GENERAL CHEMISTRY LABORATORY 102 CH102 C LABORATORY EXPERIMENT #5: THE COMMON ION EFFECT IN DISSOLUTION AND | i PRECIPITATION EQUILIBRIA (OPEN PROJECT EXPERIMENT) Name LIODSOW, Smithy Dede loONyomen es | Th SOR NNO sectionay Tine /“Tesdaus [18:50 - 3:30pm BOSTON UNIVERSITYTABLE 1. EXPERIMENTAL DATA AND CALCULATION RESULTS | EXPERIMENTAL DATA ON DISSOLUTION OF BARIUM NITRATE: INWATER IN NITRIC ACID Molar mass of barium nitrate, M (g/mol) a 5/0 Concentration of barium nitrate in its ated solution 2 mot Le 3 Concentration of Ba ay 7 voVL) oe Concentration of NO; (a) ns in saturated iakieel“orase solution of barium . L Solubility of barium nit $7.09/L 1 L Sohbity prodoct constant for barter ita Ree Tn saturated solution” K, . The experimental value diffrence for solubility of barium nitrate in wate is x 100% x 100 cLindsay Smith CH102 Laboratory Experiment 5 BU ID: U23262195 Sarina LA Tuesday 12:30 Introduction This laboratory experiment focused on solubility the equilibria of reactions in which a precipitate dissolve in saturated solution. This experiment also required the preparation of an expetimen procedure independent ofa laboratory manual that could be used to effectively and accurately determine the solubility of the barium nitrate salt at room temperature in different solutions, Water and nitric acid were used. Finally, the “common ion effect” in the solubility of barium acid was observed and measured, This experiment enabled and the calculations involved in dissolution and ormed or in which a substance did not fully nitrate in an aqueous solution of nitric students to calculate solubility for a specific substance and used the techniques of heating and evaporating with the use of a hot plate, decanting a solution with a pipette, mixing solutions with a mixing bar, and weighing multiple solutions and substances as well. All measurements were used to calculate different measurements of solubility of solid barium nitrate in different solutions. Experimental Procedure 1 Procedure with Water and Nitric Acid (as explained as the lab TF) A beaker was obtained and weighed. This wei 50 mL. of water was obtained ayid poured into a glass beaker. it was recorded, arium nitrate was weighed and poured into the water 1 3. 50 gof! 4, A magnetic stirrer was used fo mix the solution for seven to ten minutes until the barium nitrate solution becdme saturated. solved but there was some solid let ft over at Because most barium nitrate was the bottom of the beaker at the end of mixing the saturated solution, the solution was decanted into the waste beaker. 6. The undissolved barium nitrate solute was left at the bottom of the beaker. 7. The beaker with the wet undissolved solute at the bottom was taken under the hood and heated on the hot plate there 8. After all of the water was gone and evaporated from the undissolved solute in the the beaker was taken off of the hot plate and allowed to cool. indissolved solute inside of it was weighed on the scale. beaker The beaker with the10. The initial mass of the beaker weighed at the beginning of the lab was subtracted from this measure of the weight of the beaker plus the undissolved solute. The difference between these values was the mass of the barium nitrate that had not dissolved. 11. This value was subtracted from the initial 5.0 grams of barium nitrate. The difference between the final and initial value of barium nitrate was the mass of the barium nitrate that had dissolved in solution. 12. The mass of the dissolved solute was divided by the volume of solution to calculate the solubility. 13. For the experiment with aqueous nitrie acid, steps one through twelve were repeated exactly but for step 2 and the remainder of the procedure, 50 mL of aqueous nitric acid was used as the solvent instead of 50 mL of water, Procedure with Water (second Run for the Experiment with Water: Students’ Own Prepared Procedure) 1. A beaker was obtained and weighed 2, 50 mL of water was added to the beaker and the beaker with the water int was weighed on the scale (Mass beaker +50 mL of water). 3. The density of water was used to calculate the mass of the water. (g/mL... 50mL of water=50 g of water.) The value of the mass of the beaker plus only water was recorded in the lab manual. 4. 5.0 grams of solid barium nitrate were weighed and placed in the water. 5, The magnetic stirring bar was added and the solution was stirred for about ten to fifteen minutes until it became saturated. 6. After mixing, the barium nitrate dissolved but undissolved solute was left at the bottom of the beaker. 7. For this procedure, the solid at the bottom of the beaker left over after mixing, still in solution, was gotten rid of instead of getting rid of the decanted solution, 8. The solution was decanted and put into a graduated cylinder, 9, The solid that was left over at the bottom/~vas rinsed out 10. The decanted solution with the dissolved solute was poured back into the same beaker. 11. The mass of the beaker and solution‘was weighed. 12, Then the mass of the beaker withronly 50 mL of water was subtracted ftom the ‘mass of the beaker filled with water and the dissolved solute. 13. The difference this weight showed how much dissolved solute was in the solution. It showed how much solute dissolved.ven to the students by the chemistry TF. .¢ procedures with the two solvents as culations were made and it was found that barium nitrate was more soluble in water than in an :queous solution of nitric acid, In the fist experiment with water as the solute, only 0.65 grams of barium nitrate was left over after mixing the solution until it became saturated. That meant that 4.35 grams ofthe original 5.0 gram sample dissolved in solution. When this procedure was repeated with aqueous nitric aid as the solvent, 2.41 grams ofthe barium nitrate solute were left iver after the mixing ofthe solution and heating ofthe leftover solute to evaporate the water. This meant that in the nitric acid solution only 2.59 grams of the initial 5.0 grams of barium had actually dissolved into the solution. Thus, barium nitrate was less soluble in the nitrie an it was in water. After calculations were done, the K,p value for the solid 1an it was in pure water. Therefore, this nitrate acid solution th : 0 barium nitrate was ‘smaller in the nitric acid solution th experiment proved and showed the common ion effect. Because the nitic acid solution already tad the nitrate ions present in solution before any barium nitrate was added, less products were formed, In order to reach equilibrium in solution, barium nitrate dissociates into aqueous Ba" ‘efons and aqueous NOs anions. In water, there is no common jon so more product is made to seach this equilibrium, leading o a higher solubility in water But because in nitric acd in re ution already had NOs (aq) ions present before the barium nitrate was added, less product had to be produced to reach this equilibrium. As result, less of it dissolved and this led to a decreased solubility forthe barium nitrate solute inthe nitric acid solution. "As for the procedure created and completed by the students for the second run of the experiment of barium nitrate and water, there must have been errors because the solubility in is second run turned out to be lower than the solubility in nitric solution. It was water for thi known that this could not be correct because with nitric acid solution the common ion effect is present, leading tothe solubility of barium nitrate being greater in water than in aqueous nitric cid solution. At the end of this procedure, the mass of the beaker With just water was subtracted from the mass of the baker plus the solution with dissolved solus¢ in it, which gave the mass of the dissolved solute. The beaker plus solution weighed 120.96/grams and the beaker with just water weighed 118.7 grams. These two masses were subtrag(ed and it was found that there were 2.26 grams of dissolved barium nitrate solute if the solution. This number was then divided by the volume of the solution (0.05 L), which yielded a solubility of 45.2 g/mol. This also gave a molar concentration of 0.173 mol/L for barium ionsand a 0.673 value for the molar concentration of the nitrate ions in this solution. The Ksp for the barium nitrate in water for this second run was calculated using these concentrations and it was 0.0784. This was a smaller Ky value in water than it was for the first run in water, which it should have been close to. And it was also smaller than the K,, for barium nitrate in nitric acid solution. It should have been bigger than that due to the lack of the common ion effect. The solubility in water for this second run acid but it should have been bigger, and this was almost ‘was smaller than the solubility in nitr cut down to half the solubility in water for barium nitrate that was calculated in the firstprocedure. Thus, sources of error had to be analyzed. Perhaps something went wrong with decanting the solution. Perhaps the decanted solution still had some solid present in it. Some of the solution could have been missed as well. When decanting the solution fully, perhaps some of the wet undissolved solid at the bottom was taken up into the decanted solution as well. The solution may have needed more time to mix and it may not have yet been fully saturated. Masses ture, $0 perhaps also could have been wrong or inaccurate. Solubility also changes with tempe the fact that we did not heat up the left over solute and did not use heat at all in this part of the procedure led to a different measurement in solubility. Amounts of water, solution, and the ‘masses of various substances and objects could have been weighed wrong. More tim mixing could have been needed. Measurements could have been made incorrectly and mathematical errors and human errors could have been responsible. Conelusion a tangible way This laboratory experiment helped students explore and work with solubility . Students were able to put what they learned in lectures into action. This experiment focused on the solubility properties of solid barium nitrate solute in solution. Solvents included water and an aqueous solution of nitric acid. Barium nitrate was more soluble in pure water than it was in nitric acid solution because of the common ion effect. Solubility decreased when the barium trate was placed in nitric acid solution because of the common ion effect. Bécause a common wn that is a product of the dissolution of barium nitrate is already present iyi a nitric acid solution, the equilibrium reaction produces less product in order to reach €quilibrium which led toa lesser solubility and Kyp for barium nitrate in nitric acid solution. Fér the altern developed by students, the opposite procedure was done from the giyen procedure. Instead of echnique todry and weigh the dry te procedure decanting the solution and then using the evapors ‘over solute, the solution was decanted and weighed with the beaker and the wet left over solute was gotten rid of instead. However, in the alternate procedure ¢reated by the students, the solubility of the barium nitrate in solution was a lot less thaw’ the other one in pure water and even less than the solubility in aqueous nitric acid Solution where it should be more than that. Thus, human error and other sources of error have to be taken into account when looking at the variation and abnormal difference in the solubility calculations for the second run with water the altemate student-produced procedure.~sioniot Paci Alirase ZN NITR mood undissawed + 12. Dip saree raed beaut sampe* 73,53 trace onal yeal= 2 Conces OAL of Joa riom nitrate iN its a steaahs 2 Ug of Solutior BL Qala finda = 241) feo FT OQ ee) (bo/Nooe = Cee] ecaust htt bets | In