RADIOGRAPHIC

EXPOSURE PRINCIPLES I
RAD 220
MICHAEL FARAH M.S.ED,
RT(R)(CT)
https://youtu.be/5AyqdV_zeYY
WHO IS THIS MAN AND WHAT DID HE DO?
 TELL ME MORE!

• Expelled from school

• Could not get into the physic program
• Mechanical engineer
• Grad school in physics
• First work published in 1870
• (gases caused from heat)
• Interested in electricity
• How did he die?
THE X-RAY TUBE DEVELOPMENT

• Crookes-Hittorf tube
used to make the first x-
ray image.

http://members.chello.nl/h.dijkstra19/big/
crookes/maltese%20cross%20tube-big.jpg
THE FIRST X-RAY IMAGE

• The first human

radiograph was taken of
Roentgen’s wife.
• For the first time, we
were able to see inside
the body without
surgery.

commons.wikimedia.org
THE X-RAY OF THE FIRST COMPASS

firstmatter.info

What did he learn from this?

THE X-RAY TUBE DEVELOPMENT

• This is the variety of

tube designs available in
1948.
• Coolidge tubes
• 2 electrodes:
• Negative
• positive
THE X-RAY TUBE DEVELOPMENT

• Two major hazards

plagued early
radiography.
• Excessive radiation
exposure
• Electric Shock

www.electrotherapymuseum.com/WhatsNew2007.htm
• Now that we have discussed a
little bit of x-ray history
• Let’s start at the beginning!

http://www.psychologytoday.com/files/u15/Cavemen%201.jpg
ENERGY

• Energy is the ability to

do work. Energy can
exist in many forms.
• When energy is emitted
and transferred through
matter it is called
radiation

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://renewablesourcesofenergy.com/images/renewable-sources-of-
energy.gif&imgrefurl=http://renewablesourcesofenergy.com/
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ENERGY

• Mechanical energy is the result of an action on machines or physical

movement
• Two types:

• Potential
• Is the ability to do work by virtue of
position.
• Stored and then converted
• Kinetic
• Is the energy of motion.
 WHICH IS WHICH?

http://beancounters.blogs.com/daydreams/
dragster_roller_coaster_track.jpg

http://imagecache2.allposters.com/images/pic/SSPOD/SuperStock_1321-
335~Cue-Ball-Rolling-Towards-Racked-Billiard-Balls-Posters.jpg
ENERGY

• Chemical Energy is the energy released by way of a

chemical reaction.

• Electrical Energy represents the work that can be done

when an electron or an electronic charge moves through an
electronic potential.
ENERGY

• Thermal (heat) Energy is the energy of motion at the atom

or molecular level.

• Thermal energy is measured by temperature.

• The faster the atoms or molecules are moving, the more

thermal energy or heat will be produced.
 ENERGY

• Nuclear Energy is the energy contained in the nucleus of

the atom.

• Electromagnetic Energy is the most important type of

energy for radiography.
• It is the type of energy contained in an
x-ray photon.
ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY

• What is it?
• X-rays are man made
• What’s the difference between x-rays and gamma rays?
• X-ray and Gamma Rays are the only forms of
electromagnetic energy with sufficient energy to ionize
matter.
ENERGY

• Like matter, energy can be transformed from one type to

another.
• When taking an x-ray, we start with electrical energy that is
transformed to electromagnetic energy.
• After the x-ray passes through matter, it is converted to
chemical energy
OTHER FORMS OF IONIZING
RADIATION.
• Alpha and Beta Particles are capable of Ionization.

• http://www.physics.isu.edu/radinf/alpha.htm

• These are fast moving particles of matter

• They are Not a form of electromagnetic radiation.
SOURCES OF IONIZING
RADIATION
• Many forms or radiation are harmless but Ionizing radiation
can injure humans.

• Natural sources of radiation result in exposure to the

population

• They can be cosmic radiation, radiation from certain

materials found on the earth such as radon.
 RADON

http://www.google.com/imgres?q=radon&hl=en&biw=990&bih=573&tbm=isch&tbnid=Y1rls2hgSHqn8M:&imgrefurl=http://
minnesota-radon.com/&docid=fd-qMBotvRhx2M&imgurl=http://minnesota-radon.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/
radon_in_water_minneapolis_mn.jpg&w=450&h=397&ei=ThUlULL4G4S36wHnpICYBw&zoom=1

• largest component of natural radiation.

• All earth-based materials such as concrete, wall board and bricks
contain radon.
• It emits alpha particle and therefore contributes dose only to the lungs.
• Naturally occurring radioactive materials contribute to natural
exposure.
• Bundle of electromagnetic energy called a photon
WHAT’S AN X-RAY?

• A photon has no electric charge or mass but possesses momentum,

energy, and spin.

• X-rays are highly energetic

https://www.google.com/search?
hl=en&site=imghp&tbm=isch&source=hp&biw=1280
&bih=953&q=whats+an+x-
ray+photon&oq=whats+an+x-
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 SO HOW DO WE THINK OF AN X-RAY
BEAM?

• A swarm of photons traveling at

the speed of light
• Each photon represents a bundle of electromagnetic energy
• We can produce electromagnetic radiation in a variety of ways
 PROPERTIES OF X-RAYS
1. Highly penetrating and invisible
2. Electrically and magnetically neutral
3. Heterogeneous (created at various energies, polyenergetic)
4. Liberate minute amounts of heat when interacting with matter
5. Travel in straight lines and diverge from the source
6. Travel at the speed of light
7. Capable of ionizing gases
8. Cause fluorescence of certain materials
9. Cannot be focused by a lens
10. Affect photographic film
11. Produce chemical and biologic changes
12. Produce secondary and scattered radiation
• https://youtu.be/fHUzVqoDnts
 REVIEW: CAN YOU ANSWER
THESE QUESTIONS?
1. Who discovered x-rays?

2. When did he do it?

3. What where the first types of radiographs taken?

4. What are the types of energy?

5. What type of energy does an x-ray photon have?