Chapter one

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

1
Learning objectives: at the end of the class, you should be able to:

– Describe what is Artificial intelligence?

– Assess the History of Artificial intelligence

– Identify the goals of Artificial intelligence

– To know application area of Artificial intelligence

–To know the research area of AI 2

 What is Artificial intelligence?
• It is the combination of two words i.e.
• Artificial :-none natural/man made /formulate
• Intelligence:-the ability to understand, think or learn
some things
• Intelligence is the capability of observing, learning,
remembering and reasoning.
• Artificial intelligence is the ability of creating the
system that can be understand, think and learn some
thing from the environment 3
 What is Artificial intelligence?
 It is an area of science and engineering that emphasizes
the creation of intelligent machines that work and react
like humans.
It is related to the similar task of using computers to
understand human intelligence,
 Build and understand intelligent entities or agents

4
 Cont’d
• It is a branch of computer science concerned with:

The study and creation of computer system exhibit some form

of intelligence.

System that learn new concepts and tasks

System can reason and draw conclusions

Can understand NLP 5

 Cont’d
Artificial Intelligence is the synthesis and analysis of computational
agents that act intelligently.

An agent is something that acts in an environment.

An agent acts intelligently if:

– its actions are appropriate for its goals and circumstances

– it is flexible to changing environments and goals

– it learns from experience

6
– it makes appropriate choices given perceptual and computational
 Cont’d
 The concern of AI is to enable computers behave like human and emulate
the reasoning power of humans
• in order to do tasks that require human intelligence.
– Which task requires intelligence?
– Complex arithmetic operations
– For instance, Solving 220 * 350?
– Mundane tasks/routine
– Example, Natural language understanding; face recognition
– Expert tasks:
– which require specialists knowledge
– Example, Medical diagnosis; computer maintenance
7
 History of AI
 Formally initiated in 1956 and the name AI was coined by

John McCarthy.(Stanford University)

 Shifts from procedural to declarative programming paradigm.

– Rather than telling the computer how to compute a solution, a program consists of a
knowledge base of facts and relationships.

– Rather than running a program to obtain a solution, the user asks question so that
the system searches through the KB to Simulate human mind and learning behavior
to determine the answer.
– Simulate human mind and learning behavior (Neural Network, Belief Network,
Hidden Markov Models, etc. ) 8
 History of AI…
• Development of knowledge-based systems: (1969-1979) the key to power

– Performance of general-purpose problem solving methods is weak for

many complex domains.

– Use knowledge more suited to make better reasoning in narrow areas

of expertise (like human experts do).

– Early knowledge intensive systems include:

• MYCIN (1976): used for medical diagnosis. etc.

• The Dendral program (1969): solved the problem of inferring

9
molecular structure (C6H13NO2).(A chemical analysis expert system)
 Intelligence
ocalculate, o use natural language

o reason, fluently,
o classify,
o perceive relationships and analogies,
o generalize, and
o learn from experience,
o adapt new situations.
o store and retrieve information from memory,

osolve problems,

ounderstand complex ideas,

10
 Intelligence
• Intelligence is composed of several component
Reasoning
Learning
Problem solving
Perception
Linguistic perception

11
 History of AI…
• A1 becomes an industry (1980-present)
oto build intelligent computers running Prolog.

 AI becomes a science (1987-Present)

 The emergence of intelligent agents (1995-present)

12
 Goals of artificial intelligence
 To Create Expert Systems: The systems which exhibit
intelligent behavior, learn, demonstrate, explain, and
advice its users.
 To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines: Creating
systems that understand, think, learn, and behave like
humans.

13
 Human and machine intelligence
The difference between human and machine
intelligence are:-
Human perceive percepts from the environment with
pattern where as machine intelligence perceive via a set
of rule and date/instruction
Human store and recall information with pattern
where as the machine is search with the algorithm
Human can figure out complete object even messing
some part of the object where as machine is not 14
 The foundation of AI
With different disciplines:

• Philosophy

• Mathematics

• Law

• Economics
15
• Computer engineering
 Views of AI
• AI is found on the premise that:
– workings of human mind can be explained in terms of computation,
and

– computers can do the right thing given correct premises and reasoning
rules to achieve a specified goal.
Views of AI fall into four categories:
Thinking humanly Thinking rationally

Acting humanly Acting rationally

16
 Thinking humanly: The Cognitive Modeling
• Reasons like humans do
– Programs that behave like humans
• Requires understanding of the internal activities of the brain
- Cognitive modeling is an area of computer science that deals with
simulating human problem solving and mental task processes in a
computerized model.
• AI can develop automated intelligent machine which can perform different
activities which associated with human thinking activities such as decision
making, problem solving, adapt new env’t and learning new things.
Example. write a program that plays chess.
– Instead of making the best possible chess-playing program, you would
make one that play chess like people do. 17
 Acting humanly: The Turing Test
Can machines act like human do? Can machines behave intelligently?
• Turing Test: Operational test for intelligent behavior

• Suggested major components required for AI:

knowledge, reasoning, language/ image understanding, learning

How to make computers act like humans?
• Natural Language processing (enable computers communicate in human language,
English, Amharic, Oromifa..)
• Knowledge representation (schemes to store information, both facts and inferences,
before and during interrogation)
• Automated reasoning (use stored information to answer questions and to draw new
conclusions)
• Machine learning (adapt to new circumstances and to detect & extrapolate patterns)
• Computer vision (recognize objects based on patterns in the same way as the human
visual system does) 18

• Robotics (produce mechanical device capable of controlled motion; which enable

 Thinking Rationally: The Laws of Thought
• A system is rational if it thinks/does the right thing through correct
reasoning.

• The AI system should represent facts and concepts about the world via
logic

• Aristotle: provided the correct arguments/ thought structures that always

gave correct conclusions given correct premises.

– Aleazar is a man; all men are mortal; therefore Aleazar is mortal

– These Laws of thought governed the operation of the mind and

19
 Acting rationally: The rational agent
• Doing the right thing so as to achieve one’s goal, given one’s
beliefs.

– AI is the study and construction of rational agents (an agent

that perceives and acts)

• Rational action requires the ability to represent knowledge and

reason with it so as to reach good decision.

– Learning for better understanding of how the world works

20
 Strong AI vs. Weak AI
• Artificial Intelligence (or AI) is the concept that it is possible for a computer to
think in the same sense as humans do.
• Week AI-
- Thinking focused towards the dev’t of technology capable of caring out pre-
planned moves based on some rules and applying these to achieve a certain
goal.
oUses models of its problem domain given to it by programmer.
oA system that uses a set of pre-programmed rules to apply them to
any task to reach a successful completion.
- argues that computers can only appear to think and are not actually
conscious in the same way as human brains are.
- For example, weak AI researchers see their contribution as things like expert
systems used for medical diagnosis, speech recognition and data mining,
which use "intelligent" models, but they do not help create a conscious agent
21
 Strong AI vs. Weak AI…
• Strong AI
–Developing technology that can think and functions similar to humans, not
just mimicking behavior in a certain domain.
- Machines the ability to reason, think and do all functionality that a
human is capable of.
- Figure out its own model based on raw inputs.
–aims to create an agent that can replicate humans intelligence completely;
i.e.., it can think, reason, imagine, etc., and do all the things that we
currently associate with the human brain.
–Have self awareness, feel emotions, dream, consciousness, think etc.

22
 Application Area of Al
• Artificial Intelligence has various applications in today's
society. It is becoming essential for today's time because it can
solve complex problems with an efficient way in multiple
industries, such as Healthcare, entertainment, finance,
education, etc.
• AI is making our daily life more comfortable and fast.
• Following are some sectors which have the application of
Artificial Intelligence:

23
Cont…

24
 Cont…
AI in Astronomy
Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe
problems. AI technology can be helpful for understanding the
universe such as how it works, origin, etc.
 AI in Healthcare
In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for
the healthcare industry and going to have a significant impact on
this industry.
Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster
diagnosis than humans. AI can help doctors with diagnoses and
can inform when patients are worsening so that medical help can
reach to the patient before hospitalization. 25
 Cont..
AI in Gaming
AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play
strategic games like chess, where the machine needs to think of a
large number of possible places.
 AI in Finance
AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The
finance industry is implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive
intelligence, algorithm trading, and machine learning into
financial processes.
 AI in Data Security
The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks
are growing very rapidly in the digital world. AI can be used to
make your data more safe and secure. 26
AI in Social Media
Cont…
Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain
billions of user profiles, which need to be stored and managed in a
very efficient way. AI can organize and manage massive amounts
of data. AI can analyze lots of data to identify the latest trends,
hashtag, and requirement of different users.
AI in Travel & Transport
AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is
capable of doing various travel related works such as from making
travel arrangement to suggesting the hotels, flights, and best
routes to the customers. Travel industries are using AI-powered
chatbots which can make human-like interaction with customers
for better and fast response. 27
 Cont…
AI in Automotive Industry
Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual
assistant to their user for better performance. Such as Tesla has
introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual assistant.
Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven
cars which can make your journey more safe and secure.
 AI in Robotics:
Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually,
general robots are programmed such that they can perform some
repetitive task, but with the help of AI, we can create intelligent
robots which can perform tasks with their own experiences without
pre-programmed.
Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics, recently the
28
intelligent Humanoid robot named as Erica and Sophia has been
 Cont…
AI in Entertainment
We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life
with some entertainment services such as Netflix or Amazon. With
the help of ML/AI algorithms, these services show the
recommendations for programs or shows.
 AI in Agriculture
Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor,
money, and time for best result. Now a day's agriculture is
becoming digital, and AI is emerging in this field. Agriculture is
applying AI as agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring,
predictive analysis. AI in agriculture can be very helpful for
farmers.
29
 Cont…
AI in E-commerce
AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce
industry, and it is becoming more demanding in the e-
commerce business. AI is helping shoppers to discover
associated products with recommended size, color, or even
brand.
 AI in education:
AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to
teach. AI chatbot can communicate with students as a teaching
assistant.
AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for
students, which will be accessible easily at any time and any place.30
 Application of AI
 Playing Games
- AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker, tic-
tac-toe, etc., where machine can think of large number of possible
positions based on heuristic knowledge.
Eg Flight-tracking systems,

 Expert Systems Clinical systems

- There are some applications which integrate machine, software,

and special information to impart reasoning and advising. They
provide explanation and advice to the users.
 Vision Systems
- Systems that recognize objects based on patterns in the same way
as the human visual system does. 31
 Cont’d
 Natural Language Processing
- It is possible to interact with the computer that understands natural
language spoken by humans.
Eg. Machine Translation, text- to-speech, summarization of text,
Eg. open Eg Automatic voice output

 Speech Recognition
- Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and comprehending the language
in terms of sentences and their meanings while a human talks to it. It can handle
different accents, slang words, noise in the background, change in human’s noise due
to cold, etc.
 Handwriting Recognition
Software that reads the text written on paper by a pen or on screen by a stylus. It
can recognize the shapes of the letters and convert it into editable text.
32
 Cont’d
 Classification of text (Politics, Economic, Social, Sports, etc.4)
 Automated fraud detection
 Automated face recognition

 Signature Recognition

 OMR, MICR & barcode reder

Industrial robots for moving, spraying,
painting, precision checking, drilling,
• Intelligent Robots cleaning, coating, carving etc.

- produce mechanical device capable of controlled motion; which

enable computers to see, hear & take actions
- In addition, they are capable of learning from their mistakes and
they can adapt to the new environment. 33
Research Areas of AI

34