬‭‬epekto‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬mabilis‭‬‭‬na‭‬‭‬paglaki‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬populasyon‬
b
‭-‬ ‭Malthusian‭‬‭‬Theory‬‭-‭‬‭‬ang‭‬‭‬populasyon‭‬‭‬ay‭‬‭‬mas‭‬‭‬mabilis‬‭lumaki‭‬‭‬kaysa‭‬‭‬sa‭‬‭‬supply‭‬‭‬ng‬
‭pagkain‬
‭3.‬ ‭David‭‬‭‬Ricardo‬
‭-‬ ‭ aw‭‬‭‬of‭‬‭‬Diminishing‭‬‭‬Marginal‭‬‭‬Returns‬‭-‭‬‭‬sa‭‬‭‬patuloy‭‬‭‬na‭‬‭‬paggamit‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬tao‭‬‭‬sa‭‬‭‬mga‬
L
‭likas‭‬‭‬na‭‬‭‬yaman‭‬‭‬ay‭‬‭‬nagiging‭‬‭‬maliit‭‬‭‬ang‭‬‭‬nakukuha‭‬‭‬mula‭‬‭‬sa‭‬‭‬mga‭‬‭‬ito‬
‭-‬ ‭Law‭‬‭‬of‭‬‭‬Comparative‭‬‭‬Advantage‬‭-‭‬‭‬prinsipyong‭‬‭‬nagsasaad‬‭na‭‬‭‬mas‭‬‭‬nakakalamang‬
‭ang‭‬‭‬mga‭‬‭‬bansa‭‬‭‬na‭‬‭‬nakakagawa‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬produkto‭‬‭‬sa‭‬‭‬mas‭‬‭‬mababang‭‬‭‬halaga‬
‭(production‭‬‭‬cost)‭‬‭‬kompara‭‬‭‬sa‭‬‭‬ibang‭‬‭‬bansa.‬
‭4.‬ ‭John‭‬‭‬Maynard‭‬‭‬Keynes‬
-‭ ‬ ‭ inikilala‭‬‭‬bilang‬‭Father‭‬‭‬of‭‬‭‬Modern‭‬‭‬Theory‭‬‭‬of‭‬‭‬Employment‬
K
‭-‬ ‭Ang‭‬‭‬pamahalaan‭‬‭‬ang‭‬‭‬may‭‬‭‬mas‭‬‭‬malaking‭‬‭‬gampanin‭‬‭‬sa‭‬‭‬pagpapanatili‭‬‭‬ng‬
‭katatagan‭‬‭‬at‭‬‭‬balanse‭‬‭‬sa‭‬‭‬ekonomiya‭‬‭‬sa‭‬‭‬pamamagitan‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬paggastos‭‬‭‬nito.‬
‭-‬ ‭Isinulat‭‬‭‬ang‭‬‭‬aklat‭‬‭‬na‬‭General‭‬‭‬Theory‭‬‭‬of‭‬‭‬Employment,‭‬‭‬Interest,‭‬‭‬and‭‬‭‬Money‬
‭5.‬ ‭Karl‭‬‭‬Marx‬
-‭ ‬ ‭ inaguriang‬‭Ama‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬Komunismo‬
T
‭-‬ ‭Isinulat‭‬‭‬niya‭‬‭‬ang‭‬‭‬aklat‭‬‭‬na‬‭Das‭‬‭‬Kapital‬‭na‭‬‭‬naglalaman‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬mga‭‬‭‬aral‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬komunismo‬
‭-‬ ‭Isinulat‭‬‭‬ang‬‭Communist‭‬‭‬Manifesto‬‭kasama‭‬‭‬si‭‬‭‬Friedrich‭‬‭‬Engels‬
‭-‬ ‭naniniwala‭‬‭‬sa‭‬‭‬pagkakapantay‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬tao‭‬‭‬sa‭‬‭‬lipunan‬
‭-‬ ‭naniniwala‭‬‭‬na‭‬‭‬ang‭‬‭‬estado‭‬‭‬ang‭‬‭‬dapat‭‬‭‬nagmamay-ari‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬mga‭‬‭‬salik‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬produksiyon‬
‭at‭‬‭‬gumagawa‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬desisyon‭‬‭‬ukol‭‬‭‬sa‭‬‭‬produksyon‭‬‭‬at‭‬‭‬distribusyon‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬yaman‭‬‭‬ng‬
‭bansa‬
‭-‬ ‭isunolong‭‬‭‬ang‭‬‭‬rebolusyon‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬mga‭‬‭‬proletariat‭‬‭‬ang‭‬‭‬magpapatalsik‭‬‭‬sa‭‬‭‬mga‬
‭kapitalista‬

‭Kakapusan‭‬‭‬(Scarcity)‬‭-‭‬‭‬isang‭‬‭‬kondisyon‭‬‭‬kung‭‬‭‬saan‭‬‭‬ang‬‭mga‭‬‭‬limitadong‬
‭ inagkukunang-yaman‭‬‭‬ay‭‬‭‬limitado‭‬‭‬lamang‭‬‭‬upang‭‬‭‬matugunan‭‬‭‬ang‭‬‭‬walang‭‬‭‬katapusang‬
p
‭pangangailangan‭‬‭‬at‭‬‭‬kagustuhan‭‬‭‬mga‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬tao.‬

‭Kakulangan‭‬‭‬(Shortage)‬‭-‭‬‭‬isang‭‬‭‬kalagayan‭‬‭‬na‭‬‭‬panandalian‬‭lamang,‭‬‭‬maaring‭‬‭‬likha‭‬‭‬o‭‬‭‬gawa‭‬‭‬ng‬
t‭ao.‭‬‭‬Ito‭‬‭‬ay‭‬‭‬nagaganap‭‬‭‬kung‭‬‭‬may‭‬‭‬pansamantalang‭‬‭‬nawawalang‭‬‭‬produkto‭‬‭‬o‭‬‭‬pamilihan‭‬‭‬na‬
‭madalas‭‬‭‬na‭‬‭‬nangyayari‭‬‭‬sa‭‬‭‬pamilihan.‬

‭Hoarding‬‭-‭‬‭‬pagtatago‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬mga‭‬‭‬supply‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬produkto‭‬‭‬ng‬‭naging‭‬‭‬dahilan‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬pagkukulang‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬supply‬
‭ng‭‬‭‬mga‭‬‭‬produkto.‬

‭Kartel‬‭-‭‬‭‬pangkat‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬malaking‭‬‭‬negosyante‭‬‭‬na‭‬‭‬kumokontrol‬‭o‭‬‭‬nagma‭‬‭‬manipula‭‬‭‬sa‭‬‭‬distribusyon,‬
‭pagbili,‭‬‭‬at‭‬‭‬pagpepresyo‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬produkto.‬
‭Tatlong‭‬‭‬paraan‭‬‭‬upang‭‬‭‬maiwasan‭‬‭‬ang‭‬‭‬Kakapusan;‬
‭ .‬ G
1 ‭ amitin‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬maayos‭‬‭‬ang‭‬‭‬mga‭‬‭‬pinagkukunang-yaman.‬
‭2.‬ ‭Bawasan‭‬‭‬ang‭‬‭‬sobrang‭‬‭‬paggastos‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬mga‭‬‭‬tao.‬
‭3.‬ ‭Palaguin‭‬‭‬ang‭‬‭‬ekonomiya.‬

‭ ga‭‬‭‬pangunahing‭‬‭‬katanungan‭‬‭‬pang-ekonomiya‭‬‭‬upang‭‬‭‬masolusyonan‭‬‭‬ang‬
M
‭Kakapusan;‬
‭ .‬
1 ‭ no‭‬‭‬ang‭‬‭‬gagawin?‬
A
‭2.‬ ‭Paano‭‬‭‬ito‭‬‭‬gagawin?‬
‭3.‬ ‭Gaano‭‬‭‬karami‭‬‭‬ang‭‬‭‬gagawin?‬
‭4.‬ ‭Para‭‬‭‬kanino‭‬‭‬ang‭‬‭‬gagawin?‬
‭5.‬ ‭Paano‭‬‭‬maipamamahagi‭‬‭‬ang‭‬‭‬produkto?‬

‭Abraham‭‬‭‬Harold‭‬‭‬Maslow‬‭-‭‬‭‬isang‭‬‭‬Amerikanong‭‬‭‬psychologist‬‭na‭‬‭‬nagpanukala‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬Hirarkiya‭‬‭‬ng‬
‭mga‭‬‭‬pangangailangan‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬tao.‬

‭Teorya‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬Pangangailangan‭‬‭‬ayon‭‬‭‬kay‭‬‭‬Maslow‬

‭5.‭‬‭‬Pisyolohikal‭‬‭‬(‬‭Physiological‭‬‭‬Needs‬‭)‬
-‭ ‬ ‭ agkain,‭‬‭‬tubig,‭‬‭‬pagtulog,‭‬‭‬pahinga‬
P
‭-‬ ‭Katakawan‭‬‭‬pagkagutom,‭‬‭‬pagkakasakit,‭‬‭‬panghihina‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬katawan‬
‭4.‭‬‭‬Seguridad‭‬‭‬at‭‬‭‬Kaligtasan‭‬‭‬(‬‭Safety‭‬‭‬Needs‬‭)‬
-‭ ‬ ‭ eguridad‭‬‭‬sa‭‬‭‬katawan,‭‬‭‬pamilya,‭‬‭‬kalusugan,‭‬‭‬trabaho,‭‬‭‬ari-arihan‬
S
‭-‬ ‭Kabalisahan,‭‬‭‬kawalang‭‬‭‬katiyakan,‭‬‭‬mahinang‭‬‭‬pangangatawan‬
‭3.‭‬‭‬Pangangailangang‭‬‭‬Lipunan‬
-‭ ‬ ‭ akikipagkaibigan,‭‬‭‬pagkakaroon‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬pamilya,‭‬‭‬pakikipagkapwa‬
P
‭-‬ ‭Pagiging‭‬‭‬makasarili,‭‬‭‬pagkainggit‬
‭2.‭‬‭‬Pagkakamit‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬respeto‭‬‭‬sa‭‬‭‬sarili‭‬‭‬at‭‬‭‬respeto‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬ibang‭‬‭‬tao‭‬‭‬(‬‭Self-Esteem‬‭)‬
-‭ ‬ ‭ iwala‭‬‭‬sa‭‬‭‬sarili,‭‬‭‬tagumpay,‭‬‭‬respeto‬
T
‭-‬ ‭Pagkabigo,‭‬‭‬kawalan‭‬‭‬o‭‬‭‬mababang‭‬‭‬tiwala‭‬‭‬sa‭‬‭‬sarili,‭‬‭‬pag-iisa‬
‭1.‬ ‭Kaganapan‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬pagkatao‭‬‭‬(Actualization)‬
‭-‬ ‭ alikhain,‭‬‭‬interesadong‭‬‭‬malunasan‭‬‭‬ang‭‬‭‬suliranin,‭‬‭‬pagpapahalaga‭‬‭‬sa‭‬‭‬buhay,‭‬‭‬malapit‭‬‭‬na‬
M
‭ugnayan‭‬‭‬sa‭‬‭‬ibang‭‬‭‬tao‬
‭-‬ ‭Kalungkutan,‭‬‭‬depresyon‬

‭Salik‭‬‭‬na‭‬‭‬Nakaimpluwensiya‭‬‭‬sa‭‬‭‬mga‭‬‭‬Pangangailangan‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬tao‬

1‭ .‬ ‭ dad‬‭-‭‬‭‬produkto‭‬‭‬at‭‬‭‬serbisyo‭‬‭‬na‭‬‭‬binibili‭‬‭‬at‭‬‭‬ginagamit‭‬‭‬ay‭‬‭‬pagkakaiba‭‬‭‬ayon‭‬‭‬sa‭‬‭‬edad.‬
E
‭2.‬ ‭Hanapbuhay‬‭-‭‬‭‬uri‭‬‭‬nito‭‬‭‬ang‭‬‭‬nagtatakda‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬kanyang‭‬‭‬pangangailangan.‬
‭3.‬ ‭Panlasa‬‭-‭‬‭‬pagkain‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬bata‭‬‭‬ay‭‬‭‬iba‭‬‭‬sa‭‬‭‬mga‭‬‭‬may‭‬‭‬edad.‬
‭4.‬ ‭Edukasyon‬‭-‭‬‭‬pangangailangan‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬estudyante‭‬‭‬ay‭‬‭‬malaki‭‬‭‬kaysa‭‬‭‬sa‭‬‭‬nagtapos‭‬‭‬na.‬
‭5.‬ ‭Kita‬‭-‭‬‭‬salaping‭‬‭‬tinatanggap‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬tao‭‬‭‬kapalit‭‬‭‬ng‭‬‭‬ginagawang‭‬‭‬produkto‭‬‭‬o‭‬‭‬serbisyo.‬