Partial Differential Equations CHAPTER! Modelling of a process that is distributed in space and time generally leads to a px differential equation (PDE). The issue of existence and uniqueness of solution in case of? 's not straight one as like that an ODE. The solution of a PDE involves arbitrary funetios is generally not unique. Some additional conditions are needed to be specified on boundary of the region where the solution is defined. Further there are no generally appl methods to solve non-linear PDE's.” 19.1 BASIC CONCEPTS An equation which involves more than one independepent variable and one or mor derivatives of the dependent variable with respect to them is called a partial diferent (PDE). Mathematical models of physical situations involving two or more independent often lead to partial differential equations. A few important partial lfferential equatiots One dimensional heat flow equation Laplace equation in two dimensions 3. Laplace equation in three dime, 2, Cu, 1 2. : Ha + y= 0. -nsions: Wa tay tu, = 0. ° 4. One-dimensional wave equation: ee the a 5. Two-dimensional wave equation ae 2 The order of a PDE is the orde, ee of the highest 0 jth occurs in the equation, For example, thee [ : ler partial derivative of the depende™ in ordinary differential equation (ODE) thi degree ations given above ae of ore order derivative, occurrii ited PDE is defi a reat occurring in the equation aft, E is defined as the power Ol" tacos nt eaten Tea rs ation fas ban ade ee Seneral frst order PDE for the function 4, y) is of Pe a Sea FO Yet ty where Fis an arbitrary function.” "s) = 9,Partial Differential Equations | 233 ingen 2 first order PDE fora function (x, x5, ..., x,) of the n independent variables xy X3-.- jgof the for? Fl Xa me Way Wasp ooy Uy) = 0, (019.2) ou pisanarbitrary function and w= 2 j= 41,2, ox,” i Se PDE for the function u(x,y) is of the form. TH Wey age May Hy) =O eas (193) 2 Gisan arbitrary function and = % and uy = 2, ee Oe oN tae 5 ‘The PDE of first and second order are of special importance because they occur frequently in ‘problems. Further, most of the second order equations that occur in physical applications tiner, that is, in which the unknown function u(x, y) and its partial derivatives appear linearly. The general second order linear PDE in unknown variable 2(x,y) with constant coefficients may (19.4) ar + 2hs + bt+ 2fp + 2gq + cz = fl ¥): Comparing it with the general equation of the conic ax? + Dhay + by? + 2fr + 2gy + 0= 0, Eq, (19.4) is classified as () parabolic, if h? - ab = 0, (i) hyperbolic, if - ab > 0, and (ii) eliptc, fH? - ab <0 {he region under consideration. For example, the one-dimensional heat equation t = City, (with u > 2, ty), is ‘parabolic’; the limensional wave equation ™y = Culyy (With w > 2, t > y), is ‘hyperbolic’; while the two- Laplace equation tn * y= 0 ‘Geith u_-> 2),is elliptic The form ofthe general solution son the equation being solved. Bat type of the eaten Tay be functions of x and y, thus the discriminant = ac may “ction of 1 Fy also possible that itis zero, positive or negative in different oft Zand y and hen a “ xtly, = 0, which arises inthe study of the body such as wing of an aeroplane, here we can checkathematics : vanced Engineering Ma — FERENTIAL EQUATIONS: PAR 1 19.2. FORMATION OF PARTIAL D! lin: ial equati sry differential equations are formed y ‘i jons can be formed by the elimina, tants from the relation involving awe have seen how oFe Partial differen! : 1 of the arbitrary CC In the chapter on ODE onstant arbitrary constal ary expressions u = u(x, y rose two arbitr 9 (3): SUPP ion Elimination of arbitrary funet ‘are connected by the relat F(u. 2) = 9, here F isan arbitrary function which we need to eliminate. aoe maging «to be dependent variable on x and y. Differentiating (19-5) partially with reaped ming = to be dependent variable on x a Eliminating = and # from (19.6) and (19.7), we get oe e| ar Pa oe , | ay ae which gives Pp+Qq=R, a first order partial differential equation linear in p and 4, where p= Aur) %y.2) MH) ang R= AU-2) ee x,y) are functions of x, y and z. ‘Thus the elimination of an arbitrary func equation tinearinp and “ary function F given by (19.5) leads to a partial il Elimination of arbitrary constants: Consider a r flv, ¥,2,4,b)=0, where a and b are two elation of the type arbitrary constants which we i We need to eliminate.Mig al ——___ Pana biferential Equations [235 sidering 2 to be dependent on the two indey daly w-r-t-xtoobtain \lependent variables x and y, differentiate (19.9) a F.%p. aos (19.10) similarly differentiating (19.9) w. ¥. 1. y to obtain of oy of oz (19.11) ‘The three equations (19.9) to (19.11) consist of two arbitrary te ; : arbitrary constants a and b, and , in general jibe possible to-eliminate a and b from these equations to obtain a ae te Hel ae 80%, Ys 2 Pg) =O. (19.12) Tus, the elimination of two arbitrary constants from the elation (19) leads a ist onder T1912). However, the equation obtained by eliminating the arbitrary constants need rot rily be linear trrp and q, refer Example (19.2). But the PDE obtained by eliminating an (19.5) iSalwayginear. Even sometimes it may not be possible toetiminate ‘arbitrary constants using Eqs. (19.9), (19.10) and (19.11). Then we go for the second order partial ‘atives and eliminate the arbitrary constants but, the partial differential equation may not be =r every ODE of the nth order may be regarded as derived from a solution containing y constants. It might be supposed that every PDE of the nth order was similarly derivable ‘solution containing n arbitrary functions, However, this is not true in general, The ination of n arbitrary functions sometimes leads toa PDE of still higher order and that too may be unique. 19.4: Derive a PDE by eliminating the arbitrary constants a and ¢ from the equation +P t(e-o ae (19.13) represents the set of all spheres with center along, Nn: Differentiating Eq. (19.13) partially with respect to x and y to obtain respectively x+ p(z-c) =0, and ey, 0. Eliminating c from these two equations foptain yp-q=0 differential equation linear in p and 4 619.2: Eliminate the arbitrary constants « and b from the equation d (1914) areal (=a)? yb represents a family of spheres with unit radius and center in the XOY plane. yPPltion: Ditferentiate Eq. (19.14) partially with r= (x-a) + zp =0, and (y- += 0 the z-axis. spect to x and y to obtain respectivelyatic 236| Advanced Engineering Mathem an oe. §y from these in (19.14) we OO 221, panda Substituting for (=) (apt differential equal and (v a non-linear partial Example 19.3: Eliminate the a , tants and b from the equation ritrary cons (19 spect to x and y to obtain respectively 5) partially with re > Solution: Differentiating Ea: ess) es , aa (09 - ibe cos by ; itis not easy to eliminate a and P equations obtained. ct Differentiating Eq, (19.16) again w.r. xand Eq, (19.17) w4.ty to obtain respectively ee “PY cost, and ie cos bx, which give =0 (19 and, from the je a second order partial differential equation. Remark. We note that Eq, (19.18) obtained above is not necessarily unique. Since, from (1916) obtain, alte sin bx = b: abe cos bx = -bzy, Eliminating b from these equations we obtain, 2,2,, + Zy2,y = 0, another partial dif equation. _Exemple 19.4: Form the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary function from the relation for +y, 2-xy=0. (i Solution: Differentiating Eq. (19.19) partially w.r-t. x and y to obtain respectively 2xf, + (p -w)f, =O, and 2uf,, + (q- xf, = Yivmz—xy and f,=9f/du, etc. Eliminating f, and f, from these equations we obtain and, int where px p-y| by q-a| 0, or yp-xq= ye p partial differential equation linear in p and g Example 19.5: Form the PDE by eliminating the 2 = yfla) + xg(y) Differentiatin, Hating (19.20) partially with respect to x and y to obtain respective! eee ae Ditferenating partly agnin tote y nd 25 = f(a) + x9'(y) arbitrary functions from Solution: Ay“ fO) + ey),—— a Partial Differential Equations 237 Consider 2, + yey = UL F(X) + YI + Leg) + yfla)] t XZ, + YZ, = XYZ, + 2, jal differential equation of second order. ample 19.6: Form the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary functions from a1 z= yew) + Fly + ax)], (19-21) pn Rewriting (19.21) as zy = fly - ax) + Fly + ar) Differentiating it partially with respect to x and y to obtain respectively ye, af’ +aF” and z+ yz, Differentiating these again to obtain / Yoay =f" + PE" and 2, + 2y + yy =f" +P", Fliminating f” and F” from these two we obtain (22, + Y2y) = Year \d order partial differential equation. AS EXERCISE 19.1 the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary constants from 1. z=axry+b 2 z=(xtay(yt+b) 3. att byt 2=1 (x= ay + (y- by 5. 2e=(ax+y)+be 2 cosgxsinry, ptg=r 7. Find the partial differential equation of all planes which are at a constant distance ‘d’ from \e origin. ‘nd the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants from the | equation x2 + = (z - ¢)° tan” a. which represents the set of all right circular cones whose | axes coincide with the 2-axis. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary function(s) from the following equations, (9-15) MH KP +P) Ae ff? +7, -2)=0 UW. aye fg y +2) 12/2 = fx + ct) + g(x- et) oj sgt) Bs: (4) re) BEF ecosa +ysina-al) + F (rcosa +ysina tat) 16. Verify that f(@2 - 2, 2 - y') = 0 is a solution of the partial differential equation x yrs =.EE piles ese 238| Advanced Engineerina Mather” 19.3. TYPES OF SOLUTION OF & PDE wedomain D6 sation ards ve vand y, isa function that has, see indeperdent ries a0 3 function that hast A solution’ ofa PDE in = He equation cverniere n of the type nth derivatives appearing a ehave seen that a Fe In the preceding section we hy fy. za bya af leads to in general, a partial differential equation ao yePgee os cdapiinena hnconains tao arbitrary constants ad isa solution ofa tc solution’ or, « “complete inte form (19.22) wh {to be ‘comple! i relation oft of the first order is said afer (19.23) ial equation aha calution is also called ‘integral surface” of the Eq (19.23) ion of the type F(u, 9) =O gan arbitvary function F connecting two known functions w= t(x, Y, 2), 0= se tavtal tperetial equation ofthe type (29.23) is called a “general integral or, eatin fl surface’ ofthat partial differential equation. guts tr appears that in some sense, a general integral should provide a much broader set of sli as compared toa complete integral, but, we shall see later that itis possible to find a general of a partial differential equation once its complete integral is known. __ The solution obtained by determining the arbitrary constants in the complete integral or the ar function in the general integral by using the given conditions, is called a ‘particular integral ‘particular solution’ of the partial differential equations. ___ The nselope ofthe fan of surfaces fx, y, 2, a,b) = O with parameters a and b, if it exists, © ‘singular integral’ or, ‘singular solution’ of the partial differential equation. Here we would like to recall that the e ; Kk at the equation of the envelope of the two-parameter = (is obtained by eliminating a and b from the equations f= 0, 9f/3a= and af/® fx. 2.4, The sin . ore bs - Singular ital (ae i from the particular integral in the sense that it Mt and b gral by assigning some particular values to the arbitrary : ' We must note that every first order wane be ron linen ae “pert differential equation does not possess soluti™ is not satisfied by any real function z = 2¢¢ 19.4 THE LAGRANGE'S EQUATION: LINEAR PDE OF THE. FIRST onDeR The linear fist order partial diferental equation ofthe form : Pr + Qq=R, g functions of x, yand z only, is called the where P, Qand R are given variables x and 4 z : variables x and y ‘Lagrange’s equation’ in two'™Partial Differential Equations | 289 ‘the generalization of Eq. (19.25) > 1 independent variables is the equation of the form. Xppy + Xopy +. + Xp, =X, (19.26) boxy Xe wr Sy and X are give dine fore Xp Xa or Xn given functions of 1m independent variables xy, Xp, + tn and a ent variable z and p, It should be clearly observed in this connection that the term “tinea” means that p and q in Eq, (19.25) in the linear form, but P, Q, R may be any functions of x, y and z, which is in ‘to the situation in case of ordinary differential equation where the dependent variable must appear linearly. For example the equation xp ~ yq= 2” is linear, while the equation * (de/4) js not a linear one. 1 General Solution of the Lagrange’s Equation yhave the following result: 19.1: “The general solution of the linear partial differential equation Pp+Qq=R (9.27) F(u, 0) = 0, (19.28) isan arbitrary function and u(s, y 2) = ¢, and v(x, y, 2) = c2 are two linearly independent solutions sriliary equations a ye, (19.29) Pp QR Since u(x, y,2) = ¢ is a solution of Eqs. (19.29), we have ude + uydy + U,d2 = 0, (19.30) also from (19.29), we have dx=kP, dy=kQ, dz=kR, 1931) Y :#0is an arbitrary constant. Thus, from (19.30) and (19.31), we obtain Pu, + Quy + Ru, =0- (19.32) Similarly, since o( y, 2) = cis also a solution of Bags. (19.29), we obtain Po, + Qo, + Ro, =0. (193) Solving Eqs, (19:32) and (19.33) simultaneously for P, Qand R, we obtain P (19.34) Coke Haoyfey a Hu, v//Ake, 2) Hue N/AH n F from the relation F(u, 7) = 0 leads to the linear partial Also elimination of arbitrary functio ial equation, refer Section (19.2),y SSS 240| Advanced Engineering Mathematics ue), awe) — Ae) Pau.) Tacx) OM) ry constant, and substituting 1 Setting each term in (19.34) equal to - A) oop : u,2) we) ap, ze and axe y) ay.2) z,a) es, we obtain Pp + QF in 19.35) and cancelling from both sides, we obtain, Pp + Qq= F a 2) = 0, where u(x, v2) = and (ty 2) = €2are two linearly independent solu sonia Ey (929) 16 the general solution of the Lagrange’s Eq. (19.27), . “This result canbe easly extended tothe case of independent variables stated as follow. 19.2 If als Xp X = 1, 2, n are n independent solutions ofthe Theorem 19.2: If uty Xp os Ry 2, ‘equations a ia 7 then the relation Pity, Hay vy ty) ‘where @ san arbitrary function, is a general solution of the linear partial differential equation Pip, + Pope tnt Pap, R, n, Tosolve the linear partial differential equation Pp + Qq = R, wenced to take the following : dx _ dy 1, Write the auxiliary equations “ . 4¥ equations T= ‘Pendent solution of the auxiliary equations. To find these ifitis possible de _ dy any pair, say = Q: When the third variable, in this case z, is absent, then we solve it by a the method of ordinary differential equation and! obta ts ; and obtain an integral say u(x, y) * ¢ Leéral can be obtained by selecting another pair, i ° isk (x, y) = cwhile obtaining the secondt integral, iv Posse Even we can ue he - Sometimes wecan os the maltipliers i ten which are not necessarily constants: such nds ian exact ite cs + mdy + nde =O, This canbe ere rated if the expression. ae san exact differential of some func ae ‘wecan try foranother sete waltpie™ with this property to find the second integral, aan Incase IP + mQ + nR #0, but Idx + mdi + ndz =, a an integral surface to the auxiliary equations, HP + mQ+nR) thon tn 2. Find two inde| ee TET Partial Differential Equations 241 | attr obtaining the two independent solutions 1 = c, and o= c,of the auxiliary equations, the 3. Molution of the Lagrange's equation is then of the form F(u, 0) = 0, oF = (8), OF = w(u), ya e arbitrary functions, gor vare ar where Frample 197 Find the general solution of the partial differential equation xpt vq = (tye ‘The auxiliary equations are ‘soluti “F 7 5 < (19.36) + yz | ‘ From the first pair of terms in (19.36), 1 we get the integral 1, OU (19.37) Also from Eq. (19.36) we have dx-dy _ dz xray (x+y)z" | dxmdy _ dz (19.38) | Sey ps2 Integrating (19.38), we obtain the integral 27¥ 2g, (19.39) z Therefore, the general solution of the given equation from (19.37) and (19.39) is ce Irby xy is an arbitrary function, le 19.8: Find the general solution of the partial differential equation (2 ~ yz)p + (2 - zx)q = 22 - xy. ition: The auxiliary equations are (19.40) -_ering Mathematics _ From (19.40), we have ay-dy Eee 2) ty Po po C dy — de or Gomaryes) WH aeryr) s 7 the factor («EY + » from the denominator in (1941) to obtain Cancelling the factor (v + # = dx-dy _ dy-dz Ty) Wrz Integrating (19.42), we get the integral x-y Fa Similarly from Eq, (19.40), we obtain ) ax-dz _ dy-dx which gives the integral rez, yx? fe Hence the general solution of the given equation is where F is an arbitrary function. ; “Pendent solution from the auxiliary equation (19.40) can be obiain#l Fach ofthe equation in (19.40) is equal to 2b ydy + ze Te Absothecquationsareaqualig © Yt? 3842 de + dy + dz Equating the abo. ata mai ve tWo ex Ss was tsdesin denominator pee and cancellin, 8 the comm, p- xvas 'on factor x7 + y? + 2*- ye 7 (ys 7th dy ay xdy+ Ydy + 2dz = Out Wey, ; 2). 0Partial Differential Eqvions | 245_ ain = Pept Pa(ety tae 959) xy + yet ay = ch (19 * eacethe general solution using (19.43) andl (19.45) can also be expressed as FLY ofa tye +2), - scan arbitrary function, mple198:_ Find the general solution of the partial differential equation : p-q=in(x+y) jon; The auxiliary equations are o-4- 4 (19.46) 1-1” inary) Taking the first pair of terms in (19.46), dx =~ dy, the integral is ary ney (19.47) Next, consider dx = carn Using (19.47), we obtain (In c)dx = dz, which gives the : Raper (in cy) Ce” z-xIn(x+y) ~ i +=(19.48) Hence the general solution of the given equation using (19.47) and (19.48) is zaxln(xt+y)+o(x+y), isan arbitrary function. 19.10: Find the general solution of the partial differential equation Px(z - 2y') = (@- qy)(2-¥-- 20). Mon: Rewriting the equation in the standard form, we get mae Pt we P -20)9 = 22-20), . (19.49) Suxiliary equations are yop we rn Ww) ye-y-maw) Ae-y-w) (19.50) m : ‘helast pair of terms in (19 50) we obtain dy/y = dz/z, which gives the integral Nox, y/z=o. “orsider the first and the last terms in (19.50), we have ae) et x(z-2y?) (z-y?=235) (19.52)Fa sone ost) in (19.52) Using ( ie ye 247) ), we abla dx 12 = din (19.53) , to obtain oe 1, which gives (1 ~ 2ci2) dy dt ~ dx : linear differential equation in f of order one and degree one. The solution of Eq, (1934) a ‘i t Stee x | Substituting for t and then setting c= 4 (19.55) gives 2 rt 2ey, x Hence the general solution of the given equation is “ : =0, “ \ cere F isan arbitrary function, Bede general solution of he partial differential equation POs (x+y) +9 in (x+y) = Solution: : : Mion: The suniry equations are dx : wa dz cos, ee Oe Theseimply AY SiN EH _ de : wy = ting (19.58), we obtain(19.59) Integrating (19.59), 3) | 4 (19.60) “Again from the first pair of terms in (19.57), we have dy _ sin(x+y) dx cos(x+y)" Setting (x + y) = fin it gives at a sint dx cost oe cost sin? = A l{cost + sin t)+ (cost —sin ty 2 cost+sint cost ~sint 2dx = |1+————_|dt. (19.61) sint + cost (19.61) gives sin f+ cos t= ce"! Substituting for t= x + y in it we obtain [sin (x + y) + cos (x + yjeY*= cx. (19.62) the general solution of the given equation is (cy, ¢:) = 0, where ¢, and ¢, are given by and (19.62) respectively. le 19.12; Solve the partial differential equation gn HGF + e-9St 20, "8a function ofthe independent variables x, yand z.— 946| Advanced En ainering Maverabes_—_— io ry equations are golution: The ania equat ix _ 4 dz du é From Bae. (19.63), wet pene gee O; aaa aar obtain acy xtytET OD of the given partial cif uafiet yt veyte) ting We : vay te ferential equation is cence the general solution F pitrary function. where fis an at : a Sv 19.42. Particular Integral Passing Through a Given Curve partial differential equation Pp + have found that the general solution of the neat F linearly independent solutions TF sofarwe apt is Fat ‘where 1 (te Ys 2) =e, and BO Ye care tw' 7 asxiary equations 4 & Now we explore how such a general solution may bese es through a curve whose parametric equation a particular integral surface which pass xen), y=¥, #), where fis a parameter. since the curve lies on the integral surface so we must have ufx(t), x, 2001 = ere P(t), (8), 206] = e2- ve eliminate t from these two equations to obtain a relation between ¢, and ¢ - Sut 1G, ¥.2), c= 2(%,¥,2) in the relation obtained we arrive at the requisite particular Example 19.13: ple 18.13: Find theintegral surface ofthe linear partial differential equation YP" which passes through the curve z= 27 +y+1, y= 2x. Solution: First we find the +axq+ general solution o i nee lution of the equation yp + xq +1 oe HE From the: the frst pair of terms in (19,64) we obs ain YH So, Also from (19,64), =*4Y . dz "7 Which gives the integral surface z-1 x+y oeseen Partial Differential Equations | 247 ze(t+1) 2Qvare, x= Fy =2t and sric equations of the given curv and £+2=3c. yand z in (19.65) and (19.66), we obtain 3 Pe ytd, ame ipstituting for sal a inating FO these we obtain 3(3¢ ~ 2° = ¢ ptt for cand c respectively from (19.65) and (19.66) we obtain (2-1 -2| ae {{E3) 2| =W-x), desired particular integral of the given equation pie 19.14: Find, the integral surface of the linear partial differential equation + 2p Me x? - Jz which contains the straight line x + y=0,2=1 jon; First we find the general solution of the partial differential equation ay + 2p- ye? +2) = 0? Ae ‘The auxiliary equations are eee ae (19.67) xy?+2) -yQ't2) (oz : term in (19.67) is equal to (dx/x + dy/y + dz/2)/0, which “A a WE no, yi fi Fa Af oe eye Integrating (19.68), we obtain xyz = cy de Rx (aye 9.69) each term in (19.67) is equal to (cies way #2) which gives det ydy de =0. Ax = (19.70) Integrating (19.70), we obtain oe P+ yp-Ww=c (19.71) The parametric equation of the given straight line x + y= 0, z = are, x= t y= -tand z= 1 tuting these values in (19.69) and (19.71), we obtain -P =¢, and 2(° -1) =e, iminating t from these equations, we obtain 2c, + cp +2=0. wu(19.72) Substituting for c, = xyz and ¢) = x? + y*~ 22 in (19.72), we obtain w+ f+ Qxyz-22+2=0 desired integral surface of the given equation,248 | Advanced Engineen EXERCISE 19.2 partial differential equations an of the following Find the general solution of the f sees aw) aye 6. pret = aVer WW RHH IY 4 y 2 + tan (y- 3x) 2p + ylz? = x7)q= 207 - yy 12. (y?-x)p tyg= 2 4Y 414, xu, + 2yuy + 3zu, + Atu, = 0 cay 7 ween te ( (w-9) aye 9. u-spte- an. ae 3up + ve ned of the partial differential equation y+ x(2z - I)q = 2x(y - 3) which passes through the circle z= 0,27 + yf? = 4 16. Find the integral surface of the partial differential equation 2y(e-3)p + (2x-2)q = y2x-3) which passes through the circle z = 0,17 + y fs 17. Find the integral surface of the partial differential equation (oy + y-arg= 6 + Vz which passes through the curve xz = a", y= 0. 18, Find the integral surface of the partial differential equation (2 + 2)p + (y+ 2x)q =4xy passes through the straight line z = 1, y = x. the integral surface of the partial differential equation : Yox=2)p + (2x2 = 2)q = y(2x 2) which passes through the ellips, 244 Find the integral surface of the partial Cpt y-x-2q= which passes through the cir 15, Find the integral surface G- differential equation ere Ley 195 NON-LINEAR PAR TIAL DIFFERENT! THE FIRST ORDER. CHARPIT'S METHOD TONS . The general non-linear parti ‘near partial differential equation of the first ord vf the where the function F ae pon Ge inction F is not nece Where th : -essarily linear in "ms of the solutions of this equation. \ Xe, nN7 Partial Differential Equations 249 (19.2) that elimination of the ‘al, or Complete solution: We have seen in Section Mt ” pan vyand b from the equation fie, v2.4.1) =0 (19.74) ci e ,at the converse also sal differential equation of the form (19.73). Itcan be shown that t na Foty pata ifferental equation of the form (1.78) has sation ‘of the form (19.74). st parameters syste of urfces ofthe for (19.74 zhi satisfies the partial differential equation 8 PARR complet ntgral oF ‘compete solution’ ofthis equation 4, solution, or General integral: If we obtain a one parameter family of surfaces a (19.75) fv, 2, a, la) = 0, stem of surfaces (19.74) by choosing b = y(a) and form its envelope by eliminating the orstant ‘from (19.73) and the equation af/de = 0, then we obtain a solution of the partial J equation (19.73). When the function ya) is arbitrary this solution obtained is called the elution’ or ‘general integral’ of the Eq,, (19.73). When a definite function y(a) is used then the ‘tained is called a ‘particular integral’ of the Eq. (19.73). 1 integral, or Singular solution: The envelope of the two-parameter systems of surfaces obtained by eliminating a and b from the equations f(y, z, a,b) = 0, 0f/ 0a = 0, of/ab = 0, if it ‘salsoa solution of Eq. (19.73). Itis called the ‘singular integral’, ot ‘singular solution’ of the Eq. ) xt, we discuss a general method, called Charpit's method, to find a complete integral of the differential equation (19.73). 1 Charpit’s Method the first order partial differential equation £06, Ys 2, pq) =0. (19.76) Charpit’s method consists of finding another partial differential equation I: 8% 4.2 Pq a) =0 (19.77) ‘scompatible with the given Eq.(19.76), that is, the Jacobian af 8) ite ay /8r Bo 0 the Eqs. (19.76) and (19.77) are solvable for p and q as P=Ple,y,2,a) and 4=4(xy, 2,0), ‘isan arbitrary constant. =*2(x, y), we have & ey dam des = dy = pdx + qi itsoy (19.78) fon tng for Wwe ot PPO y, 22) anc 9 = oxy 2 0) in (19.78) and then integrating oblain the solution of Eq. (19.76) consisting of two arbitrary conctante a de oe ‘the Eq, (19,77) we proceed as follows. ,250 Advanced Engin t vanced Engineering Mathen2 oon = 9.7 and y to obtain t o) with respect tO pectively Differentiating Eq. (19.76) - f sph t pdt ale ft het P ; f+ Ply t uh =" 7),.we obtain similarly from Eq, (19.77), we ob 0. + pafipt G84 = QTPR ADS TD g,=0. ie between (19.80) and (19.82) we 79) and (1981), and dy x p, between Eq. (19.79) a Eliminating p, bet respectively : iam gen sf) + USp 8efNP + U8 Sah = and, (F89~ 8afd)* O84 ‘Adding (19.83) and (19.84), using, ay_a a ( a) a ox (8) dy lar and, fgy~ gyfp0 and simplifying, we obtain fds * fay + (fy * AF 8. ~ Uf + PADS, - Uy * OF a linear partial differential equation of first ofter in g with x, y, z, p and q as independent v The corresponding auxiliary equations are Es en ie ane pdeck HM, te Ptah ~U+Ph) (fy af.) ‘These equations are‘alled Charpit’s equations. : Ke 4 An integral ofthese equations, as simple as possible, involving p, or q, or both and an constant 4, is taken as the rec ‘quired second equation g(x, y, z, p,q, a) = 0. We solve f= Oand~ and and obtain the complete solution of (19.76 from (19.78), involving two arbitrary " an 4" _Axample 19.15: Finda complete integral of the equation z?= pq xy ie Solution: The equation is . ; \ 2 -ppry=0 : ‘The Charpit's equations are : : de 4 ‘ 09 939” aoaag ay ape From (1988), we have : eePartial Differential Equations ng (1987), it Becomes dx. dz ap pee (19.89) gy 22? 2pz—pay oe seam in (1989) is equal to “PP te . and thus ee (19.90) rar ating (19.90), we obtain pe = ‘ 19.95 cis an arbitrary constant. tuting (19.91) in (19.87), we obtain z my (19.92) ; dz=pdx+pdy becomes drm Saxe dy, which gives eee ae ‘ Atay 09.883 ing (19.93), we obtain ze bry", integral of Eq. (19.87), where a and b are arbitrary constants. +876: Finda complete igo the equation 2 =p? + qy. Also find the singular “The equation is P+qy-2=0. (19. (19.94) ‘Charpit’s equations areee neering Mathematics _ 252) Advanced Integrating it we obtain 1 2 a laeD, afecay =vth, or Enay por y constants o.04), where a and bare arbitrary cons srthecomi i of the two parameters family To find singular solution we obtain the envelope Here % =0, gives y= 0,and a0 ; © =0, givesx=-b. a ® Substituting these in (19.95), we obtain 2 = 0 as a singular solution for the given differential equation. Example 19.17: Finda complete integral of the equation p7x + Gy =z. Solution: The equation is p+ q’y-z=0. ‘The Charpit’s equations are ae tg 2px Day grey) pF ge From Eqs. (19.97), we have Bass Qpxdp _ wx apex) _ deg’ - YD aich os ee 7 ED. which gives Px aqy, where ais an arbitrary oat Solving Eq, (19.96) and (19.98) for p,q, we have___ Partial Differential Equations | 253 ating it, we obtain aL + al”? = ()!/24 yap complete integral of Eq, (19.96), where a and b are arbitrary constants 49.48: Find asingular solution, if t exists, of the equ lation yz ~ Op xy - 3qy" + pq = 0. (19.99) jon: The Charpit’s equations are cg paaeae ie 4g Pl =(6py+ 6py) —(6z— 6px —6qy + 6qy) (19.100) : di fourth term in (19.100) is %. which implies dp = 0, that is p = a, where a is an arbitrary gp = ain Eq. (19.99) gives _ 6y(z=ax) 3y?-a dz=pdx + qdy becomes 6y(z — ax) dz =adx+ Syle= a2) gy, 3y'—a ‘complete integral of (19.99), where @ and b are arbitrary constants. find singular solution we are to obtain the envelope of the two parameter family j (a, b) =z - ax - b(3y*- a) = 0. so(19.101) <0, gives -x+b=0, thatis, x=b ea ® no gives -(By7-a)=0, thatis, P=a/3. a’ F ‘luting these in (19.101), we obtain . z=ab= 3x “Sela solution ofthe given equation.254] Advanced Engineering Mathematics —___—— : tial differential equation ypq + xp? = articular integral of the pa" Z “Example 19.19: Find ap 0. passes through the curve * Solution: The equation is upgtape-1=0. The Charpit's equations are a wt ‘The last two terms in (19.103) are, dp/p = dg/q- Integrating it w pmag, where a is an arbitrary constant. Solving (19.102) and (19.104) for p and q, we obtain dy dz yp” pva 2p) yd e obtain va 1 = and = > ——. Po yran T Sa lyeax Thus dz = pdx + qdy becomes ae = Mee dy ay z= SS Yy+ax Ja Jy +ax at . or, Jade = 0%) a ly + ax : i Integrating, we obtain vaz+b=2fytax, as the complete integral of the given Eq, (19.102), ‘The parametric equation of the curve x = 0, where a and b are arbitrary constants. yZzare,=0, y= z= t, Hence (19405) Wait+ 0) =2°, or (Jatsyjtaat oa + 2ab-2+F =o, The ¥oots ofthis equation are equal if 4ab~2)?—4al? = 0 op, ~Aab+4=0, or Jab=1. 1 ab=1, Substituting Va = 1/b in (19.105), we get 1 aa Levbed(ys2,) aS 6 Bt) on ( ¥ pt?) ~4(veds) oF, (2+ BP -4@y+x) =o,________Patiat Differential Equations | 255) he singulat solution is obtained by eliminating b from, .+PP-4(Hy+x)=0 and 2 : yes OP AEY t=O and 3) = (+1) 2y= 0, which gives, 0? = Qy y ~ 2) in (19.106) and simplifying, we obtain +¥=0. substituting y particular inte al of the given equation EXERCISE 19,3 the complete integral of the partial differential equations 2 pte 4 z=pxtqy 6. 22 + xp + yq) = yp? Verify that (x - a)? + (y - b)* + z* = 1 is the complete integral of the partial differential equation 2*(p" + g° + 1) = 1. Find its singular integral, if it exists. Find the singular solution of the following differential equations, if exist () prequtzexe (i) zapxtayt rte Find the particular integral of the differential equation pq = which passes through the parabola x=0,y°= 2. Find the particular integral of the differential equation px + gy =z which passes through the curve x= 1, y+2=0. Find the particular integral of the differential equation = p?-q which passes through the parabola 4z + x” = 0, y= 0. ME SPECIAL FIRST ORDER PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS sider a few special types of first-order partial differential equations which can be solved ly by Charpit’s method. tions containing p and q only, fp, fp. q) = 0. its equations are az dy ,_ te Fem pe ede Oe Mech astto terms we can choose p= 4 OF =a, then from (19.107) fla, q) =0, or 4 = (0), ‘The equation is 19.107) =a, the choice depends on the problem given. again a constant.which gives \ 256 | Advanced Engineering Math¢ becomes, se av egy tt ral of Bq, (19.107), whe aecadx + ody, Thus dz part adi bitrary constants, aand Dare two ar eco ea partial differential equation : f the parti Example 19.20: Find acomple integral 0 6 go choose p= 4. This gives valves only p-and q so choose p= @ THIS Ive he equation invol qe vera Yay tegral of the given equation 1S + (1- Va) yt by where « and bare two arbitrary constants. us not containing the independent variable x and yi f(, P,Q) = flz-p. 9) The Charpit’s equations are Solutions: Hence the complete int Tl. Equation ax a. a. th ty Opty “th ~ te The last two terms are, dp/p = dg/q, which give p=aq, where a is an arbitrary constant. We solve (19.108) and (19.109) to obtain expressions for p and q, using these in dz = pr* find the complete integral. Example 19.21: Find a complete integral of the partial differential equation prt =1, Solution: |The Eq. (19.110) is independent of variables x and y thus peaq where a is an arbitrary constant. Solving (19.110) and (19.111) simultaneously for p and q, we obtain Prat a2)? ang q=(L+ a2 V2 Hence de paz +.qdy, becume , aa 2g7 = Integrating, we obtain S (1 +02)" "de = adx + dy, 2 $+ 02)? ees dy sy as the complete integral, where a a | ind b are two arbi trary constants. : equation 2? = ?. Solution: Equation is of the form f(z, p,q) «9 which eA ”) = 0, which is where ais an arbitrary constant. Substituting thie ‘ ind dyand inthe lependent of x and 'e given equation we obtain 2s__ Partial Differential Equations | 2577 \ \ \ ys dc=pdr taqdy becomes aay? iegrating we obtain (+a)! cosh! 2 = ax ty +b, jpete integral of the given equation, where @ and bare arbitrary constants rable form, f(X; p)= gy, @): The equation is f(x p) - gly, 4) = 0. (19.112) Charpit's equations are seis pag Phy By ~fe By = -dp/f,. It gives fulx + fidp = 0. Integrating we obtain * (19.113) isan arbitrary constant. sing (19.113) in (19.112) gives sy. q) =a (19.114) jesolve for pand q from (19.113) and (19.114) respectively and use in dz = pax + gy to find the ete integral 19.23: Find a complete integral of the partial differential equation p+ 9°= + ¥ "Equation is of separable form p?-x=¥- 47 pand gare given by p2-x=a and y-q'=4 which give pe(ata)/? and ge (y-9)% anarbitrary constant. ‘=pdx+qdy becomes dz= z=(atx) “omplete integral of the given equation: . "aut equation: \t is of the form (19.115) zaprtqy+fP Charpit's equations are oy 2 __# a erates ect Xe fe y+ hy pete (arias yay, which gives 2+ (yay? +b fd= a 258] Advanced Engineering Mathematics From the last fwe terms we have in (19.115) we ob sav byt fab) an be verified by substitutt penand q7 hewhered and bare two arbitrary, tain Substituting these vali ion. as the complete integral. The same ¢ Example 19.24: Find acomplete integral ‘of the equation par rags tae (pt r Solution: Rewriting the given equation as ria zepreqyt b+, i a P which is ofthe Clairaut form. Hence the complete integral is alb zeartby= Ft where «and b are two arbitrary constants. Certain partial differential equation can be reduced to one of the special types differential equations just discussed, after some simple substitution. In the examples to ider a few such equations. ample 19.25: Find a complete integral of the equation 2°(p*x° + P= Solution: Equation is Set X=inx,it gives 2 BN OX which is of the type fz, p,q) = 0, taking p=a2/OX and z= z(X, y). Hence p = ag, where a is an arbitrary constant. EE Using this in (19.117) gives : 4" ——— and p= (f1+a)z (\tsa?)2 Thus dz=pdX+qdy, becomes J1+a? zdz = Va)? = 20x +y) +5, tae V+)? =2@Inx+y) 45 a adX + dy, which gives-258| Advanced Engineetino Mathematics arms we have | wo terms Y 19.115) we obtain + flab), cand qe beawmere and rare two arbitrary From the last Substituting these values in ( = ay thy by substitution as the complete integral, The agrat of the equatt Example 19.24: Find a complete integral of | r og et D Solution; Rewriting the given equation a cepytqy+ Which is of the Clairaut form. He a,b peaxtby=— b bare two arbitrary constants. wre a and Certain partial differential equation can differential equations just discussed, after some der a few such equations. ‘xample 19.25: Find a complete integral of the equation Pyprt+Py=l be reduced to one of the special types of simple substitution. In the examples to Solution: Equation is teri] Set X=lnz, it gives 2% = 2% at _ 3% aX dx OX x l(a), (ac) Aa) } which is of the type f(z, p,q) = 0, taking p=0z/X and z Hence p= ag, where 2 is an arbitrar Using this in (19.117) gives Y constant. , thus Eq, (19.116) becomes cote 1° 7~——— and p= ay (V1+a*)2 = Thus dz = pdx \ paX + qdy, becomes 1+ zdz = adX 4 d ly, which gives VOFP)2-20x+y) 44, o, (+72 =2¢me+y 45—____ Pani bitterentiat € quations | 259 find complete integral of the er Substitute = equation voy. 19.118) 2, we have 3 12 BV5p and a, isof separable form. tid pg ‘ami B= 4) Suse, isan arbitrary constant. From this we obtain i v2 My (035) and w= («+ 3) 4 4 9 2 9 2 du = ude + uly becomes du= (a+ 2s) acs (2439) dy. oe Bya(onds)" «(ords) * aa aa 8 sre (a+? ( a ) +b Bare(orge) tltay plete integral, where @ and b are Wo a 819.27: Find a complete integral of the differential equation ; (-Wor-qy) = 0-0" (19.119) "Apply the transformations pitrary constants, ex¢yandv=3y,260 Advanced Engineering mathematics 2 av _ az _ a2 AU, 02 Become respectiy, 3 7 a x and 3) > ju ay | 00 ay ‘ly ay avd ' Hence, vty, and = (19.119) and simplifying, r Substituting for p and q in Eq, we obtain whichis of the form (4) Taking =, = @ in (19.120) gi =@utavtb, 2, and hence the solution of (19.120) is and. therefore, a complete integral of the given equation is Fat y) tay +, where @ and b are two arbitrary constants. EXERCISE 19.4 Find complete integrals of the equations Mpeg =1 Ck p+a=pq SK P39? a5 4 zpg=p+q vpaxre(e +x) 4. 2p +3 lq = 6x +2y Px qy) =1 P+ p= 2162 +P)ee+y¥, 20. yz = ‘ AO. 2xyz = pr Be (+ p+ g?+ (Wp gP=1 ney + gry? +49 19.7 FINDING SURFACES ©} FAMILY OF SURFACES An important application of the find surfaces orthogonal toa giv Let RTHOGONAL TO A GIVEN theory of linear en fag tat Partial differential equations of the firstorl faces, fly =e be the given one. 7 ’ Parameter faril bee mily of surfaces : 2 = g(x, y). The direction Tatios of the nor; : are respecti mals to. f spectively (19.121) and (19.122) at the point of intersection (z of x) Bx’ dy795| and {22 az "ay dz) an E24) 20Partial Diterertial Equation ty tal Diterential Equations | 261 y va. thus ” x =o Fs a fio (19.12 near partial differential equation (19.123) is the general equation determining the surfaces The ip the given family (19.121), The requisite surfaces are given by the integral curve of the ee ag ‘W/ax ” Alay A/a Saeed 49:28; Find the surface which intersects the surfaces ofthe family ra+y)=c@z +1) sally and passes through the curve (x + y) = Oand = = 0. ‘The given family is fu 2= (19.125) ‘Thus equations giving the family orthogonal to surfaces (19.125) are aude cecis year sececeooae G24) 2/B2+1) (x+y) +32) a (19.126) 232+1) — 2(3z+1) (x+y) From the first two terms in (19.126), we obtain eoyra 19.127) gilt M80, we have ue wtx+dy 2 _4 which gives 223241) (X+ y) eo (e+ y)dta + y) = 22(32 + Ide w we have ie Te. (xt ya r2Qe+iy+h : (19.128) ‘othogonal surfaces are given by b = (2), which gives aa we fll an hee aid (09.129) ia! isan arbitrary func Sice, the requis +y=0,2=0, thus from (19.129), we have required surface passes through thecurve,* ¥ , Theor the requisite onhogonal surfaces (x+y) 2223+ 2Mathematics __— EXERCISE 19-5 nat tothe Family given By AG? + yg 262 | Advanced Enaineernd at exquation of surfaces oF stant orthogonal {which passes th to the family igh the hyperbola xr-¥ of surfaces (2x + 34) circle 30° + 7 of surfaces z where 18 ar hrough the fe which cuts eee nstant and cisan arbitrary cor which is orthogonal hhich passes throu! 3. Find the surface arbitrary constant and WI ‘co which is orthogonal to th ‘ind which passes throug! EQUATIONS WITH CONSTANT he family of surfaces Pt pt2ag 4. Find the surfa ear icra erred ae arbitrary constant 19.8 HOMOGENEOUS LINEAR COEFFICIENTS A homegencos linear partial diferental equation ofthe nth order with constant coefficient sof i (D' +a,D™"D' + a,D"2D? +. aD") “flats We where a's are constants. [tis homogeneous in the sense that all terms contain derivatives of the same aie” psn 0 a Her, De® and D = ax The equation (19.130) can be written as, FD, D'z = fy). Asin case of ordinary differential equation, the complete solution of the Eq, (19.131) 8 ‘of the ‘complementary function’, a general solution of the equation FO,D):=0 and the ‘particular integral’, a solution of the Eq, (19.131) not containing, any arbitrary cof Further, ifz, i= : : 7 if 21° 1,2, 0, mare solutions of the Eq, (19.132), then ¥c,z, where c's re a constants, is also a solution of i i es pow ion of Eq. (19.132). The proof of this is on the lines as in case of We will assume the hor mmogeneous diff Y) ‘il kt encarta i gyre FD, bere as 19.8.1 The Complementary Function We explain the method by considering a homoge (D? +a, DD’ + a,D")z = 9, ee however, the results are applicable equation of order two given bY ‘0 equations of higher orders also. 2_— Partial Differential Equations | 263 ‘h sesiy equation is 4 DP + aDD'+ a? = 0, Bike, i asroots be D/D!= mm, i ie i i Dee en the roots ate real and distinct 08 PB gars canbe wentton as ; (D-mDID ~ m:D)z =o 7 ) (29.195) will be satisfied by the solution of the equation D- msD)z=0, or p= my = em pam =0, (19.136) ica linear partial differential equation of order one, The subsidiary equations are rea dx dy di Tom 0 wo independent solutions as y+ mx =kyand |, kare two arbitrary constants. 1sa solution of Eq. (19.135) is given by ky =0(k), or z= Oly +m). ‘Similarly another solution of Eq. (19.135) corresponé 2 =ylyt ma). the complete solution of Eq. (19.135) is. z= yly + mx) + Oy + mx), yand 6 are two arbitrary functions. case the auxiliary equation is of degree thre« lementary function will be 2= O(y + mx) + aly + mar) + Ga *™X) ee 1g to (D - mD’)2= 0 is given by (19.137) 1c with three distinct roots m, mand my then the I When the roots are equal 3 the roots are equal, say m, = 2 = 1, then the Eq, (19.135) becomes av? (D- mb’pz = 0. 09.38) Let u=(D~mD%z, then (19.138) can be written as (D- mD‘u = 0, which as in Case I, gives w= gy tmx), (19.139) Sis an arbitrary function, and thus (19.140) (D- mD'yz = (y +m). TeEa, (19.140) gives p—mg = oly +m). az eae eee 264| Advanced Engineering Mathemal : es sare iatiary equations 3 he corresponding subsid i! ; dy _ dv dz = om oy mx) pendent solutions as : which give two indepe a ee yemye ky and vt ky Thue the complete sokution is y= W@kr), Hat, oq + ma) = wy +) yy + mx) + x(y + m2), ‘bitrary functions, ation is of degree three or where wand ¢ are two arr Incase the auxiliary equ corresponding to this is corresponding . (u + mx) + xos(y + mx) + 7o(y + x), and a root m is repeated thrice, then the and so on. _Exeimple 19.28: Solve the equation (D+ DD’ - 20%) = 0. Solution: The auxiliary equation is m+m-2=0 with roots m= 1, -2. Hence, the general solutior Y= Oi(y +x) + Oxy - 2x), where ; , 0; are two arbitrary functions. «Example 19.30: Solve the equation (D* - 6D°D’ + 11DD? - 61’)z = 0. Solution: The auxiliary equation is 6m? + 11m -6 =0, with roots m= 1, 2,3. Hence, the general solution is O42) + Oly + 2x) + Oy +32), where 61,6, 0 are three arbitrary functions, _ Fxample 19.31: Solve the equation (D°-5D°b’+ spp? - 4D®)z Solution: ‘The auxiliary equation is m5 n+ 8m =4 0, with fools m<12,2. Hence, the general solution i ion is 2= OY +x) + Oy +22) 4 where 6,02 and are arbitrary functions, ) + xOs(y + 2x), mpl 18.32 Seve the biharmonic equation (Oop? io “Solution: The auxiliary equation is +D%z=0. A m2 1 =O, oF n-a¥4 4 1)2= 9, 24= Partial Diflerential Equations | 265 eneral solution is wyatt Land -1. Hence the : OHV #9) # HOUND HOY + VOY ”, ary functions arearbitrary fu ‘he Particular Integral jertne uation F(D.D) == (x ¥), the particular integral is given as Top) Die" = be", thus we can easily find that FD, De" = F(a, bye" Hce we write ot = [F(D, DY F(a, Ben (FD, Dye = Fane (19.142) ed Fle, B) £0. Jncase Fla, b) = 0, we may follow the general method to be discussed as Case IV. I: When f¢ cos (ax + by) D? sin (ax + by) = -@ sin (ax + by) DD’ sin (ax + by) = ~ab sin (ax + by) in (ax + by) = -¥* sin (ax + by) soon. Thus, we can easily find that FD* DD’, D?) sin (ax + by) = F(- ab, -¥*) sin (ax + by), sin (ax + by) = [F(D”, DD’, D’ TR(-a?, ~ab, -b°) sin (ax + by) Sa ner (1943) =e HAO’ DoY,D?\y sin (ax +) = ed Fl, ab, 12) #0. Ft, -ab, 2) = 0, we may follow the general method to be discusse M: When f(x, y) = 2"y/, or a polynomial in x, y- integral is FC id as Case IV. I 2= (FD, DIT 'x"y"- wf 19.144) ° hate it we expand [F(D, DI"! as an infinite series in ascending powers of D or D’, *'Bupon m o]tyains +0009 1 =p lysinx +3 cos x~ 2c08.x] = -y cos x+ sin x the complete solution is 2= Oily + 2x) + ba(y - 3x) t SiN x - y COS X, Ey x“ ihematics See eee | Advanced Engineering Mat! 270] Advanced Ena) ae Example 19.38: Solve (IP HIDPE* he auvitiary equation i§ / ii (me ty 2-0 2-0, or which giv ntary function is The compen 2 = Oya) + OXY - 2%) whore ¢) and @, are two arbitrary functions. The particular inte; =" Demy dea) 697 al Hence the complete solution is eeaiye 7 oly Dre -2)4 Fy? 1 EXERCISE 19.6 1 0'-3D°D' + 29%), 29 ‘rential equations 3. (Dapp 4 4p? 2. 2D? + 5DD’ + 2D%)z =0 Find the complete solution of 4. GD*~ 4D°D'-3p2p? + opp? «Deh tial differential equati equations 4 ee (4D? +1200" + 9p%)z = 2 2 2 _ ~D%)2 = cos (x + y) Sines 5y 1 (D°~2DD'+ D2 = tan (y +3) a *2DD' + D%)z = 2 cos y-xsiny Yo ~D%)2 = tan? x tan y ~ tan tary vy 1. 0+ vp- 22), . 40cerns - Partial Differential Equations | 271 oN- HOMOGENEOUS LINEAR F: NOEFFICIENTS R EQUATIONS WITH CONSTANT -pomogeneous linear partial differential equation w een FO.D fr), (19.148) jynomial expression on the right side of (19.1 ght side of (19.148) is not homogeneous one. As incase o pus Hinear partial differential Salis ine ean nh ‘ eee ary funtion and the particular integer plete solution is the sum of the complementary function we shall assume: psc n We shall assume that F(D, 1’) is reducible into linear factors of salve (D-mD pomg = az subsidiary equations are dx dy a 1” om we write it as integrals are y+ mx = 0 and iting the solution as cp = 9(¢,), we get 22 Oy tmx) -~ (19.149) ‘ase the factor is repeated twice, then we can show that the integral corresponding to, (by (D- mD’ a) 2= u), (D- mD' -a)'2 = 0is 2=eO(y + mx) + xe oly + ma), + 6, and ¢, are two arbitrary functions. case the linear factor is (D a), then the s (19.150) jolution (19.149) simplifies to 2= POY) K the linear factor is (D - mD’), then (19-149) becomes 2= gly tmx) / in case of homogeneous equations. ifthe meas faror is of the form (D7 ~ 8) hen to find the solution consider the differential (D'= bye =0, or q-bz=0 auniliary equations are dx _-dy_de Oo 1 ib Huon «fy, 2 = he? and hence the solution of (O° 1)== O18 420). (19.151) a