Position Information Manual PILOT

177, Skyway Offices A1, Marina Street. Pietà, PTA 9042.
Malta
HEALTH AND SAFETY

MANUAL
Pilot
1 DE ENERO DE 2024
AIR HORIZONT
177, Skyway Offices A1, Marina Street. Pietà, PTA 9042. Malta
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Index
RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF WORKERS...................... ......................................... 3

OBLIGATIONS ................................................. .................................................... 3
RIGHTS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……….3
MENTAL LOAD ................................................ ........ ............................................ 4
BACK POSTURAL EXERCISES. SITTING AND STANDING WORK POSITION ..................... 6
WORK STRESS ................................................................. ................................... 10
SAFETY AND HEALTH RECOMMENDATIONS EXPOSURE TO FORCED POSITIONS ............ 13
STANDARDS ON POSTURAL ERGONOMICS WHEN DRIVING VEHICLES ............... ..…….. 16
PREVENTIVE MEASURES TO BE ADOPTED IN THE PROXIMITY OF VEHICLE PASSAGE AREAS
........................................................................................................................... 18
SAFETY STANDARDS AGAINST LOW VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL RISKS …………………………..…… 19
RISKS AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES: SHIFT AND NIGHT WORK ......... ........................ 23
BASIC ROAD SAFETY RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................... 25
WORK CARRIED OUT ON PUBLIC ROADS WITH OCCUPATION OF ROADS ..................... 28
SAFETY AND HEALTH RECOMMENDATIONS AGAINST WHOLE BODY VIBRATIONS ……….... 31
OTHER JOB INFORMATION ............................................. ........................................ 33
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RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF WORKERS
OBLIGATIONS
 Ensure, according to your possibilities, your own safety and health at work and that
of those people who may affect their professional activity.
 Properly use any means with which you carry out your activity.
 Do not put protective means and equipment out of operation.
 Inform Designated and Responsible Workers about situations that may pose a risk to
the safety and health of workers.
 Contribute to the fulfillment of the obligations established by the Labor Authority.
 Cooperate with the employer so that he can guarantee working conditions that are
safe and do not pose risks to the safety and health of workers.
RIGHTS
 Effective protection in terms of safety and health at work.

 Information, consultation and participation, training in preventive matters.
 Effective health monitoring.
 Participation and representation.
Non-compliance by workers with obligations regarding risk prevention will be

considered labor non-compliance.
MENTAL LOAD
“Mental Load is a term included in the workload and refers to the requirements perceptual,
cognitive and psychomotor. It is understood as the degree of mobilization, the intellectual
effort that the worker must perform to face the set of demands that the nervous system
receives during the performance of his or her job. It occurs, because to execute a task,
we carry out a complex mental activity based on information processing that brings that puts
in risk our individual characteristics and capabilities.”
Schematically, the work process would be as follows:

• Perception of information.
• Interpretation of information.
• Decision making.
According to this, we can define mental load as the number of required processes that must
be carried out perform to achieve a specific result or objective.
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Derived from the evolution of work and the implementation of new technologies in most of
the jobs, the decrease in physical load has been accompanied by a growth in the load mental
or an increase in the amount of information that has to be handled  Overload mental.
Although very unskilled or simple jobs have also generated a lack of treatment of
information, a decrease or almost total absence of the information that is handled when
carrying out this type of tasks Mental underload.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT MENTAL LOAD
In the study of mental load a series of factors must be considered:
• Quantity and complexity of information

o Type of task and variables that affect it.
• Time
o What is available to carry out the task  Work rate.
o Which attention must be maintained  Need to take breaks or alternate tasks.
• Individual and environmental aspects
o Modifiable characteristics or not.
o May result in masking of information or diminished ability concentration (noise,
temperature, lighting,...)
MENTAL FATIGUE
Mental Fatigue is the main aspect or negative consequence of Mental Load.

When a process requires continuous maintenance of high attention, Fatigue appears. He
body recovers after a period of night rest or during leisure time, it recovery is difficult if we
do not maintain order with our periods of activity-rest, mainly with depending on the work
rhythms, eg. Shifts.
This fatigue can lead to errors:

• Of perception
• Coding
• Decision
We can identify several types of fatigue, each with its physiological and psychological
characteristics.
Four main types of fatigue:
• Muscle fatigue is physique fatigue.
• Mental fatigue, boredom and monotony.
• Emotional fatigue, dullness.
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• Skill fatigue (manipulative or instrumental), reduced attention, precision and performance.

These last two types of fatigue are the ones that cause the most errors, confusion and slip-
ups on a daily basis, which, among other consequences, produce work accidents.
LOAD VS. EFFORT
The load would be the set of demands of the job, activity or task, not depending on the
characteristics of the worker.
The effort would cover the consequences of the load on the worker, which will depend on the
personal characteristics and particular circumstances.
HOW IS MENTAL LOAD ASSESSED?
There are a series of indicators to assess the mental load in the workplace, they are
following:
• Time pressure, time assigned to the task, recovery from delays, speed in the working day.
• Effort of attention, intensity of concentration and the time it must be maintained.
• Perceived fatigue, as assessed by the subject himself.
• Number of information and its complexity needed to perform the task.
• Subjective perception of the difficulty that the worker has in his or her job.
As can be seen, the mental load is influenced by both internal and personal variables of the
worker, as well as external variables, specific to the organization and the job.
PREVENTION OF MENTAL LOAD
GUIDELINES FOR THE PREVENTION OF MENTAL FATIGUE

To carry out preventive actions against mental fatigue, it is recommended to act on each of
the stages into which the work process is divided: perception and interpretation of
information and taking of decisions. In addition to considering other types of recommended
measures, among which find:
 Plan for short and frequent breaks.
 Alternation of tasks according to attention levels.
 Reduce the workload on the night shift.
 Training.
 Organization of jobs
PROPOSALS TO IMPROVE MENTAL LOAD
• Schedule the volume of work and the time necessary for its development.
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• Avoid feelings of urgency and time pressure.

• Establish systems that allow the worker to know the levels of performance, work
pending and the time available to do it.
• Avoid, to the extent possible, jobs that require intense and continuous efforts. If this is not
possible, try to restructure the assignment of tasks in order to distribute them balanced
among the workers.
• Inquire into the reasons why the times assigned to complete the task are scarce: difficulty
of the task, excess of it,...
• Pay special attention to those positions that, due to the work carried out in them, are more
likely to make mistakes and, especially, when the consequences of these are serious.
• An excess of information in quality or quantity is as negative as a defect; thereof detect
where the problem lies and try to find a balance point.
BACK POSTURAL EXERCISES. SITTING AND STANDING WORK POSITION
There are certain activities, whether workable or not, that are carried out frequently and
that, by not involve clear and direct risks, are considered risk-free. These activities that in
causes seem very simple, they can generate the appearance of small lesions in the system
musculoskeletal that manifest themselves in a more or less distant day. It is characterized by
discomfort, impediment or persistent pain in joints, muscles, tendons and other soft tissues,
with or without physical manifestation, caused or aggravated by repeated movements,
forced postures and movements that develop high forces.
Maintaining posture involves a static load (the muscles must exert a force maintained so that
balance is not lost). If the posture is forced, the muscle groups that that support this balance
can suffer from overload.
The different postures in the sitting position are determining factors in the pressure value of
the discs intervertebral, as well as the activity of muscles in various parts of the body.
Preventing this type of injury ensures a healthier and safer life for our back. Next, we give a
series of exercises and stretching for both work that are performed in sitting position as well
as standing position.
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Exercises for people who work in a sitting position:
1. NECK: Neck movements: anterior, posterior, rotations, laterality.

2. SHOULDERS: Shoulder movements: up, forward, back, circles.
3. STRETCH: Take both hands and stretch, up and in front.
4. SPINE STRAIGHTENING: Sitting straighten the spine and stretch it.
5. COLUMN: Move the column away from and closer to the seat back.
6. SPINE: Sit upright with arms hanging down. Lower slowly move the head, neck and
shoulders, bending the trunk. Continue until the trunk rests on the thighs.
7. LEGS: Push one knee with your hand so that they exert force both, alternate.
8. LEGS: Separate and bring your knees together.
9. FEET: Movement of the feet (toe - heel).
10. HANDS AND WRISTS: Grip and open the hands, move the wrists in flexion and
extension.
Abdominal strengthening:
Lying down, one knee against the opposite hand, use force, alternate. Both hands against
both knees.
Exercises for people who work in a standing position:

1. RELAXATION: Feet apart, abdomen relaxed, spine and head in axis. Loose shoulders.
Deep breathing.
2. WEIGHT: Transfer of weight from one foot to the other with knees extended.
3. WEIGHT KNEES: Transfer the weight with your knees bent, alternating without lifting
heels.
4. FEET: Stand on the balls of your feet, then on your heels, alternate.
5. LEGS: Bend and straighten your legs.
6. PELVIS: Move the pelvis back and forth.
7. PELVIS: Cross one arm behind you, reaching with your hand to the buttock otherwise,
alternate.
8. SHOULDERS: Hold your hands behind your back and put your hands back shoulders.
9. SPINE: Climb one foot higher than the other every so often.
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10. SHOULDER-ARM: Lower one hand laterally, without bending the column, alternate (effort
only).
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WORK STRESS
“Work stress is the set of emotional, cognitive, physiological and emotional reactions,
behavior towards certain adverse or harmful aspects of the organization, the content or the
environment. It is characterized by high levels of excitement and anguish, with the feeling of
not being able to do nothing about the situation.” DGEAS of the European Commission.
People experience stress when they feel that there is an imbalance between what is asked of
them and the personal and environmental resources, they must meet that demand.
MANIFESTATIONS OF STRESS
• Emotional level: anxiety reactions, depression, feelings of hopelessness and abandonment.
• Cognitive level: concentration problems, difficulty learning, synthesizing, being creative.
(These problems can become a dysfunction)
• Behavioral level: harmful behaviors for health may appear, such as substance abuse
alcohol, tobacco, stimulants... Violent or antisocial behavior may also appear.
• Physiological level: digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, skin, immune system, and in the
musculoskeletal system (back pain, contractures...).
In addition to these consequences, work-related stress can aggravate any disease (stress
affects the immune system), whatever its main cause.
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THE CAUSES OF STRESS
There are two types of factors in the work environment that can cause stress: physical risks
(noise, temperature, lack of lighting...) and psychosocial risks (aspects of design,
management and organization from work).
Work factors that can cause stress can be divided into two groups:
JOB CONTEXT
• Bad communication.
• Ambiguity and role conflict.
• Job and professional insecurity.
• Little participation in decision making.
• Lack of control over work.
• Social and physical isolation.
JOB CONTENT
• Problems in having the appropriate material and equipment.
• Lack of variety in tasks.
• Short work cycles.
• Task overload or underload.
• High work pace.
• Lack of control over work.
• Shift work and night shifts.
However, people do not live isolated from our environment, so in addition to affecting us
these work factors, many other aspects of our lives may be influencing the appearance of
stress:
SOCIAL FACTORS
Throughout our lives, events occur that force us to readjust continuously (losses, divorces,
family evolution...).
INDIVIDUAL FACTORS
Just as there are differences between people, there are also individual differences in the way
to interpret and evaluate situations and stimuli as stressful.
Whether we define a situation as stressful will depend on the type of assessment we make of
that situation specific stimulus or event and the coping resources we have.
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Our personal attitudes and beliefs are influencing this assessment, that is, our way to see
the world. For some people it can be very stressful to have to deal with clients and for others
may be working with computers.
Personality type is a factor that is modulating our reactions to stress. Our life habits, our way
of facing things, self-esteem, etc., are mediating between the stressful situation and our
reaction to it.
There is a type of personality at has a greater probability of suffering from stress, it is the
Personality Type A. This type of people are identified by the following characteristics:
Controlling, Competitive, Hostile, Work-dependent, Suspicious, Pressed and time-pressed.
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT FACTORS

They are environmental factors that become stressors in our daily lives such as pollution,
excess environmental noise, transportation difficulties, etc.
STRESS PREVENTION
At the company level:

• Reordering of tasks.
• Organizational, ergonomic and environmental measures.
• Promote participation.
• Communication (internal and operational).
• Appropriate training and information.
• Improve the ability to cope with stressful situations, etc.
• Promote decision making, the transmission of information and relationships interpersonal.
• Communicate effectively.
• Solve the problems.
At the individual level:
• Development of behaviors that eliminate the source of stress, that neutralize the
consequences negatives of it.
• Training in problem solving.
• Assertiveness strategies.
• Effective time management.
• Disconnect from work outside of working hours.
• Practice relaxation techniques.
• Take small breaks during the day (5´/h.)
• Set real and achievable objectives.
• Make decisions and assert yourself.
• Use critical thinking.
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TIPS TO REDUCE STRESS

At the company level:
• Design work schedules so that they do not conflict with the demands and non-work-related
responsibilities.
• Allow workers to take part in decisions or actions that affect their job positions.
• Ensure that tasks are compatible with the capabilities and resources of the worker and
provide recovery time in the case of especially arduous tasks, physical and mental.
• Design tasks so that they make sense and provide the opportunity to put the objectives
into practice knowledge.
• Clearly define roles and responsibilities at work.
• Provide opportunity for social interaction.
• Avoid ambiguity in issues such as job security and the development of career; enhance
lifelong learning and employability.
At the personal level:
• Learn to recognize your reactions to stress.
• Identify the sources or origin of your stress and do not let yourself be accelerated by small
things concerns.
• Don't be tormented by the “what ifs... and don't lose your mind over what has no remedy,
they are already things from the past.
• Look for compensations (family, job, etc.).
• Give and accept social support.
• Be realistic and avoid fighting windmills.
• Do physical exercise to release the energy contained by stress.
SAFETY AND HEALTH RECOMMENDATIONS EXPOSURE TO FORCED POSITIONS
INTRODUCTION
Tasks with forced postures fundamentally involve the neck, trunk, arms and legs. The Forced
postures often cause musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs).
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These discomforts appear slowly and appear harmless, so they are usually ignoring the
symptom until it becomes chronic and permanent damage appears; they are common in the
area shoulders and neck.
It is characterized by discomfort, impediment or persistent pain in joints, muscles, tendons

and other soft tissues, with or without physical manifestation, caused or aggravated by
repeated movements, forced postures and movements that develop high forces.
Although thoracolumbar and extremity injuries are mainly due to the manipulation of loads,
are also common in other work environments, in which postures with a high static muscle
load.
Maintaining posture involves a static load (the muscles must exert a force maintained so that
balance is not lost. If the posture is forced, the muscle groups that that support this balance
can suffer from overload.
Work on knees.
This position is painful and usually causes pain and other problems such as knee hygroma or
bursitis. Resting your knees on hard, irregular, and sometimes wet, surfaces can cause
sciatic nerve compressions or tendonitis; but if the posture is very repetitive, wears out the
structure of the skin, until it forms a bag that fills with liquid, producing the aforementioned
hygroma; so, the only solution is to undergo an intervention surgical.
Working in this posture for more than two hours in total per day, identifies the knees as a
zone of attention and, therefore, may pose a risk.
Work with arms above the head or elbows above the shoulders.
In these cases, the shoulders are the risk area. It is recommended to limit exposure to no
more than 2 hours a day.
Crouching crouch.
In this case, the knees are the risk area. It is recommended to limit exposure to no more
than 2 hours up to date.
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Slanted neck
Working with the neck tilted more than 30 degrees (without support and without the ability
to change posture) more than 2 hours a day, identifies the neck as an area of attention and,
therefore, can represent a risky situation. More than 45 degrees for more than 2 hours in
total per day implies a risk situation.
Tilted back.
Working with your back inclined more than 30 degrees (without support and without the
ability to change positions posture) more than 2 hours a day, identifies the back as an area
of attention and, therefore, can pose a risk situation.
Likewise, more than 2 hours a day with the back inclined more than 45 degrees (without
support and without the ability to change posture), implies a risk situation.
PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES.
Firstly, action on the environment must be considered to eliminate or reduce the risk.
Abnormal or forced postures and movements, movements and efforts should be corrected.
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repeated. In short, working conditions must be improved. Organizational measures will be

adopted: more frequent rotations or breaks in the workplace, provisionally or permanently,
to avoid injuries. Regarding breaks, these must be accompanied by stretching exercises in
the sense contrary to the sustained movement. It is not about overloading the opposite
sense, but simply stretch. The pauses should allow the relaxation of the muscle groups
involved in the posture forced while maintaining balance. It must be considered that breaks
do not slow down the task, but rather make the effort more "profitable" and minimize
damage. Whenever possible, extreme movements will be avoided, away from neutral
postures. The worker's physical capacity is not equivalent to his or her ability to resist the
biomechanical injuries: muscular capacity does not protect against overload. In those
positions that make venous return difficult (standing, squatting,...) the movement should be
encouraged. contraction-relaxation of the muscle groups of the legs by doing toe-heel
exercises and external and internal rotation of the ankles.
STANDARDS ON POSTURAL ERGONOMICS IN VEHICLE DRIVING
MOST COMMON INJURIES IN VEHICLE DRIVING POSITIONS.

On many occasions due to carelessness, bad habits learned or because the elements used in
the vehicle are not appropriate, we adopt a series of positions that in the long run are
harmful to the body. When we find a poor disposition or adjustment of said elements, a
series of alterations occur therefore that can greatly influence negatively on our health.
The different sitting postures are decisive in the value of the pressure of the discs
intervertebral, as well as the activity of muscles in various parts of the body.
Preventing this type of injury ensures a healthier and safer life for our back.
Next, we give a series of basic rules for the prevention of thoracolumbar injuries since
correct use of vehicle accessories can help us achieve our goal.
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BASIC RULES FOR SAFE DRIVING FOR YOUR BACK.
• The headrest is intended to protect you in the event of a rear collision but not rest, as it
would limit the necessary mobility of the head while driving, so It will be located somewhat
behind in relation to the backrest.
• The lumbar spine must be supported against a backrest that has an anatomical shape, if it
does not have it, it must be corrected with a special supplement.
• The steering wheel should be held with the elbows slightly bent.
• The knees must be higher than the hips.
• The pedals must be at the appropriate distance to be able to operate them with simple
ankle movements and keeping the heel supported.
• To get into the car, first sit sideways and turn the legs while twisting the trunk.
• When driving and especially when reversing, use the mirrors to avoid straining your neck.
• If you must carry weight, bend your legs, lift the weight bringing it closer to the body and
keep your back straight.
GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS:
• Adapt the workplace to the user's characteristics, adapting the elements that are
adjustable.
• Maintain adequate temperature and ventilation so that you feel comfortable.
• To counteract fatigue while driving, make changes in posture and perform breaks
whenever you feel the need.
• It is important to get into the habit of taking a daily walk and practicing some sport during
times of stress leisure.
• You must take care of your diet and follow a balanced diet, saving during the day
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work the time necessary to eat meals calmly.

• Respect the hours of sleep.
• It is necessary to verify that the vehicle is always in good condition, to reduce possible
discomfort or vibrations due to incorrect maintenance.
PREVENTIVE MEASURES TO BE ADOPTED NEAR VEHICLE PASSAGE AREAS
RISKS
When carrying out work or traveling in areas close to the circulation of vehicles, the main
The risk to which the worker is exposed is that of being run over.
Other risks may be:
• Hits with moving objects.
• Falling objects due to falling loads transported by vehicles.
• Etc.
When you are working in an area close to the passage of vehicles, take extreme precautions,
and keep in mind observe the following safety regulations.
• Do not invade vehicle passageways and stay as far away as possible.

• If it is necessary for you to invade the vehicle passage area at work, marks and delimits
the work area using cones, fences, and/or tape marking and signaling the incident on the
traffic lane with sufficient advance.
• If necessary, use high visibility clothing.
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• Pay attention to the signs and respect them.

• Do not store or leave objects in the vehicle passage area, so that they can circulate on the
roads enabled for this without being forced to leave themselves invading other areas.
When you travel on foot.

• If they exist, use the paths enabled for pedestrians.
• Do not invade vehicle lanes.
• Pay close attention to nearby vehicles, do not get distracted, do not use your cell phone, or
you walk around reading documents.
• If you must cross the lane where vehicles circulate, do so through the areas authorized for
this (crosswalks).
• Before crossing a road for vehicle circulation, look both ways.
• If a vehicle approaches when you are about to cross a traffic lane, establish eye contact
with the driver, make sure he has seen you and do not cross until the vehicle has stopped
completely.
• Always respect the signs.
If you must cross or invade a vehicle circulation lane.

• Try not to do it in areas where there is no visibility, near curves, doors, intersections, etc.
• Be seen and make sure of it.
• Stay away from vehicles that are maneuvering, especially if they are moving in reverse.
SAFETY STANDARDS AGAINST LOW VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL RISKS
ACCIDENTS CAUSED BY ELECTRICITY
They are generally due to:
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• DIRECT CONTACTS
Contact with parts of the installation usually in strain.
• INDIRECT CONTACTS
Accidental contact with metal parts or elements placed under tension.
• ARC FLASH BURNS

Produced by the union of 2 points at different potentials using a low electrical resistance
element.
GENERAL SAFETY RULES

"Do not manipulate electrical installations if you are not trained and authorized to
do so."
Any defective electrical installation or work equipment will be notified to your superior, for
their repair.
Only authorized and qualified personnel may operate on electrical equipment, whether ma
construction, start-up of motors, transformers, machines in general, computers, etc.
In the event of a breakdown or malfunction of electrical equipment: put it out of service,
disconnect it from the electrical network (unplug), signal the anomaly and report the incident
to its repair through established channels.
"Respect the signs."
"Check electrical equipment before using it."
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All work equipment with voltage greater than 24 V., that lacks double insulation
characteristics to, will be connected to ground and protected by a differential switch.
"Do not disconnect the equipment by pulling on the cables."
They should always be disconnected by holding the connector plug and pulling her...
“Do not connect cables without approved connection plugs. "
"Avoid the passage of people and equipment over extension cords or electrical
cables."
This situation makes possible the deterioration and weakening of the conductor cable
insulation, as well as stumbles and falls.
"Do not use power tools with wet hands or feet."
"Power tools that are damp or wet should never be used."
"Don't joke with electricity."
"Do not use water to put out fires where electrical voltage is possible."
"In the face of an electrocuted person:

• In all cases, try to cut off the voltage. Separate the electrocuted person from the voltage
source, without maintaining direct contact with it, using insulating elements: poles, wood,
all-wooden chairs, insulating gloves, etc...
• Warn your immediate superior or the closest people of this situation to initiate the
measures action activities in case of emergency.
• In all cases, if you are qualified, immediately provide first aid and notify external
healthcare.
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"In no case should protections be bypassed: differential switches,

magnetothermal,..."
"The facilities will be used and maintained appropriately:

• The operation of the manual differential switch must be checked once a month.
• The value of the Earth Resistance must be checked annually at the time in which the
ground is drier.
"Access to service areas and electrical material enclosures will only be permitted to
those authorized workers".
RULES FOR PERSONNEL IN CHARGE OF HANDLING ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS:

In complex installations, documentation relating to them must be available (plans,
diagrams...). If an installation is modified, the documentation must be updated, indicating
the date of realization.
Whenever possible, carry out electrical work without voltage. Only with voltage the
elementary operations (drive of differentials, automatics, etc.) and the work in installations
with safety voltages.
Work under tension may only be carried out following a procedure that guarantees that the
qualified worker cannot accidentally contact any other element to potential different from
yours.
Do not carry out work outdoors in adverse weather conditions (rain, snow, storms, strong
wind, etc.).
When starting work, workers will be without rings, bracelets, watches and other objects
metallic.
At the end of the repairs: any protections that may have been removed will be left in place
and will not be restore the service of the electrical installation until it is completely certain
that there is no one left working on it and there is no danger.
"THE FIVE GOLDEN RULES"

• Disconnect the part of the installation on which work is going to be done, isolating it from
all possible sources of tension.
• Prevent any possible feedback, preferably by blocking the maneuvering mechanism.
• Verify the absence of voltage in all active elements in the safety area job.
• Ground and short-circuit all possible voltage sources. In Baja facilities Voltage will only be
required if for induction or other reasons, they can be accidentally placed in tension.
• Protect the work area against nearby live elements and establish a safety signage to
delimit it.
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Workers, in addition to common personal protective equipment, must use Class 00 gloves,
insulating stools/mats, voltage absence checker, certified tools, signage material and face
shield.
It must be taken into account that at the time of eliminating one of the measures initially
adopted to carry out the work without tension in safe conditions, the part of the affected
installation.
RISKS AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES: SHIFT AND NIGHT WORK
Shift work, especially when it includes nighttime, fixed or rotating hours, can lead to produce
a series of health disturbances due to alterations and imbalances in one or several of the
"times" or rhythms of people's lives, such as:
• Biological or psychophysiological time.
• Work or work time.
• Family or social time.
MAIN ALTERATIONS
Psychophysiological alterations
• Biological modifications of day/night cycles (circadian rhythms) induced by work and rest
shifts.
• Alteration in the quantity and quality of sleep derived from changes in sleeping habits and
Rest.
• Greater tendency to physical and psychological fatigue (chronostress).
• Digestive alterations derived, mainly, from changes in eating habits in rotating shifts.
Modification of professional performance

• Difficulty maintaining attention and concentration, accumulation of errors, difficulty in
perceive information correctly and act quickly.
• Lower efficiency and effectiveness.
• Lower intrinsic work motivation.
• Greater possibility of making mistakes and suffering serious accidents.
Disturbances to family and social life:

Free time is valued insofar as it allows for a series of personal and personal domestic
activities, develop personal interests and talents and facilitate relationships with others.
Shift work makes these types of activities difficult, especially the night and afternoon shifts.
May appear:
• Less family contact or compatibility.
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• Greater isolation or social disconnection.
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE SHIFT AND NIGHT WORK

The evaluation of occupational risks must consider the evaluation of shift work, especially
when it includes night work.
Factors to Consider
• The type of shifts.
• The workload (daily, weekly, etc.)
• The relationship between the workload of night work performed, compared to daytime
work (daily, weekly, monthly,...)
• The distribution of rest days.
• The arrival and departure time.
• The characteristics of the breaks (regulatory, process, optional, etc.)
• Periodicity of the cycles:
• Quick (e.g. every two or three days).
• Slow (e.g. every month).
• Mixed (alternating the previous ones).
• The direction of the rotations, morning, afternoon, night or reverse.
• The regularity and size of the main cycle (the one that repeats the most)
• The contents of the work with respect to the previous variables
GENERAL PREVENTIVE RULES
Organizational Level
• Reduce the night period to the maximum and carry out only the unavoidable work or
essential.
• Night shifts will never be longer than morning shifts, preferably they will be shorter.
• Organize the heaviest and most complex workloads in the daytime periods.
• Shifts must respect the sleep cycle as much as possible, preventing the morning shift from
start too early.
• Generate maximum voluntariness in access to night work.
• Having a decrease in physical and especially psychological capacities, in the nocturnal
periods.
• Consider that night work affects older people professionally (e.g. last third of active
working life).
• Maintain the same members in a group of workers who work the same shift, so that stable
reactions are facilitated.
• Plan and communicate shifts and work schedules as far in advance as possible.
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• Enable maximum participation of workers in the organization of working time.

• Provide the same or similar care and social means as in daytime shifts: doctors, canteens,
transportation, etc.
• Evaluate the organization of working time and night work based on the analysis of the work
factors and risk indicators: tolerance and satisfaction surveys with organization of the
working time of the people involved, indicators of alteration to the health, etc.
Personal Level
• Promote healthy living, eating and rest habits, such as:
• Adopt varied, balanced and sufficient diets.
• Avoid eating large meals before going to bed.
• Avoid exciting things, such as coffee, in the hours close to rest.
• Try to find dark, quiet spaces to sleep.
• Get support from family and friends.
BASIC ROAD SAFETY RECOMMENDATIONS
SAFETY RULES FOR DRIVERS

• Respect traffic signs always, even if you know the road.
• Use extreme caution when you encounter:
o A road junction.
o Grade changes.
o Curves with poor visibility.
o Level crossings.
• If you encounter a fog bank, drive slowly, using the fog lights (front and rear) and without
using the "long" ones, since these can dazzle you.
• When the wind blows strongly, moderate your speed, grip the steering wheel with both
hands firmly and avoid sudden movements.
• In case of rain, reduce speed and use the brakes as little as possible. If the rain is very
strong and the windshield wipers do not guarantee good visibility, stop the car instead safe
and wait until it subsides.
• If you must drive on ice, use the clutch and brake gently, keep the steer firmly and use the
chains if necessary.
VEHICLES
• Always take care of the condition of your vehicle, not only when you must drive long
distances or displacements.
• Remember to pass the mandatory or voluntary ITV, either due to the age of the car or
having suffered an accident that could have affected the engine, transmission or frame.
In any case always pay attention to:
25
• Active safety systems

o The condition of the tires (deformations, wear and pressure).
o The correct functioning of the steering.
o Possible suspension anomalies (shock absorbers).
o The effectiveness of the brakes (discs, pads, drums, shoes, hoses, cylinders and
liquid).
o Correct operation, adjustment and cleaning of all the lamps that make up the
lighting.
o The possible deterioration of the windshield wipers.
• Passive safety systems:

The condition and correct functioning of the seat belts, airbag, chassis and bodywork.
• Other systems:
The good condition of the engine, transmission and battery.
IN RELATION TO THE HUMAN FACTOR

• When you must maneuver, signal your intention well in advance and check that the others
have heeded his warning.
• Overtaking is the most dangerous maneuver: warn of your intention and make sure that
you can do it with complete safety and in the least possible time.
• If you are going to be overtaken, do not increase your speed and facilitate overtaking.
• Do not stop suddenly. Mark it with in advance and do not hinder circulation.
• Respect the traffic lights and remember that:
o The yellow light tells us that we must stop, not that we can still get through.
o You must wait until pedestrians have reached the sidewalk to move forward,
even though the traffic light is already green.
• When driving at night, change the lights correctly, trying not to dazzle others.
• Don't forget that the seat belt is not a voluntary option. Get in the habit of using it in any
journey.
26
• Alcohol, even ingested in small quantities, negatively influences driving. Remember that
the greatest risk of a serious accident occurs when the alcohol level is intermediate, due to
the state of euphoria in which the driver finds himself.
• Many medications can be dangerous when driving. Do not self-medicate and always read
the prospects.
• In case of long trips, rest approximately every two hours, drink drinks refreshing drinks
and light meals that do not promote sleep.
• Do not throw any object out of the window, it may cause an accident or fire if attempted.
of butts.
• Remember to drive calmly:
o Do not set an arrival time.
o Don't be influenced by the fact that others are at higher speed.
o It is not good to stand out, not even by going too fast, nor too slowly.
o Understand the warnings and errors of others.
COMPLYING WITH TRAFFIC RULES NOT ONLY AVOIDS SANCTIONS: AVOIDS

ACCIDENTS
• Mopeds and motorcycles

o Wear a regulation helmet it can save your life.
o Do not take advantage of the mobility of your vehicle to cause risk situations in
the traffic jams and traffic lights.
o Always keep in mind that any collision can turn into an accident serious.
27
• Trucks
o Do not load the vehicle with a weight greater than its assigned weight. Distribute
the weight of the load and ensure its stability.
o The transport of dangerous goods must comply with what is specified in the TPC.
o Always keep in mind that your vehicle is a heavy, dangerous and unhardenable
machine.
SAFETY RULES FOR PEDESTRIANS
• In urban centers
o Traffic rules also affect pedestrians. Respect the signs, traffic lights and the
instructions of the agents.
o Cross, perpendicular to the sidewalk and whenever you can, using pedestrian
crossings.
o Pay attention to garage entrances and exits.
• On roads
o Always walk to the left, as this way you will see the vehicles approaching front
vehicles.
o If there are several people together, walk in a row.
o Do not carry loose animals they can be run over and cause accidents.
o If you walk on a road at night, wear reflective clothing or wear a flashlight
WORK CARRIED OUT ON PUBLIC ROADS WITH OCCUPATION OF ROADS
WORK ON URBAN ROADS

GENERAL RISKS.
• Runovers, blows and collisions with and against vehicles. Falls at the same level.
• Falls at different levels.
28
• Those inherent to the different jobs carried out...
PREVENTIVE RULES.
For foremen and managers.
• Verify that the work is carried out with appropriate prevention measures and signage
necessary, and that the required communications have been made, to the Traffic Delegation
or to the Local Administration as appropriate.
• Supervise the correct state and location of the different means of protection and signaling.
that in any case they will comply with the corresponding regulations (General Directorate of
Roads/Local Administration):
• Protection and signaling fences.
• Marking cones.
• Delimiting tapes for the work area.
• Speed limitation and/or narrow passage signs.
• Permanent danger sign ("Works" triangle).
• Flashing lights, etc.
• Depending on the degree of occupancy of the road and the criteria established by the
regulations request, when necessary, the diversion of vehicles through other streets, to
guarantee the carrying out the work in complete safety.
• Assess the possible interruption of work when atmospheric conditions exist adverse.
• When carrying out excavations, obtain prior information about possible gas pipelines,
water, electricity, etc. that exists in the vicinity.
• Check that possible openings in the system have been properly delimited and protected.
ground that can cause falls at different levels (ditches, recording chambers, etc.).
• Supervise that daily checks are carried out on the condition of the vehicles that are going
to use.
• Ensure adequate training of the workers who will carry out the work entrusted.
For workers.
• Follow the instructions and recommendations of the Company.
• Use Personal Protective Equipment, keeping it in good condition and giving immediately
notice any defects observed.
• Use uniforms with high visibility, especially in tasks carried out at night or with poor
visibility.
• Vest and armband with reflective strips.
29
• Pay special attention when crossing the street, monitoring the normal movement of
vehicles.
• Collaborate in reviewing the condition of the vehicles at the beginning of the day and
reporting quickly of all detected faults.
• In work carried out with the help of vehicles, avoid standing in front of or behind the
workers themselves.
• Use the appropriate utensils and tools for each task, in a safe and orderly manner.
• Avoid risky situations during the execution of work, avoiding jokes and distractions.
• Respect the work area marked for the development of the work and location of the tools
and other work utensils.
• Report any type of anomaly, incident or accident that occurs during the workday.
WORK ON ROADS AND HIGHWAYS

GENERAL RISKS.
The same as in the work carried out on urban roads, with the aggravating factor of the high
speed of vehicle circulation.
For foremen and managers. The same as those outlined for work carried out on roadways.
urban and, in addition:
• Check that the permit has been requested from the local or provincial Public Works
Headquarters to work in these spaces.
• Ensure that work will be marked in accordance with what is established by the
Headquarters local or provincial Public Works, together with the permission.
• Check that night signaling (reflective and lights) is adequate and works correctly.
• In alternate one-way sections, must regulate vehicle traffic. For this will be authorized for
workers necessary, providing them with the elements of necessary signage (signs, vests
reflective, radiotelephones, etc.).
• When working on curves with poor visibility, it will be necessary for a worker equipped with
the elements necessary (red pennant, vest reflective, etc.), is placed so that prevent vehicles
from needing moderate speed.
For workers. The same as those indicated for work carried out on urban roads.
RECOMMENDED PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT.
Uniform with outstanding visibility, waterproof in case of rain, non-slip footwear and
necessary depending on the risks derived from the work to be carried out.
30
SAFETY AND HEALTH RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WHOLE BODY VIBRATIONS
WHAT IS A VIBRATION?
A vibration is an oscillatory movement of a rigid body. Physically a vibration is a energy that
is transmitted through matter forming waves.
When transmitted through a solid medium, it is received in the body through the part of it in
contact with the medium that transmits it.
VIBRATION INTENSITY.
Vibration intensity is understood as the force with which it is perceived.
The intensity of the vibration can be measured according to three different parameters; the
displacement that is the distance that the mass moves from the point of equilibrium and is
measured in meters; the speed with that the movement of particles occurs, which is
measured in meters per second; and acceleration which tells us how quickly the speed varies
and is measured in meters per second squared.
Acceleration is normally used as a measurement parameter. The reference values of the
Weighted acceleration for 8 hours a day, in accordance with EU regulations are: exposure
value that results in an action: 0.5 m/s2; Limit value: 1.15 m/s2.
FREQUENCY OF VIBRATION.
The second property of waves that we consider is frequency, which is the number of times.
The vibration occurs per second. Its unit of measurement is the hertz “Hz” (cycles per
second).
In whole body vibrations, only vibrations with frequencies between 0.5 and 80 Hz are
considered. (Hz = Hertz).
PENETRATION INTO THE ORGANISM.

The vibrations penetrate the organism through the point of contact between the vibrating
material medium and the body of the operator.
Basically, when an operator is located on a structure that vibrates the penetration point, they
are the feet if the worker is standing or the buttocks, hips and back if the worker is sitting
and they give rise to so-called whole-body vibrations.
VIBRATION AXES.
Solid matter can oscillate about its equilibrium point in three directions that we can say
correspond to the three axes of space. The longitudinal axis (front - back) which we will call
the axis X. The transverse axis (left - right) which we will call the Y axis. The vertical axis
(bottom - up) which we will call it Z axis.
When vibrations occur in the vertical axis, the most damaging frequencies are those included
between 4 and 8 hertz, while in the case of vibrations that arrive along the horizontal axes
31
(longitudinal and transversal) the frequencies considered most harmful are those between 1
and 2 hertz.
EFFECTS ON THE ORGANISM.
The effects produced by vibrations are very varied, and they occur on very different organs
disparate.
The effects caused are mainly lumbar and abdominal pain, systemic disorders circulatory and
urological, insomnia, hesitations, feeling of fatigue. Many of these effects have temporary
nature and disappear after a period of rest, while others, originated after years of exposure,
they acquire a permanent character.
RISK CONTROL.
Once the existence of an unacceptable risk has been determined, it is necessary to take
preventive measures to reduce risk:
• To reduce the level of vibration of the machines, we must first prevent the existence of
wear, looseness, damaged bearings, unbalanced shaft rotations. To do this, a preventive
maintenance program must be established.
• To avoid the transmission of vibrations between elements or with the operator, movements
must be avoided rigid structures. If a seat is available, it must be designed for the vibration
damping.
• Reduce exposure time, alternating work with tasks in which there is no exposure or
through personnel rotation.
32
Specific preventive measures for vehicle drivers:
• Maintain vehicle tire pressure at the recommended level.

• The floors on which vehicles circulate within the company itself must remain without
potholes or irregularities.
• Avoid exertion immediately after driving.
• Change your position frequently while driving.
• Both the backrest and the base of the seat must be adjustable, so as to protect the lumbar
region and have a feeling of comfort.
OTHER JOB INFORMATION

Procedure for action against attacks, violence,...
Risks derived from piloting airplanes. Movement along airplane stairs.
The job includes tasks prohibited during pregnancy/breastfeeding Women in this situation,
they must notify the company so that the measures can be adopted adequate preventive
measures.
The position includes agents, procedures or working conditions that may influence negatively
to women who are pregnant or breastfeeding. Women in this situation they must
communicate it so that appropriate preventive measures can be adopted.
The tasks of the position involve exposure to movements, postures, displacements, metal
fatigue and other physical burdens that can negatively influence pregnancy situation or
breastfeeding.
The duties of the position involve performing night work or shift work that it can negatively
influence pregnancy or breastfeeding. The women in this situation must be communicated to
adopt appropriate preventive measures.
Position with possible exposure to ionizing radiation, which cannot be given to female
workers pregnant or breastfeeding, so they must inform the company of said situation so
that appropriate preventive measures are adopted.
33
I have received the Health and Safety Manual that includes risks and preventive measures of
the PILOT job position in the company AIR HORIZONT.
1535
ID: _____________________________________________________________________
Date: ____________________________________________________________________
11/03/24
Juan Vidal Tapia

Name and signature of worker: ________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
34

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177, Skyway Offices A1, Marina Street. Pietà, PTA 9042.

HEALTH AND SAFETY

RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF WORKERS...................... ......................................... 3

RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF WORKERS

 Effective protection in terms of safety and health at work.

Non-compliance by workers with obligations regarding risk prevention will be

Schematically, the work process would be as follows:

FACTORS THAT AFFECT MENTAL LOAD

In the study of mental load a series of factors must be considered:

• Quantity and complexity of information

Mental Fatigue is the main aspect or negative consequence of Mental Load.

This fatigue can lead to errors:

• Skill fatigue (manipulative or instrumental), reduced attention, precision and performance.

LOAD VS. EFFORT

HOW IS MENTAL LOAD ASSESSED?

PREVENTION OF MENTAL LOAD

GUIDELINES FOR THE PREVENTION OF MENTAL FATIGUE

PROPOSALS TO IMPROVE MENTAL LOAD

• Avoid feelings of urgency and time pressure.

BACK POSTURAL EXERCISES. SITTING AND STANDING WORK POSITION

Exercises for people who work in a sitting position:

1. NECK: Neck movements: anterior, posterior, rotations, laterality.

Exercises for people who work in a standing position:

THE CAUSES OF STRESS

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT FACTORS

At the company level:

TIPS TO REDUCE STRESS

SAFETY AND HEALTH RECOMMENDATIONS EXPOSURE TO FORCED POSITIONS

It is characterized by discomfort, impediment or persistent pain in joints, muscles, tendons

repeated. In short, working conditions must be improved. Organizational measures will be

STANDARDS ON POSTURAL ERGONOMICS IN VEHICLE DRIVING

MOST COMMON INJURIES IN VEHICLE DRIVING POSITIONS.

BASIC RULES FOR SAFE DRIVING FOR YOUR BACK.

work the time necessary to eat meals calmly.

PREVENTIVE MEASURES TO BE ADOPTED NEAR VEHICLE PASSAGE AREAS

• Do not invade vehicle passageways and stay as far away as possible.

• Pay attention to the signs and respect them.

When you travel on foot.

If you must cross or invade a vehicle circulation lane.

SAFETY STANDARDS AGAINST LOW VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL RISKS

ACCIDENTS CAUSED BY ELECTRICITY

They are generally due to:

• ARC FLASH BURNS

GENERAL SAFETY RULES

"Respect the signs."

"Check electrical equipment before using it."

"Do not disconnect the equipment by pulling on the cables."

“Do not connect cables without approved connection plugs. "

"Do not use power tools with wet hands or feet."

"Power tools that are damp or wet should never be used."

"Don't joke with electricity."

"In the face of an electrocuted person:

"In no case should protections be bypassed: differential switches,

"The facilities will be used and maintained appropriately:

RULES FOR PERSONNEL IN CHARGE OF HANDLING ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS:

"THE FIVE GOLDEN RULES"

RISKS AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES: SHIFT AND NIGHT WORK

Modification of professional performance

Disturbances to family and social life:

• Greater isolation or social disconnection.

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE SHIFT AND NIGHT WORK

GENERAL PREVENTIVE RULES

• Enable maximum participation of workers in the organization of working time.

BASIC ROAD SAFETY RECOMMENDATIONS