Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ASNT Standard Topical Outlines For Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel (ANSI-ASNT CP-105-2016) (2016 Edition)
ASNT Standard Topical Outlines For Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel (ANSI-ASNT CP-105-2016) (2016 Edition)
ASNT STANDARD
2016
EDITION
TOPICAL OUTLINES FOR
QUALIFICATION OF
NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING
PERSONNEL
The American Society for The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.
Nondestructive Testing, Inc. ASNT...Creating a Safer World!®
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page ii
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016
The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. (ASNT) is not responsible for the authenticity or accuracy of information
herein. Published opinions and statements do not necessarily reflect the opinion of ASNT. Products or services that are advertised
or mentioned do not carry the endorsement or recommendation of ASNT.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, by means electronic or mechanical including photo-
copying, recording or otherwise, without the expressed prior written permission of The American Society for Nondestructive
Testing, Inc.
IRRSP, NDT Handbook, The NDT Technician and www.asnt.org are trademarks of The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
Inc. ACCP, ASNT, Level III Study Guide, Materials Evaluation, Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Research in Nondestructive
Evaluation and RNDE are registered trademarks of The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.
Errata, if available for this printing, may be obtained from ASNT’s web site, www.asnt.org.
Published by:
The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.
1711 Arlingate Lane
Columbus, OH 43228-0518
www.asnt.org
ii
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page iii
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016
Secretariat
Abstract
This standard applies to personnel whose specific tasks or jobs require appropriate knowledge of the technical principles underlying non-
destructive testing (NDT) methods for which they have responsibilities within the scope of their employment. These specific tasks or jobs
include, but are not limited to, performing, specifying, reviewing, monitoring, supervising, and evaluating NDT work.
To the extent applicable to the standard set forth herein, The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. (ASNT) does not assume
the validity or invalidity, enforceability or unenforceability of patent rights, registered trademarks or copyrights in connection with any
item referred to in this standard, study materials, or examinations. Users of this standard, study materials, or examinations are further
cautioned and expressly advised that determination of the validity or enforceability of any such patent rights, trademarks, or copyrights,
and the risk of the infringement of such rights through misuse of protected materials are the responsibility of the user. Reference to or pic-
torial depiction of specific types of products or equipment are for purposes of illustration only and do not represent the endorsement of
such products or equipment by ASNT.
Employers or other persons utilizing nondestructive testing services are cautioned that they retain full responsibility for ultimate determi-
nation of the qualifications of NDT personnel and for the certification process. The process of personnel qualification and certification as
detailed in the standard does not relieve the employer of the ultimate legal responsibility to ensure that the NDT personnel are fully quali-
fied for the tasks being undertaken.
iii
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page iv
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016
American National Standard Approval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the requirements for due
process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by the standards developer.
Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by
directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity.
Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution.
The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether they
have approved the standards or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing or using products, processes, or products not conforming
to the standards.
The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no circumstances give an interpretation of any
American National Standard. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National
Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute.
CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American
National Standards Institute require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard. Purchasers of
American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards
Institute.
iv
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page v
FOREWORD
An essential element in the effectiveness of nondestructive testing (NDT) is the qualification of the personnel who are responsible for and
who perform nondestructive testing. Formal training is an important and necessary element in acquiring the skills necessary to effectively
perform nondestructive tests.
The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. (ASNT) has, therefore, undertaken the preparation and publication of this
standard, which specifies the body of knowledge to be used as part of a training program qualifying and certifying NDT personnel.
ASNT CP-105: ASNT Standard Topical Outlines for Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel was initially processed and approved
for submittal to the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) by the ASNT Standards Development Committee. This revision was
processed by the ASNT Standards Development Committee. Committee approval of the standard does not necessarily imply that all
committee members voted for its approval. At the time it approved this standard, the Standards Development Committee had the
following members:
The outlines contained in this American National Standard were approved by the ASNT Technical and Education (T&E) Council through
its method committees. At the time the standard was approved, the T&E Council, Methods Division had the following members:
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/31/16 2:12 PM Page vi
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016
vi
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/31/16 2:12 PM Page vii
vii
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/31/16 2:12 PM Page viii
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016
viii
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page ix
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.............................................................................................................................................................v
SCOPE.....................................................................................................................................................................1
ASNT Standard Topical Outlines for Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel ............................................1
ix
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page x
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/31/16 3:25 PM Page xi
Contents
xi
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page xii
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016
xii
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/31/16 3:25 PM Page xiii
Contents
xiii
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page xiv
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016
xiv
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 1
SCOPE
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 2
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 3
AE
Acoustic Emission Testing Topical Outlines
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 4
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l AE
2.6 Data interpretation and evaluation: introduction 1.1.3 Significance of applied load in acoustic emission
2.6.1 Separating relevant acoustic emission indications testing
from noise 1.1.4 Basic math review (exponents, graphing, metric
2.6.2 Accept/reject techniques and evaluation criteria units)
2.7 Reports 1.2 Materials and deformation
2.7.1 Purpose 1.2.1 Constitution of crystalline and noncrystalline
2.7.2 Content and structure materials
1.2.2 Stress and strain
3.0 Codes, Standards, and Procedures 1.2.3 Elastic and plastic deformation; crack growth
3.1 Guide-type standards (glossaries, calibration, etc.) 1.3 Sources of acoustic emission
3.2 Standardized/codified acoustic emission test procedures 1.3.1 Burst emission, continuous emission
3.3 User-developed test procedures 1.3.2 Emission/signal levels, units of amplitude
measurement
4.0 Applications of Acoustic Emission Testing (course should 1.3.3 Sources in crystalline materials
include at least 3 categories from 4.1 and at least 4 1.3.3.1 Dislocations – plastic deformation
categories from 4.2) 1.3.3.2 Phase transformations
4.1 Laboratory studies (material characterization) 1.3.3.3 Deformation twinning
4.1.1 Crack growth and fracture mechanics 1.3.3.4 Nonmetallic inclusions
4.1.2 Environmentally assisted cracking 1.3.3.5 Subcritical crack growth
4.1.3 Dislocation movement (metals) 1.3.3.5.1 Subcritical crack growth under
4.1.4 Clarifying deformation mechanisms (composites) increasing load
4.1.5 Phase transformation and phase stability 1.3.3.5.2 Ductile tearing under increasing
4.1.6 Creep load
4.1.7 Residual stress 1.3.3.5.3 Fatigue crack initiation and
4.1.8 Corrosion growth
4.1.9 Fatigue 1.3.3.5.4 Hydrogen embrittlement
4.1.10 Rupture cracking
4.1.11 Ductile/brittle transition 1.3.3.5.5 Stress corrosion cracking
4.1.12 Other material characterization applications 1.3.4 Sources in nonmetals
4.2 Structural applications 1.3.4.1 Microcracking
4.2.1 Pressure vessels (metal) 1.3.4.2 Gross cracking
4.2.2 Storage tanks (metal) 1.3.4.3 Crazing
4.2.3 Pressure vessels/storage tanks (composite) 1.3.4.4 Other sources in nonmetals
4.2.4 Piping and pipelines 1.3.5 Sources in composites
4.2.5 Bucket trucks 1.3.5.1 Fiber breakage
4.2.6 Aircraft 1.3.5.2 Matrix cracking
4.2.7 Bridges 1.3.5.3 Fiber-matrix debonding
4.2.8 Mines 1.3.5.4 Delamination
4.2.9 Dams, earthen slopes 1.3.5.5 Fiber pull-out, relaxation
4.2.10 Pumps, valves, etc. 1.3.5.6 Friction
4.2.11 Rotating plant 1.3.6 Other sources
4.2.12 In-process weld monitoring 1.3.6.1 Pressure leaks
4.2.13 Leak detection and monitoring 1.3.6.2 Oxide and scale cracking
4.2.14 Other structural applications 1.3.6.3 Slag cracking
1.3.6.4 Frictional sources
1.3.6.5 Liquefaction and solidification
Acoustic Emission Testing Level II Topical 1.3.6.6 Loose parts, intermittent contact
Outline 1.3.6.7 Fluids and nonsolids
1.3.6.8 Crack closure
1.4 Wave propagation
Acoustic Emission Physics Course
1.4.1 Near-field impulse response
1.4.2 Modes of propagation
1.0 Principles of Acoustic Emission Testing 1.4.3 Mode conversion, reflection and refraction
1.1 Characteristics of acoustic emission testing 1.4.4 Wave velocity in material
1.1.1 Introductory concepts of source, propagation, 1.4.5 Anisotropic propagation in composites
measurement, display, evaluation 1.4.6 Specimen geometry effects
1.1.2 Relationships between acoustic emission and 1.5 Attenuation
other NDT methods 1.5.1 Geometric attenuation
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 5
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 6
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l AE
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 7
Acoustic
Acoustic Emission
Emission Testing Topical Outlines
Testing Topical Outlines
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 8
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l AE
2.14 Factors affecting test equipment selection 4.1.5 Noise elimination – data filtering techniques
2.14.1 Material being monitored 4.1.5.1 Spatial filtering
2.14.2 Location and nature of emission 4.1.5.2 Filtering on waveform characteristics
2.14.3 Type of information desired 4.1.5.3 Time-based and parametric-based
2.14.4 Size and shape of test part filtering
4.2 Data evaluation
3.0 Techniques 4.2.1 Methods for ranking, grading, accepting/rejecting
3.1 Equipment calibration and setup for test 4.2.2 Comparison with calibration signals
3.1.1 Calibration signal generation techniques 4.2.3 Source evaluation by complementary NDT
3.1.2 Calibration procedures methods
3.1.3 Sensor selection and placement 4.3 Reports
3.1.4 Adjustment of equipment controls 4.3.1 Purpose
3.1.5 Discrimination technique adjustments 4.3.2 Content and structure
3.2 Establishing loading procedures 4.3.3 Developing a standard report format
3.2.1 Type of loading
3.2.2 Maximum test load 5.0 Procedures
3.2.3 Load holds 5.1 Guide-type standards (glossaries, calibration, etc.)
3.2.4 Repeated and programmed loadings 5.2 Standardized/codified AE test procedures
3.2.5 Rate of loading 5.3 User-developed test procedures
3.3 Precautions against noise 5.4 Societies active in AE
3.3.1 Noise identification 5.5 Interpretation of codes, standards, and procedures
3.3.1.1 Electromagnetic noise 5.6 Developing and writing AE test procedures
3.3.1.2 Mechanical noise 5.7 Training and examining Level I and II NDT personnel
3.3.2 Noise elimination/discrimination before test
3.3.2.1 Electrical shielding 6.0 Safety and Health
3.3.2.2 Grounding 6.1 Hazards associated with structural failure during test
3.3.2.3 Frequency filtering 6.2 Other hazards associated with AE testing
3.3.2.4 Gain and/or threshold adjustment 6.3 Importance of local regulations
3.3.2.5 Floating threshold
3.3.2.6 Attenuating materials and applications 7.0 Applications
3.3.2.7 Prevention of movement, friction 7.1 Laboratory studies (material characterization)
3.3.2.8 Guard channels, spatial filtering 7.1.1 Crack growth and fracture mechanics
3.3.2.9 Time-based and load-based gating 7.1.2 Environmentally assisted cracking
3.3.2.10 Discrimination based on waveform 7.1.3 Dislocation movement (metals) (strain rate and
characteristics volume effects)
3.4 Special test procedures 7.1.4 Clarifying deformation mechanisms (composites)
3.4.1 High temperature/low temperature tests 7.1.5 Phase transformation and phase stability
3.4.2 Interrupted tests (including cyclic fatigue) 7.1.6 Creep
3.4.3 Long-term tests, permanent/continuous 7.1.7 Residual stress
monitoring 7.1.8 Corrosion
3.4.4 Tests in high noise environments 7.1.9 Fatigue
3.5 Data displays 7.1.10 Rupture
3.5.1 Purpose and value of different displays 7.1.11 Ductile/brittle transition
3.5.1.1 Time-based and load-based plots 7.1.12 Other material characterization applications
3.5.1.2 Location displays 7.2 Structural applications
3.5.1.3 Distribution functions 7.2.1 Pressure vessels (metal)
3.5.1.4 Crossplots 7.2.2 Storage tanks (metal)
3.5.1.5 Other displays 7.2.3 Pressure vessels/storage tanks (composite)
3.5.2 Selection of displays 7.2.4 Piping and pipelines
7.2.5 Bucket trucks
4.0 Interpretation and Evaluation 7.2.6 Aircraft
4.1 Data interpretation 7.2.7 Bridges
4.1.1 Relevant and nonrelevant AE response 7.2.8 Mines
4.1.2 Recognizing noise versus true AE in the recorded 7.2.9 Dams, earthen slopes
data 7.2.10 Pumps, valves, etc.
4.1.3 Distribution function analysis 7.2.11 Rotating plant
4.1.4 Crossplot analysis 7.2.12 In-process weld monitoring
7.2.13 Leak detection and monitoring
7.2.14 Other structural applications
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 9
Acoustic Emission Testing, Level I, II, Miller, R.K. and E.v.K. Hill, tech. eds., P.O. Moore, ed.
and III Training References Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third edition: Volume 6,
Acoustic Emission Testing. Columbus, OH: The American Society
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 03.03, Nondestructive for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2005.*
Testing. Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and
Materials. Latest edition.* Monitoring Structural Integrity by Acoustic Emission STP 571.
Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials.
ASNT Questions & Answers Book: Acoustic Emission Testing, 1975.
Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
Inc. Latest Edition.* Nicoll, A.R. Acoustic Emission. Germany: DGM Metallurgy
Informationsgesellschaft. 1980.
Bingham, A.H., C.W. Ek and J.R. Tanner, eds. Acoustic Emission
Testing of Aerial Devices and Associated Equipment Used in the Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Control: Metals Handbook,
Utility Industries – STP 1139. Philadelphia, PA: American Society ninth edition: Volume 17. Metals Park, OH: ASM International.
for Testing and Materials. 1992. 1989.*
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section V, Articles 11 and 12. New Sachse, W., K. Yamaguchi, and J. Roget, eds. Acoustic Emission;
York, NY: American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Latest edi- Current Practice and Future Directions, STP 1077. Philadelphia,
tion. PA: American Society for Testing and Materials. 1991.*
Drouillard, T. Acoustic Emission: A Bibliography with Abstracts. Spanner, J.C. Acoustic Emissions: Techniques and Applications.
New York: Plenum Press. 1979. Evanston, IL: Intex Publishing Co. 1974.
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 10
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016
10
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 11
ET
Electromagnetic Testing Topical Outlines
11
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 12
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l ET
12
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 13
13
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 14
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l ET
14
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 15
15
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 16
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l ET
16
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 17
2.0 Codes and Practices ASTM E690 - 10 Standard Practice for In Situ Electromagnetic
2.1 Writing procedures (Eddy-Current) Examination of Nonmagnetic Heat Exchanger
2.2 ASTM E 2096 Tubes. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International. 2010.**
2.3 SNT-TC-1A
Beissner, R.E., G.A. Matzkanin, and C.M. Teller. NTIAC-80-1,
2.3.1 Responsibility of Level III
NDE Applications of Magnetic Leakage Field Methods, January
2.4 Supervision and training
1980.
2.5 Administering exams
2.6 Ethics Bray, D.E. and D. McBride. Nondestructive Testing Techniques.
2.7 Reports: essential elements, legal responsibility New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. 1992.
Cecco, V.S., G. Van Drunen, and F.L. Sharp. Eddy Current Testing,
Alternating Current Field Measurement Testing US Edition, Columbia, MD: Nichols Publishing, Inc. 1987 (AECL-
7523).*
1.0 Principles and Theory
1.1 Generation of eddy currents Kilgore, R.J. and S. Ramchandran. “Remote-Field Eddy Current
1.2 Effect of fields created by eddy currents Testing of Small-Diameter Carbon Steel Tubes,” Materials
1.3 Properties of eddy currents Evaluation. Vol. 47, No.1. 1989. pp 32-36.*
1.3.1 Depth of penetration
Libby, H.L. Introduction to Electromagnetic Nondestructive Test
1.3.2 Effects of test part characteristics
Methods. Huntington, NY: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co. 1979.
1.3.3 Current flow
1.3.4 Frequency Mackintosh, D.D., D.L. Atherton, and P.A. Puhach. “Through-
1.3.5 Effects of permeability variations Transmission Equations for Remote-Field Eddy Current
1.3.6 Effects of discontinuity orientation Inspection of Small-Bore Ferromagnetic Tubes,” Materials
Evaluation. Vol. 51, No. 6. 1993. pp 744-748.*
2.0 Equipment and Materials
2.1 Alternating current measurement probes general Mackintosh, D.D., D.L. Atherton, T.R. Schmidt, and D.E. Russell.
2.1.1 Advantages and limitations “Remote Field Eddy Current for Examination of Ferromagnetic
2.2 Factors affecting choice of probes Tubes,” Materials Evaluation. Vol. 54, No. 6. 1996. pp 652-657.*
2.2.1 Type of part to be inspected Materials and Processes for NDT Technology, second edition.
2.2.2 Type of discontinuity to be inspected Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
2.2.3 Speed of testing required Inc. 2016.*
2.2.4 Amount of testing required
2.2.5 Probable location of discontinuity Mordfin, L. Handbook of Reference Data for Nondestructive
2.2.6 Applications other that discontinuity detection Testing. second edition, West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM
2.3 Techniques/equipment sensitivity International. 2002.**
2.3.1 Selection of test frequency
2.3.2 Selection of correct probe scalings in relation to Sadek, H. Electromagnetic Testing Classroom Training Book (PTP
the test Series). Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive
2.3.3 Selection of correct communication rates Testing, Inc. 2006.*
4.0 Procedures
17
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 18
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l ET
Schmidt, T.R. “The Remote Field Eddy Current Technique,” Lugg, M. An Introduction to Alternating Current Field
Materials Evaluation. Vol. 42, No. 2. 1984. pp 223-230.* Measurement.
Schmidt, T.R., D.L. Atherton, and S. Sullivan. “The Remote-Field PCN Classroom Training Handbook – Product Technology (PCN
Transition Zone,” Materials Evaluation. Vol. 47, No. 9. 1989. pp Certification Services, British Institute of NDT).
969-979.*
Raine, A. “An Alternative Method for Offshore Inspection,”
Smith, H. and D.D. Mackintosh. Remote Field Eddy Current CSNDT Annual Conference. 1995. (Insight. Vol. 36, No. 9.
Examination of Boiler Tubes. Proceedings of EPRI Topical September 1994).
Workshop on Electromagnetic NDE Application in the Electric
Power Industry, Charlotte, NC, August 21-23, 1995. pp 1-17. Raine, A. and C. Laenen. “Additional Applications with the
Alternating Current Field Measurement (ACFM) Technique,”
Sollish, D.B. Field Experience in Boiler Examinations Using Remote Proceedings of the ASNT Spring Conference and 7th Annual
Field Eddy Current. Corrosion 91: NACE Annual Conference and Research Symposium, March 1998.
Corrosion Show, Cincinnati, OH, March 11-15, 1991. pp 224/1 to
224/8. Topp, D. “The Alternating Current Field Measurement Technique
and its Application to the Inspection of Oil and Gas Installations,”
Sullivan, S. and D.L. Atherton. “Analysis of the Remote Field Eddy 32nd Annual British Institute of NDT Conference (Insight. Vol.
Current Effect in Non-magnetic Tubes,” Materials Evaluation. 36, No.6. June 1994).
Vol. 47, No. 1. 1989. pp 80-86.*
Topp, D. and B. Jones. Operational Experience with the ACFM
Taylor, J.L., ed. Basic Metallurgy for Non-Destructive Testing, Inspection Technique for Sub-Sea Weld Inspection. British Gas
revised edition. Essex, England: W.H. Houldershaw, Ltd. (British Environmental Engineering, March 1994.
Institute of Nondestructive Testing) 1988.*
Topp, O. The Use of Manual and Automated Alternating Current
Udpa, S., tech. ed., P.O. Moore, ed. Nondestructive Testing Field Measurement Techniques for Sub-sea and Topside Crack
Handbook, third edition: Volume 5, Electromagnetic Testing. Detection and Sizing. Offshore S E Asia, December 1994, OSEA
Columbus, OH: American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 94.137.
Inc., 2004.*
* Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.,
Columbus OH.
Additional Papers ** Available from The American Society for Testing of Materials.
The following selected papers are available from PCN Certification
Services, British Institute of NDT, 1 Spencer Parade, Northampton
NN1 5AA. The list of available papers may be extended by the
addition of later publications. This document will not be revised to
show the extended list in every case.
18
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 19
GPR
Ground Penetrating Radar Topical Outlines
19
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 20
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 21
21
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 22
22
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 4/1/16 8:44 AM Page 23
GW
Guided Wave Topical Outlines
23
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 24
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l GW
24
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 25
Guided Wave Testing, Level I, II, and III BS 9690-2:2011 “Non-Destructive Testing – Guided Wave
Testing, Part 2: Basic Requirements for Guided Wave Testing of
Training References
Pipes, Pipelines and Structural Tubulars,” London: British
Achenbach, J.D. 1987. Wave Propagation in Elastic Solids. North Standards Institution, 2011.
Holland, New York.
Catton, P, P. Mudge, and W. Balachandran. “Advances in Defect
Alers, G.A. (2004). “Electromagnetic Induction of Ultrasonic Characterization using Long-Range Ultrasonic Testing of Pipes,”
Waves: EMAT, EMUS, EMAR,” 16th World Conference on NDT. Insight, (50), No. 9, (2008).
Montreal, Canada, NDT net.
Crompton, A., R.L. Royer, M. Tallon, and S. Biagiotti. “Guided
Alleyne, D.N., B. Pavlakovic, M.J.S. Lowe, and P. Cawley. “Rapid Wave Testing: Maximizing Buried Pipe Corrosion Knowledge
Long-Range Inspection of Chemical Plant Pipework using Guided from Each Excavation,” Proceedings of the ASME 2012 PVP
Waves,” Key Engineering Materials, (270-273), (Aug.2004): 434- Conference - PVP2012-78561, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, July 17,
441. 2012.
Alleyne, D.N., M.J.S. Lowe, and P. Cawley. “The Reflection of Demma, A., P. Cawley, M. Lowe, and A Roosenbrand. “The
Guided Waves From Circumferential Notches in Pipes,” Journal Reflection of the Fundamental Torsional Mode From Cracks and
of Applied Mechanics, (65), No. 3, (1998): 635-641. Notches in Pipes,” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of
America, (114) No. 2, (2003): 611 – 625.
ASNT Level II Study Guide: Ultrasonic Testing, second edition.
Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Ditri, J. “Utilization of Guided Elastic Waves for the
Inc. 2016.* Characterization of Circumferential Cracks in Hollow Cylinders,”
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, (96), No. 6,
ASTM E2775-11 “Standard Practice for Guided Wave Testing of (1994): 3769-3775.
Above Ground Steel Pipework using Piezoelectric Effect
Transduction,” 2011.West Conshochocken, PA: ASTM Ditri, J. and J. Rose. “Excitation of Guided Elastic Wave Modes in
International. Hollow Cylinders by Applied Surface Tractions,” Journal of
Applied Physics, (72), No. 7, (1992): 2589-2597.
ASTM E2929-13 “Standard Practice for Guided Wave Testing of
Above Ground Steel Pipework with Magnetostrictive Ditri, J., J. Rose, and A. Pilarski. “Generation of Guided Waves in
Transduction,” 2013. West Conshochocken, PA: ASTM Hollow Cylinders by Wedge and Comb Type Transducers,”
International. Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive
Evaluation, (1993): 211-218.
Auld, B.A. 1973. Acoustic Fields and Waves in Solids, Vol. I and
II. New York: Wiley Interscience. Gazis, D.C., “Three-Dimensional Investigation of the Propagation
of Waves in Hollow Circular Cylinders. I. Analytical Foundation,”
Barshinger, J. N. and J. L. Rose. “Guided Wave Propagation in an The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, (31) No. 5,
Elastic Hollow Cylinder Coated with a Viscoelastic Material,” (1959a): 568-573.
IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency
Control, (51) No. 11, (2004): 1547-1556. Graff, K., 1991. Wave Motion in Elastic Solids, revised edition.
New York: Dover Publications.
Barshinger, J.N., J.L. Rose, and M.J. Avioli, Jr. “Guided Wave
Resonance Tuning for Pipe Inspection,” Journal of Pressure Vessel GW Compendium: Articles on Guided Wave – Collected from
Technology, (124), (2002): 303-310. ASNT Publications. Columbus, OH: The American Society for
Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2016.*
Beard, M., M. Lowe, and P. Cawley. 2003. “Inspection of Steel
Tendons in Concrete Using Guided Waves,”AIP Conference Hayashi, T., K. Kawashima, Z. Sun, and J. L. Rose. “Analysis of
Proceedings, (657): 1139-1147. New York: American Institute of Flexural Mode Focusing by a Semi-Analytical Finite Element
Physics. Method,” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, (113)
No. 3, (2002): 1241-1248.
Biagiotti, S., A. Crompton, and, R.L. Royer. “Integrated
Inspection and Analytical Technologies for Buried Pipe Hirao, M. and H. Ogi. 2003. EMATs for Science and Industry -
Assessments,” Proceedings of the Electric Power Research Noncontacting Ultrasonic Measurements, ninth ed., Boston:
Institute 9th International Conference on NDE in Relation to Kluwer.
Structural Integrity for Nuclear and Pressurized Components,
Hirao, M. and H. Ogi.“An SH-wave EMAT Technique for Gas
May 22, 2012, Seattle, WA.
Pipeline Inspection,” NDT&E International, (32), No. 3, (1999):
BS 9690-1:2011 “Non-Destructive Testing – Guided Wave 127-132.
Testing, Part 1: General Guidance and Principles,” London:
Krautkramer, J. and H. Krautkramer. 1990. Ultrasonic Testing of
British Standards Institution, 2011.
Materials, fourth edition, New York: Springer-Verlag.
25
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 26
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l GW
Li, J. and J.L. Rose. “Angular-Profile Tuning of Guided Waves in Royer, R.L., J.K. Van Velsor, and J.L. Rose. “An Ultrasonic
Hollow Cylinders using a Circumferential Phased Array,” IEEE Guided Wave Approach for Pipeline Health Monitoring,”
Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on NDE in
Control, (49) No. 12, (2002,): 1720-1729. Relation to Structural Integrity for Nuclear and Pressurized
Components (2009): 496-500.
Liu, G. and J. Qu. “Guided Circumferential Waves in a Circular
Annulus.” Journal of Applied Mechanics, (65), No. 2, (1998a): Royer, R.L., K. Rach, A. Crompton, and D. Keene. “Safety
424-430. Related Service Water Piping Assessment for Nuclear Power
Stations,” Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on
Luo, W. and J.L. Rose. “Phased Array Focusing with Guided NDE in Relation to Structural Integrity for Nuclear and
Waves in a Viscoelastic Coated Hollow Cylinder,” The Journal of Pressurized Components, (2013).
the Acoustical Society of America, (121), No. 4, (2007): 1945-
1955. Silk, M. and K. Bainton. 1979. “The Propagation in Metal Tubing
of Ultrasonic Wave Modes Equivalent to Lamb Waves,”
Mu, J. and J.L. Rose. “Guided Wave Propagation and Mode Ultrasonics, (17) No. 1, (1979): 1–19.
Differentiation in Hollow Cylinders with Viscoelastic Coatings,”
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, (124) No. 2, Sun, Z., L. Zhang, and Joseph L. Rose. “Flexural Torsional
(2008): 866-874. Guided Wave Mechanics and Focusing in Pipe,” Transactions of
the ASME, Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, (127) 4 (2005):
Mudge, P A, and Alleyne, D. 1996. “A Long Range Method Of 471-478.
Detection Of Corrosion Under Insulation In Process Pipework,”
The Strategic Importance of Oil and Gas Technology: 5th Thompson, D.O. and D.E. Chimenti, eds. “Disperse: A General
European Union Hydrocarbons Symposium. Purpose Program For Creating Dispersion Curves,” Twenty-Third
Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive
Myoung-Seon Choi, Sang-Young Kim, Hegeon Kwun, and Glenn Evaluation, (16A), (1997): 185-192.
M. Light, “Transmission Line Model for Simulation of Guided-
Wave Defect Signals in Piping,” IEEE Transactions on Thompson, D.O. and D.E. Chimenti, eds. “Phased-Array Focusing
Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, (51), No. 5, Potential in Pipe with Viscoelastic Coating,” Thirty-Third Review
(May 2004). of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, American
Institute of Physics. (26A), (2006): 188-123.
NACE SP0313-2013 “Standard Practice Guided Wave Technology
for Piping Applications,” 2013. Houston, TX: NACE Thompson, D.O. and D.E. Chimenti, eds.“Circumferential Guided
International. Waves for Defect Detection in Coated Pipes,” Thirty-Second
Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive
Redwood, M. 1960. Mechanical Wave-Guides, The Propagation of Evaluation, (25A), (2006): 165-172.
Acoustic and Ultrasonic Waves in Fluids and Solids with
Boundaries. New York: Pergamon. Thompson, R. B. “Physical Principles of Measurements with
EMAT Transducers,” Physical Acoustics. New York: Academic
Rose, J. “A Baseline and Vision of Ultrasonic Guided Wave Press. (19), (1990): 157-200.
Inspection Potential,” Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology,
(124), No.3, (2002): 273–282. 2014. Van Velsor, J.K., H. Goo, and J.L. Rose. “Guided-Wave
Tomographic Imaging of Defects in Pipe Using a Probabilistic
Rose, J.L. Ultrasonic Guided Waves in Solid Media, revised edi- Reconstruction Algorithm,” Insight, (49) 9, (2007): 532-537.
tion. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Viktorov, I.A. 1967. Rayleigh and Lamb Waves, Physical Theory
Rose, J.L., R.L. Royer, J. Mu, J. Hua, and S. Kenefick. “Guided and Applications. New York: Plenum Press.
Wave Inspection of Buried Pipe: Part 1 – Theory,” Proceedings of
the Electric Power Research Institute Seventh International Zemanek, J., Jr. “An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation
Conference on NDE in Relation to Structural Integrity for Nuclear of Elastic Wave Propagation in a Cylinder,” The Journal of the
and Pressurized Components, (2009): 490-495. Acoustical Society of America, (51) 18, (1972): 265-283.
Rose, J.L., R.L. Royer, J. Mu, J. Hua, and S. Kenefick. “Guided Zhao, X. and J. L. Rose. “Guided Circumferential Shear
Wave Inspection of Buried Pipe: Part 2 – Experiments,” Horizontal Waves in an Isotropic Hollow Cylinder,” The Journal
Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on NDE in of the Acoustical Society of America, (115) 5, (2004): 1912-1916.
Relation to Structural Integrity for Nuclear and Pressurized
Components, (2009): 490-495.
26
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 27
LM
Laser Methods Topical Outlines
27
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 28
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l LM
5.2.4 Holography sensitive to absolute displacement 1.3 Test article imaging considerations
5.2.4.1 Single-lobed indication similar to a 1.3.1 Specular versus diffuse reflectors
topographical map 1.3.2 Overall reflectivity
5.2.4.2 Increased stability requirements 1.3.3 Transparent or translucent surface
5.2.5 Shearography sensitive to relative displacements. 1.3.4 Orienting test article to minimize glare
5.2.5.1 Double-lobed indications showing first 1.3.5 Possible surface preparations
derivative of displacement 1.4 Measurement calibration
5.3 Basic holography/shearography NDT 1.4.1 Mapping screen resolution to part resolution
5.3.1 Basic premise 1.4.1.1 Defining pixels/unit distance
5.3.2 Image capture 1.4.2 Accounting for shear vector
5.3.3 Application of stress 1.4.3 Manual calibration
5.3.4 Observation of surface deformation 1.4.4 Spot projection calibration
5.4 Basic image formation process (general overview) 1.4.5 Recalibration requirements
5.4.1 Subtraction 1.5 Measuring indications
5.4.2 Phase stepping 1.5.1 Overall indication sizing (single lobe versus
5.4.2.1 Wrapped versus unwrapped images double lobe)
5.4.3 Continuous phase stepping with variable reference 1.5.2 Marking defect location on test articles.
5.4.4 Hybrid techniques (e.g., phase reversal, additive 1.6 Image processor settings (defined within Level I
subtractive phase modulation…) technique description)
1.6.1 Video signal optimization
Basic Operating Course 1.6.2 System specific settings
1.6.3 Processing modes (review)
1.6.3.1 Subtraction
1.0 Holography/Shearography System Setup
1.6.3.2 Phase stepping
1.1 Camera and test article stability
1.6.3.2.1 Wrapped versus unwrapped
1.1.1 Three-point mounting
images
1.1.2 Additional requirements for holography
1.6.3.3 Continuous phase stepping with variable
1.1.3 Benefits of common camera/test article platform
reference
1.2 Camera settings
1.6.3.4 Hybrid techniques (e.g., phase reversal,
1.2.1 Focus/clarity
additive subtractive phase reversal…)
1.2.1.1 Relationship between iris and focus
1.6.4 File saving
setting
1.6.4.1 File types
1.2.1.2 Proper procedure for setting focus at
1.6.4.2 Linking images to test data
minimum depth of field
1.2.2 Iris/aperture
2.0 Primary Stressing Methods (Introduction)
1.2.2.1 Selecting the proper iris setting
2.1 Mechanical loading
1.2.2.2 Saturation
2.2 Thermal stressing
1.2.2.3 Relationship between iris and speckle size
2.3 Vacuum (pressure reduction) stressing
1.2.3 Shear vector
2.3.1 Chamber; whole body pressure reduction
1.2.3.1 Relationship between shear distance and
2.3.2 Vacuum hood or window; single sided vacuum
camera shear angle
stressing
1.2.3.2 Shear distance and system sensitivity
2.4 Pressurization stressing
1.2.3.3 Common shearing convention and its
2.5 Vibration stressing
importance
2.5.1 Acoustic versus mechanical
1.2.3.4 Nominal shear magnitudes
2.5.2 Contact versus non-contact
1.2.3.5 Shear orientation and direction of
2.5.3 Frequency limitations acoustic versus mechanical
maximum sensitivity
2.6 Combined stressing systems
1.2.3.5.1 Minimizing effect of part or
2.6.1 Sequential application
camera motion
2.6.2 Combined application
1.2.3.6 Effect of shear vector orientation on
indication appearance
1.2.4 Beam ratio (holography only) 3.0 Test Standards:
1.2.4.1 Optimum 1:1 ratio for digital holography 3.1 Importance of test standards
1.2.5 Test article illumination 3.2 Representative/relevant standards
1.2.5.1 Ensuring full coverage of test area 3.2.1 Representative defects for test article
1.2.5.2 Multiple illumination sources (e.g., 3.2.2 Representative defects for chosen stressing
aligning multiple laser diodes) method
1.2.5.3 Parallax correction for camera to part 3.3 Operational validation
distance
28
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 29
29
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 30
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l LM
30
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 31
6.3.2 Shear distance and system sensitivity 5.0 Speckle Interferometry – Image Processor
6.3.3 Common shearing convention and its importance 5.1 Advanced processor adjustment
6.3.4 Nominal shear magnitudes 5.2 Advanced post-processing techniques
6.3.5 Shear orientation and direction of maximum 5.3 Interface options
sensitivity 5.4 Documentation options
6.3.6 Minimizing effect of part or camera motion
6.3.7 Effect of shear vector orientation on indication 6.0 Stressing Systems, Setup, and Operation
appearance 6.1 Thermal stressing systems
6.4 Types of shearography cameras 6.2 Vacuum inspection systems
6.4.1 Fixed shear 6.3 Pressurization systems
6.4.2 Adjustable shear 6.4 Vibration excitation
6.4.3 Phase stepped
6.5 Phase stepping 7.0 Method Development
6.5.1 Correlation shearography review (subtraction) 7.1 Test standards
6.5.2 Phase stepping defined 7.2 Effective research for optimum defect detection
6.5.3 Image capture 7.3 Representative defect sample/confidence pieces
6.5.4 Phase map creation 7.4 Method format/procedure/technique writing
6.5.5 Phase map advantages
6.5.6 Unwrapped phase maps 8.0 Documentation
6.5.7 Unwrapped phase map advantages 8.1 Digital image file management
8.2 Reporting
7.0 Physics of Materials 8.3 Archiving data
7.1 Stress strain and strain relationship (Young’s modulus)
7.2 Deformation versus strain
7.3 Flat plate deformation equation
Intermediate Applications Course
7.4 Thermal expansion
7.5 Vacuum stressing loads 1.0 Materials and Applications
7.6 Pressurization loads (biaxial strain/axial and hoop) 1.1 Laminates
7.7 Vibrations stressing and resonance 1.2 Honeycombs
1.3 Foam core materials
1.4 Advanced materials
Intermediate Operating Course 1.5 Pressure vessel, piping, and tubing
1.6 Plasma spray and ceramics
1.0 Holography and Shearography Systems 1.7 Bonded metal
1.1 Automated inspection systems
1.2 Tripod-based systems 2.0 Fringe Interpretation
1.3 On vehicle inspections 2.1 Quantitative fringe measurement
2.2 Defect measurement and characterization
2.0 Sources of Noise and Solutions 2.3 Strain measurement
2.1 Stability
2.2 Vibration 3.0 Mechanical Loading
2.3 Thermal currents 3.1 Review of mechanical loading methods
2.4 Air currents 3.2 Applications
3.2.1 Cracks
3.0 Fixturing for Test Parts and Camera Systems 3.2.2 Material weaknesses
3.1 Simple forms 3.2.3 Detection of ply wrinkling
3.1.1 3 point mounting 3.2.4 Interpretation of results
3.1.2 Use of pre-loads 3.2.5 Strain gradient versus loading
3.2 Automated system requirements
4.0 Thermal stressing
4.0 Speckle Interferometry Camera 4.1 Review of thermal stressing methods
4.1 Field of view 4.1.1 Time versus temperature thermal gradient
4.2 Resolution versus field of view 4.1.2 Time versus depth
4.3 Focus and iris settings 4.1.3 Multiple image analysis
4.4 Sensitivity versus angles 4.2 Applications
4.5 In-plane and out-of-plane considerations 4.2.1 Delaminations
4.6 Effects of shear orientation 4.2.2 Impact damage
4.7 Specular reflections 4.2.3 Composite repair evaluation
4.2.4 Foreign material
4.3 Interpretation of results – phase change
31
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 32
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l LM
32
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 33
33
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 34
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l LM
34
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 35
Nakadata, S. “Phase Detection of Equidistant Fringes for Highly Laser Testing – Profilometry Level II
Sensitive Optical Sensing,” Journal of the Optical Society of Topical Outline
America, (A 5) 8 (1988) : 1265-1269.
35
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 36
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l LM
5.0 Advanced Theory of Profilometry Testing Bickel, G., G. Hausler, and M. Maul. “Triangulation with
5.1 Basic laser physics Expanded Range of Depth,” Optical Engineering. Vol. 24, No. 6.
5.2 Diode lasers Bellingham, WA: International Society for Optical Engineering
5.2.1 CW/pulsed operation (Society of Photo-Optical Engineers). 1985. pp. 975-977.
5.2.2 Laser beam “footprint” Owen, R.B. and M.L. Awscock. “One and Two Dimensional
5.2.3 Matching lasers and detectors Position Sensitive Photodetectors,” IEEE Transactions on Electron
5.3 Basic optics and optical triangulation Devices. Vol. ED-21, No. 3. New York, NY: Institute of Electrical
5.3.1 Snell’s law and Electronic Engineers. 1968.
5.3.2 Scheimpflug condition pp. 290-297.
5.3.3 Optical design considerations
5.4 Photodetectors Stanley, R.K., tech. ed., P. McIntire and P.O. Moore, eds.
5.4.1 Charge-coupled devices (CCD) Nondestructive Testing Handbook, second edition: Volume 9,
5.4.2 Lateral effect photodetectors Special Nondestructive Testing Methods. Section 3, Part 4, “Laser-
5.4.3 Benefits and limitations of photodetectors based Profilometry Using Point Triangulation.” Columbus, OH:
5.5 Signal processing The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 1995. pp
5.6 Equipment selection and calibration 141-157.*
5.6.1 Equipment
5.6.2 Calibration equipment
* Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.,
5.6.2.1 When to calibrate Columbus OH.
5.6.2.2 Factors that effect calibration quality
36
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 37
LT
Leak Testing Topical Outlines
37
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 38
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l LT
38
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 39
2.6 Acceptance and rejection criteria 2.0 Physical Principles in Leak Testing
2.7 Safety concerns 2.1 Physical quantities
2.8 Advantages and limitations 2.1.1 Fundamental units
2.9 Codes/standards 2.1.2 Volume and pressure
2.1.3 Time and temperature
2.1.4 Absolute values
Leak Testing Level II Topical Outline 2.1.5 Standard versus atmospheric conditions
2.1.6 Leakage rates
Principles of Leak Testing Course 2.2 Structure of matter
2.2.1 Atomic theory
1.0 Introduction 2.2.2 Ionization and ion pairs
1.1 Leak testing fundamentals 2.2.3 States of matter
1.1.1 Reasons for leak testing 2.2.4 Molecular structure
1.1.2 Functions of leak testing 2.2.5 Diatomic and monatomic molecules
1.1.3 Terminology 2.2.6 Molecular weight
1.1.4 Leak testing units 2.3 Gas principles and laws
1.1.5 Leak conductance 2.3.1 Brownian movement
1.2 Leak testing standards 2.3.2 Mean free path
1.2.1 Leak standards 2.3.3 Pressure and temperature effects on gases
1.2.2 National Institute of Standards and Technology 2.3.4 Pascal’s law of pressure
(NIST) traceability and calibration 2.3.5 Charles’ and Boyle’s gas laws
1.2.3 Instrument calibration versus test qualification 2.3.6 Ideal gas law
1.2.4 System calibration techniques 2.3.7 Dalton’s law of partial pressure
1.2.5 Inaccuracy of calibration 2.3.8 Vapor pressure and effects in vacuum
1.2.6 Tracer-gas leak rate/air-equivalent leak rate 2.4 Gas properties
1.3 Leak testing safety 2.4.1 Kinetic theory of gases
1.3.1 Safety considerations 2.4.2 Graham law of diffusion
1.3.2 Safety precautions 2.4.3 Stratification
1.3.3 Pressure precautions 2.4.4 Avogadro’s principle
1.3.4 Tracer-gas safety and monitoring 2.4.5 Gas law relationship
1.3.5 Safety devices 2.4.6 General ideal gas law
1.3.6 Cleaning and electrical hazards 2.4.7 Gas mixture and concentration
1.3.7 Safe work practices 2.4.8 Gas velocity, density, and viscosity
1.3.8 Safety regulations
1.4 Leak testing procedure 3.0 Principles of Gas Flow
1.4.1 Basic categories and techniques 3.1 Standard leaks
1.4.2 Leak location versus leakage measurement 3.1.1 Capillary
1.4.3 Pressurization or evacuation 3.1.2 Permeation
1.4.4 Sealed units with or without tracer gas 3.2 Modes of gas flow
1.4.5 Units inaccessible from one or both sides 3.2.1 Molecular and viscous
1.4.6 System at, above, or below atmospheric pressure 3.2.2 Transitional
1.5 Leak testing specifications 3.2.3 Laminar, turbulent, sonic
1.5.1 Design versus working conditions 3.3 Factors affecting gas flow
1.5.2 Pressure and temperature control 3.4 Geometry of leakage path
1.5.3 Types of leak testing methods 3.4.1 Mean free flow of fluid
1.5.4 Sensitivity of leak testing methods 3.4.2 Clogging and check valve effects
1.5.5 Test method and sensitivity needed 3.4.3 Irregular aperture size
1.5.6 Preparation of a leak testing specification 3.4.4 Leak rate versus cross section of flow
1.6 Detector/instrument performance factors 3.4.5 Temperature and atmospheric conditions
1.6.1 Design and use 3.4.6 Velocity gradient versus viscosity
1.6.2 Accuracy and precision 3.4.7 Reynolds number versus knudsen number
1.6.3 Linearity (straight/logarithmic scale)
1.6.4 Calibration and frequency
1.6.5 Response and recovery time
39
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 40
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l LT
40
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 41
41
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 42
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l LT
42
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 43
3.4.5 Helium mass spectrometer vacuum testing by 6.5 Hazardous and tracer gas safety
static method 6.5.1 Combustible gas detection and safety
3.4.5.1 Static equation 6.5.2 Toxic gas detection and safety
3.4.5.2 System calibration 6.5.3 Oxygen-deficiency detectors
3.4.5.3 Helium mixture 6.5.4 Radioisotope detection
3.4.5.4 System pressure 6.6 Types of monitoring equipment
3.4.5.5 Calculation of leakage rate 6.6.1 Area monitors
6.6.2 Personnel monitors
4.0 Interpretation/Evaluation
6.6.3 Leak-locating devices
4.1 Basic techniques and/or units
6.7 Safety
4.1.1 Leak location-measurement/monitoring
6.7.1 State and federal regulations
4.1.2 Visual and other sensing devices
6.7.2 Safety codes/standards
4.1.3 Various techniques
6.7.3 Hazardous gas standards
4.2 Test materials and equipment effects
6.7.4 Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) radiation
4.2.1 Materials, gases/fluids used
requirements
4.2.2 Control devices and responses
4.2.3 Instrumentation/gages used
4.2.4 Range and calibration Leak Testing Method, Level I, II, and III
4.3 Effects of temperature and other atmospheric conditions Training References
4.4 Calibration for testing
4.5 Probing/scanning or measurement/monitoring ASNT Level III Study Guide: Leak Testing Method, Columbus, OH:
4.6 Leak interpretation evaluation The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Latest edition.*
4.7 Acceptance and rejection criteria
ASNT Questions & Answers Book: Bubble Leak Testing. Columbus,
OH: American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Latest edition.*
5.0 Procedures
5.1 Leak testing procedures ASNT Questions & Answers Book: Halogen Diode Detector.
5.1.1 Basic categories and techniques Columbus, OH: American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.
5.1.2 Leak location versus leakage measurement Latest edition.*
5.1.3 Pressurization or evacuation
5.1.4 Sealed units with or without tracer gas ASNT Questions & Answers Book: Mass Spectrometer Testing
5.1.5 Units accessible from one or both sides Method. Columbus, OH: American Society for Nondestructive
5.1.6 Systems at, above, or below atmospheric pressure Testing, Inc. Latest edition.*
5.2 Leak testing specifications ASNT Questions & Answers Book: Pressure Change Measurement
5.2.1 Design versus working conditions Testing. Columbus, OH: American Society for Nondestructive
5.2.2 Pressures and temperature control Testing, Inc. Latest edition.*
5.2.3 Types of leak testing methods
5.2.4 Sensitivity of leak testing methods Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 03.03. Philadelphia, PA:
5.2.5 Test method and sensitivity needed American Society for Testing and Materials. Latest edition.*
5.2.6 Preparation of a leak testing specification
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspection Code B, Section V,
Article 10, Leak Testing. New York: American Society of
6.0 Safety and Health
Mechanical Engineers. Latest edition.
6.1 Safety considerations
6.1.1 Personnel and the public Containment System Leakage Testing Requirements (ANSI/ANS
6.1.2 Product serviceability 56.8). LaGrange Park, IL: American Nuclear Society. 1981.
6.1.3 Test validity
6.1.4 Safe work practices Jackson, C.N. and C.N. Sherlock, technical eds., P.O. Moore, ed.
6.2 Safety precautions Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third edition: Volume 1, Leak
6.2.1 Explosive/implosive hazards Testing. Columbus OH: The American Society for Nondestructive
6.2.2 Flammability, ignitibility, combustibility hazards Testing, Inc. 1998.*
6.2.3 Toxicity and asphyxiation hazards
Mix, P.E. Introduction to Nondestructive Testing: A Training
6.2.4 Cleaning and electrical hazards
Guide, second edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005.
6.3 Pressure precautions
6.3.1 Pressure test versus proof test Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Control: ASM Handbook,
6.3.2 Preliminary leak test Volume 17. Metals Park, OH: ASM International. 1989.*
6.3.3 Pressurization check
6.3.4 Design limitations Wilson, N. and L. Beavis. Handbook of Vacuum Leak Detection.
6.3.5 Equipment and setup New York: American Vacuum Society. 1988.
6.4 Safety devices
6.4.1 Pressure control valves and regulators * Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.,
6.4.2 Pressure relief valves and vents Columbus OH.
6.4.3 Flow rate of regulator and relief valves
43
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 44
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l LT
44
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 45
PT
Liquid Penetrant Testing Topical Outlines
Liquid Penetrant Testing Level I Topical 3.0 Inspection and Evaluation of Indications
Outline 3.1 General
3.1.1 Discontinuities inherent in various materials
1.0 Introduction 3.1.2 Reason for indications
1.1 Brief history of nondestructive testing and liquid 3.1.3 Appearance of indications
penetrant testing 3.1.4 Time for indications to appear
1.2 Purpose of liquid penetrant testing 3.1.5 Persistence of indications
1.3 Basic principles of liquid penetrant testing 3.1.6 Effects of temperature and lighting (white to UV)
1.4 Types of liquid penetrants commercially available 3.1.7 Effects of metal smearing operations (shot
1.5 Method of personnel qualification peening, machining, etc.)
3.1.8 Preferred sequence for penetrant inspection
2.0 Liquid Penetrant Processing 3.1.9 Part preparation (pre-cleaning, stripping, etc.)
2.1 Preparation of parts 3.2 Factors affecting indications
2.2 Adequate lighting 3.2.1 Pre-cleaning
2.3 Application of penetrant to parts 3.2.2 Penetrant used
2.4 Removal of surface penetrant 3.2.3 Prior processing
2.5 Developer application and drying 3.2.4 Technique used
2.6 Inspection and evaluation 3.3 Indications from cracks
2.7 Post-cleaning 3.3.1 Cracks occurring during solidification
3.3.2 Cracks occurring during processing
3.3.3 Cracks occurring during service
3.0 Various Penetrant Testing Methods
3.4 Indications from porosity
3.1 Current ASTM and ASME standard methods –
3.5 Indications from specific material forms
ASTM E 165, E 1208, E 1209, E 1210, and E 1417
3.5.1 Forgings
3.2 Characteristics of each method
3.5.2 Castings
3.3 General applications of each method
3.5.3 Plate
3.5.4 Welds
4.0 Liquid Penetrant Testing Equipment
3.5.5 Extrusions
4.1 Liquid penetrant testing units
3.6 Evaluation of indications
4.2 Lighting for liquid penetrant testing equipment and light
3.6.1 True indications
meters
3.6.2 False indications
4.3 Materials for liquid penetrant testing
3.6.3 Relevant indications
4.4 Precautions in liquid penetrant inspection
3.6.4 Nonrelevant indications
3.6.5 Process control
3.6.5.1 Controlling process variables
Liquid Penetrant Testing Level II Topical 3.6.5.2 Testing and maintenance materials
Outline
4.0 Inspection Procedures and Standards
1.0 Review 4.1 Inspection procedures (minimum requirements)
1.1 Basic principles 4.2 Standards/codes
1.2 Process of various methods 4.2.1 Applicable methods/processes
1.3 Equipment 4.2.2 Acceptance criteria
2.0 Selection of the Appropriate Penetrant Testing Method 5.0 Basic Methods of Instruction
2.1 Advantages of various methods
2.2 Disadvantages of various methods
45
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 46
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l PT
Liquid Penetrant Testing Level III Topical 3.2.3 Environment (lighting, temperature, etc.)
Outline 3.2.4 Effect of metal smearing operations (shot peening,
machining, etc.)
1.0 Principles/Theory 3.3 Indications from discontinuities
1.1 Principles of liquid penetrant process 3.3.1 Metallic materials
1.1.1 Process variables 3.3.2 Nonmetallic materials
1.1.2 Effects of test object factors on process 3.4 Relevant and nonrelevant indications
1.2 Theory 3.4.1 True indications
1.2.1 Physics of how penetrants work 3.4.2 False indications
1.2.2 Control and measurement of penetrant process
variables 4.0 Procedures
1.2.2.1 Surface tension, viscosity, and capillary
entrapment 5.0 Safety and Health
1.2.2.2 Measurement of penetrability, 5.1 Toxicity
washability, and emulsification 5.2 Flammability
1.2.2.3 Contrast, brightness, and fluorescence 5.3 Precautions for ultraviolet radiation
1.2.2.4 Contamination of materials 5.4 Material safety data sheets (MSDS)
1.2.2.5 Proper selection of penetrant levels for
different testing (sensitivity) Liquid Penetrant Testing, Level I, II, and III
1.3 Proper selection of PT as method of choice
1.3.1 Difference between liquid penetrant testing and
Training References
other methods Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 03.03, Nondestructive
1.3.2 Complementary roles of liquid penetrant testing Testing. Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and
and other methods Materials. Latest edition.*
1.3.3 Potential for conflicting results between methods
1.3.4 Factors that qualify/disqualify the use of liquid ASNT Level II Study Guide: Liquid Penetrant Testing Method.
penetrant testing Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
1.3.5 Selection of liquid penetrant testing technique Inc. Latest edition.*
1.4 Liquid penetrant processing ASNT Level III Study Guide: Liquid Penetrant Testing Method.
1.4.1 Preparation of parts Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
1.4.2 Applications of penetrants and emulsifiers to parts Inc. Latest edition.*
1.4.3 Removal of surface penetrants
1.4.4 Developer application and drying ASNT Questions & Answers Book: Liquid Penetrant Testing.
1.4.5 Evaluation Columbus, OH: American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.
1.4.6 Post-cleaning Latest edition.*
1.4.7 Precautions Badger, D. Liquid Penetrant Testing Classroom Training Book
(PTP Series). Columbus, OH: The American Society for
2.0 Equipment/Materials Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2005.*
2.1 Methods of measurement Boisvert, B. Principles and Applications of Liquid Penetrant
2.2 Lighting for liquid penetrant testing Testing: A Classroom Training Text. Columbus, OH: The
2.2.1 White light intensity American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 1993.*
2.2.2 Ultraviolet radiation intensity, warm-up time, etc.
Lovejoy, D. Penetrant Testing: A Practical Guide. New York:
2.2.3 Physics and physiological differences
Chapman & Hall. 1991.
2.3 Materials for liquid penetrant testing
2.3.1 Solvent removable Mix, P.E. Introduction to Nondestructive Testing: A Training
2.3.2 Water-washable Guide, second edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 2005.
2.3.3 Post-emulsifiable Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Control: ASM Handbook,
2.3.3.1 Water base (hydrophilic) Volume 17. Metals Park, OH: ASM International. 1989.*
2.3.3.2 Oil base (lipophilic)
Standard Reference Photographs for Liquid Penetrant Inspection:
2.3.4 Dual sensitivity
Adjunct to ASTM E 433. Philadelphia, PA: ASTM. 1985.*
2.4 Testing and maintenance of materials
Tracy, N., tech. ed., P.O. Moore, ed. Nondestructive Testing Handbook,
3.0 Interpretation/Evaluation third edition: Volume 2, Liquid Penetrant Testing. Columbus, OH:
3.1 General The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 1999*
3.1.1 Appearance of penetrant indications Welding Handbook, Volume 1. Miami, FL: American Welding
3.1.2 Persistence of indications Society. Latest edition.
3.2 Factors affecting indications
3.2.1 Preferred sequence for penetrant inspection * Available from the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.
3.2.2 Part preparation (pre-cleaning, stripping, etc.) Columbus, OH.
46
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 47
MT
Magnetic Particle Testing Topical Outlines
Magnetic Particle Testing Level I Topical 5.0 Selecting the Proper Method of Magnetization
Outline 5.1 Alloy, shape, and condition of part
5.2 Type of magnetizing current
1.0 Principles of Magnets and Magnetic Fields 5.3 Direction of magnetic field
1.1 Theory of magnetic fields 5.4 Sequence of operations
1.1.1 Earth’s magnetic field 5.5 Value of flux density
1.1.2 Magnetic fields around magnetized materials
1.2 Theory of magnetism 6.0 Inspection Materials
1.2.1 Magnetic poles 6.1 Wet particles
1.2.2 Law of magnetism 6.2 Dry particles
1.2.3 Materials influenced by magnetic fields
1.2.3.1 Ferromagnetic 7.0 Principles of Demagnetization
1.2.3.2 Paramagnetic 7.1 Residual magnetism
1.2.4 Magnetic characteristics of nonferrous materials 7.2 Reasons for requiring demagnetization
1.3 Terminology associated with magnetic particle testing 7.3 Longitudinal and circular residual fields
7.4 Basic principles of demagnetization
2.0 Characteristics of Magnetic Fields 7.5 Retentivity and coercive force
2.1 Bar magnet 7.6 Methods of demagnetization
2.2 Ring magnet
8.0 Magnetic Particle Testing Equipment
3.0 Effect of Discontinuities of Materials 8.1 Equipment selection considerations
3.1 Surface cracks 8.1.1 Type of magnetizing current
3.2 Scratches 8.1.2 Location and nature of test
3.3 Subsurface defects 8.1.3 Test materials used
8.1.4 Purpose of test
4.0 Magnetization by Means of Electric Current 8.1.5 Area inspected
4.1 Circular field 8.2 Manual inspection equipment
4.1.1 Field around a straight conductor 8.3 Medium- and heavy-duty equipment
4.1.2 Right-hand rule 8.4 Stationary equipment
4.1.3 Field in parts through which current flows 8.5 Mechanized inspection equipment
4.1.3.1 Long, solid, cylindrical, regular parts 8.5.1 Semiautomatic inspection equipment
4.1.3.2 Irregularly shaped parts 8.5.2 Single-purpose semiautomatic equipment
4.1.3.3 Tubular parts 8.5.3 Multipurpose semiautomatic equipment
4.1.3.4 Parts containing machined holes, slots, 8.5.4 Fully automatic equipment
etc.
4.1.4 Methods of inducing current flow in parts 9.0 Types of Discontinuities Detected by Magnetic Particle
4.1.4.1 Contact plates Testing
4.1.4.2 Prods 9.1 Inclusions
4.1.5 Discontinuities commonly discovered by circular 9.2 Blowholes
fields 9.3 Porosity
4.2 Longitudinal field 9.4 Flakes
4.2.1 Field produced by current flow in a coil 9.5 Cracks
4.2.2 Field direction in a current-carrying coil 9.6 Pipes
4.2.3 Field strength in a current-carrying coil 9.7 Laminations
4.2.4 Discontinuities commonly discovered by 9.8 Laps
longitudinal fields 9.9 Forging bursts
4.2.5 Advantages of longitudinal magnetization 9.10 Voids
4.2.6 Disadvantages of longitudinal magnetization
47
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 48
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l MT
10.0 Magnetic Particle Test Indications and Interpretations 4.2 Longitudinal technique
10.1 Indications of nonmetallic inclusions 4.2.1 Principles of induced flux fields
10.2 Indications of surface seams 4.2.2 Geometry of part to be inspected
10.3 Indications of cracks 4.2.3 Shapes and sizes of coils
10.4 Indications of laminations 4.2.4 Use of coils and cables
10.5 Indications of laps 4.2.4.1 Strength of field
10.6 Indications of bursts and flakes 4.2.4.2 Current directional flow versus flux field
10.7 Indications of porosity 4.2.4.3 Shapes, sizes, and current capacities
10.8 Nonrelevant indications 4.2.5 Current calculations
4.2.5.1 Formulas
4.2.5.2 Types of current required
Magnetic Particle Testing Level II Topical 4.2.5.3 Current demand
Outline 4.2.6 Discontinuities commonly detected
48
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 49
5.0 Procedures
5.1 Magnetic particle procedures, codes, standards, and
Magnetic Particle Testing Level III Topical specifications
Outline
6.0 Safety and Health
1.0 Principles/Theory 6.1 Precautions for ultraviolet radiation
1.1 Principles of magnets and magnetic fields
1.1.1 Theory of magnetic fields
1.1.2 Theory of magnetism
1.1.3 Terminology associated with magnetic particle Magnetic Particle Testing, Level I, II, and
testing III Training References
1.2 Characteristics of magnetic fields
1.2.1 Bar magnet Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 03.03, Nondestructive
1.2.2 Ring magnet Testing. Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and
Materials. Latest edition.*
2.0 Equipment/Materials ASNT Level II Study Guide: Magnetic Particle Testing Method.
2.1 Magnetic particle test equipment Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
2.1.1 Equipment selection considerations Inc. Latest edition.*
2.1.2 Manual inspection equipment
2.1.3 Medium- and heavy-duty equipment ASNT Level III Study Guide: Magnetic Particle Testing Method.
2.1.4 Stationary equipment Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
2.1.5 Mechanized inspection equipment Inc. Latest edition.*
2.2 Inspection materials
ASNT Questions & Answers Book: Magnetic Particle Method.
2.2.1 Wet particle technique
Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
2.2.2 Dry particle technique
Inc. Latest edition.*
49
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 50
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l MT
Betz, C.E. Principles of Magnetic Particle Testing. Chicago, IL: Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Control: ASM Handbook,
Magnaflux Corp. 2000. Volume 17. Metals Park, OH: ASM International. 1989.*
Mix, P.E., Introduction to Nondestructive Testing: A Training Smith, G. Magnetic Particle Testing Classroom Training Book (PTP
Guide, second edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 2005. Series). Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive
Testing, Inc. 2015.*
Moore, D.G., tech. ed., P.O. Moore, ed. Nondestructive Testing
Handbook, third edition: Volume 8, Magnetic Particle Testing. Welding Handbook, Volume 1. Miami, FL: American Welding
Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Society. Latest edition.
Inc. 2008.*
* Available from the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.,
Columbus, OH.
50
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 51
MFL
Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Topical Outlines
51
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 52
52
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 53
MW
Microwave Testing Topical Outlines
53
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 54
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l MW
1.0 Data Format and Collection Microwave Technology Level III Topical
1.1 Meta data (heading and reference data) Outline
1.2 Scan pattern
1.3 Sample density
Theory Course
1.4 File management
1.5 Transportability
1.0 Microwave Signal Phase Relationship
2.0 Instrument Characteristics
2.0 Wave Behavior in Complex Structures
2.1 Scanning microwave interference pattern image
2.1.1 Interference pattern
2.1.2 Compare amplitude of reflected signal with 3.0 Lenses and Horns
standing wave
2.1.3 Emitter and receiver in probe fixed physical 4.0 Microwave Interaction with Matter
relationship
2.1.4 Fixed phase relationship Technique Course
2.2 Probe design
2.2.1 Phase relation 5.0 Basic Materials, Fabrication, and Product Technology
2.2.2 Multi-channel receiver 5.1 Fundamentals of material technology
2.2.3 Stand off 5.1.1 Properties of materials
2.3 Antenna pattern 5.1.1.1 Strength and elastic properties
2.3.1 Optimizing beam geometry 5.1.1.2 Physical properties
2.4 Image creation 5.1.1.3 Material properties testing
2.4.1 Multiple channels 5.1.2 Origin of discontinuities and failure modes
2.4.2 Variable frequency 5.1.2.1 Inherent discontinuities
2.5 Signal differential and phase relationship 5.1.2.2 Process-induced discontinuities
2.5.1 Phase vector 5.1.2.3 Service-induced discontinuities
2.5.2 Unit circle 5.1.3 Statistical nature of detecting and characterizing
2.5.3 Analysis discontinuities
54
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 55
55
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 56
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l MW
Stakenborghs, R. “Specific Application NDE Method Leads to Tipler, P.A. and R.A. Llewellyn. Modern Physics, fifth edition. New
Development of Novel Microwave NDE Technique,” York: W.H. Freeman. 2007.
Inspectioneering Journal, (11) No. 1, (Jan/Feb 2005): 11-13.
Udpa, S.S., tech. ed, P.O. Moore, ed. Nondestructive Testing
Stakenborghs, R. and J. Little. “A Modern Approach to Condition- Handbook, third edition: Volume 5, Electromagnetic Testing.
Based Maintenance of Reinforced Rubber Cooling System Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
Expansion Joints Utilizing a Microwave Nondestructive Inspection Inc. 2004.*
Method- ICONE17-75602,” Proceedings of the Seventeenth
International Conference on Nuclear Engineering, (2):1003-1009.
* Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.,
New York: American Society for Mechanical Engineering. 2009. Columbus, OH.
T. Chady et al. eds. “Application of Microwave Interferometry in
Complex Engineered Dielectric Materials,” Electromagnetic
Nondestructive Evaluation (XIV). Amsterdam, Netherlands: IOS
Press. 2011.
56
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 57
NR
Neutron Radiographic Testing Topical Outlines
57
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 58
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l NR
58
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 59
59
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 60
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l NR
60
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/31/16 2:04 PM Page 61
Neutron Radiographic Testing, Level I, II, Code of Federal Regulations, Title 10: Part 0-5. Washington D.C.:
and III Training References U.S. Government Printing Office. 1993.
61
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 62
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l NR
62
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 63
RT
Radiographic Testing Topical Outlines
63
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 64
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l RT
64
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 65
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 66
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l RT
Computed Radiography Testing Level I 6.0 Exposure Devices and Radiation Sources
Topical Outline 6.1 Radioisotope sources
6.1.1 Sealed-source design and fabrication
Note: Independent of the training recommended for Level I and 6.1.2 Gamma-ray sources
Level II certification, a trainee is required to receive radiation safe- 6.1.3 Beta and bremsstrahlung sources
ty training as required by the regulatory jurisdiction. A Radiation 6.1.4 Neutron sources
Safety Topical Outline is available in Appendix A and can be used 6.2 Radioisotope exposure device characteristics
as guidance. 6.3 Electronic radiation sources – 500 keV and less, low
energy
6.3.1 Generator – high-voltage rectifiers
Basic Radiographic Physics Course 6.3.2 X-ray tube design and fabrication
6.3.3 X-ray control circuits
1.0 Introduction 6.3.4 Accelerating potential
1.1 History and discovery of radioactive materials 6.3.5 Target material and configuration
1.2 Definition of industrial radiography 6.3.6 Heat dissipation
1.3 Radiation protection – why? 6.3.7 Duty cycle
1.4 Basic math review: exponents, square root, etc. 6.3.8 Beam filtration
6.4* Electronic radiation sources – medium- and high-energy
2.0 Fundamental Properties of Matter 6.4.1* Resonance transformer
2.1 Elements and atoms 6.4.2* Van de graaff accelerator
2.2 Molecules and compounds 6.4.3* Linear accelerator
2.3 Atomic particles – properties of protons, electrons, and 6.4.4* Betatron
neutrons 6.4.5* Coulomb per kilogram (C/kg) output
2.4 Atomic structure 6.4.6* Equipment design and fabrication
2.5 Atomic number and weight 6.4.7* Beam filtration
2.6 Isotope versus radioisotope
7.0 Radiographic Safety Principles Review
3.0 Radioactive Materials 7.1 Controlling personnel exposure
3.1 Production 7.2 Time, distance, shielding concepts
3.1.1 Neutron activation 7.3 As low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) concept
3.1.2 Nuclear fission 7.4 Radiation-detection equipment
3.2 Stable versus unstable (radioactive) atoms 7.5 Exposure-device operating characteristics
3.3 Becquerel – the unit of activity
3.4 Half-life of radioactive materials
3.5 Plotting of radioactive decay * Topics may be deleted if the employer does not use these methods and
3.6 Specific activity – becquerels/gram techniques.
66
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 67
Advanced Computed Radiography Course 8.0 Standards, Codes, and Procedures for Radiography
8.1 ASTM/ASME standards
1.0 Computed Radiography (CR) Overview 8.2 Acceptable radiographic techniques and setups
1.1 Photostimulable luminescence (PSL) 8.3 Applicable employer procedures
1.2 Image acquisition
1.3 Image presentation 9.0 Radiographic Safety Principles Review
1.4 Artifacts 9.1 Controlling personnel exposure
9.2 Time, distance, shielding concepts
2.0 Image Display Characteristics 9.3 As low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) concept
2.1 Image definition 9.4 Radiation-detection equipment
2.2 Filtering techniques 9.5 Exposure-device operating characteristics
2.3 Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
2.4 Modulation transfer function (MTF) Computed Tomography Testing Level I
2.5 Grayscale adjustments
2.6 Image quality indicators (IQIs)
Topical Outline
Note: Independent of the training recommended for Level I and
3.0 Image Viewing Level II certification, a trainee is required to receive radiation safe-
3.1 Image-monitor requirements ty training as required by the regulatory jurisdiction. A Radiation
3.2 Background lighting Safety Topical Outline is available in Appendix A and can be used
3.3 IQI placement as guidance.
3.4 Personnel dark adaptation and visual acuity
3.5 Image identification
Basic Radiographic Physics Course
3.6 Location markers
1.0 Introduction
4.0 Evaluation of CR Images
1.1 History and discovery of radioactive materials
4.1 Pixel value
1.2 Definition of industrial radiography
4.2 IQI
1.3 Radiation protection – why?
4.3 Artifact mitigation
1.4 Basic math review: exponents, square root, etc.
4.4 System performance
4.5 Conformance to specifications
4.6 Image storage and transmission 2.0 Fundamental Properties of Matter
2.1 Elements and atoms
2.2 Molecules and compounds
5.0 Application Techniques
2.3 Atomic particles – properties of protons, electrons, and
5.1 Multiple-view techniques
neutrons
5.1.1 Thickness-variation parameters
2.4 Atomic structure
5.2 Enlargement and projection
2.5 Atomic number and weight
5.3 Geometric relationships
2.6 Isotope versus radioisotope
5.3.1 Geometric unsharpness
5.3.2 IQI sensitivity
5.3.3 Source-to-image plate distance
5.3.4 Focal-spot size
5.4 Localized magnification
5.5 Plate-handling techniques
67
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 68
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l RT
68
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 69
69
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 70
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l RT
70
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 71
71
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 72
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l RT
2.0 Equipment/Materials
Radiographic Testing
2.1 Electrically generated sources
2.1.1 X-ray sources 1.0 Techniques/Calibration
2.1.1.1 Generators and tubes as an integrated 1.1 Imaging considerations
system 1.1.1 Sensitivity
2.1.1.2 Sources of electrons 1.1.2 Contrast and definition
2.1.1.3 Electron accelerating methods 1.1.3 Geometric factors
2.1.1.4 Target materials and characteristics 1.1.4 Intensifying screens
2.1.1.5 Equipment design considerations 1.1.5 Scattered radiation
2.1.1.6 Microfocus sources 1.1.6 Source factors
2.2 Isotope sources 1.1.7 Detection media
2.2.1 Exposure devices 1.1.8 Exposure curves
2.2.2 Source changers 1.2 Film Processing
2.2.3 Remote-handling equipment 1.2.1 Darkroom procedures
2.2.4 Collimators 1.2.2 Darkroom equipment and chemicals
2.2.5 Specific characteristics 1.2.3 Film processing
2.2.5.1 Half-lives 1.3 Viewing of radiographs
2.2.5.2 Energy levels 1.3.1 Illuminator requirements
2.2.5.3 Half-value layers 1.3.2 Background lighting
2.2.5.4 Tenth-value layers 1.3.3 Optical aids
2.3 Radiation detection overview 1.4 Judging radiographic quality
2.3.1 Direct imaging 1.4.1 Density
2.3.1.1 Film overview 1.4.2 Contrast
2.3.1.2 Radioscopy overview 1.4.3 Definition
2.3.1.3 X-ray image intensifier system 1.4.4 Artifacts
2.3.2 Digital data acquisition/detectors 1.4.5 Image quality indicators (IQIs)
2.3.2.1 Film digitizers 1.4.6 Causes and correction of unsatisfactory
2.3.2.2 Computed radiography (CR) radiographs
2.3.2.3 Digital radiography (DR) 1.5 Exposure calculations
2.3.2.4 Computed tomography (CT) 1.6 Radiographic techniques
2.4 Manipulators 1.6.1 Blocking and filtering
2.4.1 Manual versus automated 1.6.2 Multi-film techniques
2.4.2 Multiple axis 1.6.3 Enlargement and projection
2.4.3 Weight capacity 1.6.4 Stereoradiography
2.4.4 Precision 1.6.5 Triangulation methods
2.5 Visual perception 1.6.6 Autoradiography
2.5.1 Spatial frequency 1.6.7 Flash radiography
2.5.2 Contrast 1.6.8 In-motion radiography
2.5.3 Displayed brightness 1.6.9 Control of diffraction effects
2.5.4 Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) 1.6.10 Pipe welding exposures
2.5.5 Probability of detection (POD) (single versus 1.6.10.1 Contact
multiple locations, scanning) 1.6.10.2 Elliptical
2.5.6 Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves 1.6.10.3 Panoramic
72
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 73
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 74
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l RT
2.0 Advanced Image Processing and Algorithm Analysis 5.0 DR Image Quality Topics
2.1 System performance analysis 5.1 Calibration optimization
2.1.1 Modulation transfer function 5.2 Setting bad pixel limits versus application
2.1.2 Contrast detail dose curves 5.3 Image unsharpness and geometric magnification
2.1.3 Effective energy 5.3.1 Determining required geometric magnification
5.3.2 Geometry and geometric unsharpness
3.0 CT System Performance Measurements and Monitoring 5.3.3 Focal spot size measurement method
3.1 CT system trade spaces 5.3.4 Total image unsharpness
3.2 CT system selection 5.4 SNR compensation for spatial resolution
3.3 Key parameters 5.4.1 Frame averaging
3.3.1 Trade-offs 5.4.2 Binning
3.3.2 Scan plan development 5.4.3 X-ray spectrum optimization
5.4.3.1 Filtering
5.4.3.2 Beam collimation
Digital Radiography Testing 5.4.3.3 Beam energy
5.5 Radiation damage management
1.0 DR System Capabilities
1.1 DR system overview 6.0 Qualification of DR Procedures
1.2 DR versus film procedural steps 6.1 Qualification plan
1.3 Cost and environmental issues 6.2 System performance characterization
1.4 Film versus DR images 6.2.1 Process controls
1.5 Linearity and latitude 6.3 Technique documentation
1.6 Contrast and resolution 6.4 Technique validation
74
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 75
ASNT Level III Study Guide: Radiographic Testing Method, Limited Certification for Radiographic
Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Film Interpretation Topical Outlines
Inc. Latest edition.*
Note: Independent of the training recommended for Level I and
ASNT Questions & Answers Book: Radiographic Testing Method.
Level II certification, a trainee is required to receive radiation safe-
Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
Inc. Latest edition.* ty training as required by the regulatory jurisdiction. A Radiation
Safety Topical Outline is available in Appendix A and can be used
Bossi, R.H., F.A. Iddings and G.C. Wheeler, tech. eds., P.O. Moore, as guidance.
ed., Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third edition: Volume 4,
Radiographic Testing. Columbus, OH: The American Society for
Radiographic Technique Course
Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2002.*
Materials and Processes for NDT Technology, second edition. 1.0 Introduction
Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1.1 Process of radiography
Inc. 2016.* 1.2 Types of electromagnetic radiation sources
1.3 Electromagnetic spectrum
McCain, D., ASNT Study Guide: Industrial Radiography Radiation 1.4 Penetrating ability or “quality” of X-rays and gamma
Safety. Columbus, OH: American Society for Nondestructive rays
Testing, Inc. 2009. 1.5 X-ray tube – change of mA or kVp effect on “quality”
McGuire, S.A. and C.A. Peabody. Working Safely in Radiography. and intensity
Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
Inc. 2004.* 2.0 Basic Principles of Radiography
2.1 Geometric exposure principles
Mix, P.E. Introduction to Nondestructive Testing: A Training 2.1.1 “Shadow” formation and distortion
Guide, second edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 2005. 2.1.2 Shadow enlargement calculation
2.1.3 Shadow sharpness
Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Control: ASM Handbook,
2.1.4 Geometric unsharpness
Volume 17. Metals Park, OH: ASM International. 1989.*
2.1.5 Finding discontinuity depth
Radiography in Modern Industry, www.kodak.com/eknec/docu- 2.2 Radiographic screens
ments/87/0900688a802b3c87/Radiography-in-Modern- 2.2.1 Lead intensifying screens
Industry.pdf. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co. 1980. 2.2.2 Fluorescent intensifying screens
2.2.3 Intensifying factors
Schneeman, J.G. Industrial X-ray Interpretation. Evanston, IL: 2.2.4 Importance of screen-to-film contact
Intex Publishing Co. 1985.* 2.2.5 Importance of screen cleanliness and care
2.3 Radiographic cassettes
Staton, J. Radiographic Testing Classroom Training Book (PTP
2.4 Composition of industrial radiographic film
Series). Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive
Testing, Inc. 2016.*
3.0 Radiographs
Taylor, J.L., ed., Basic Metallurgy for Non-Destructive Testing, 3.1 Formation of the latent image on film
revised edition. Essex, England: W.H. Houldershaw, Ltd. (British 3.2 Inherent unsharpness
Institute of Nondestructive Testing). 1988.* 3.3 Arithmetic of radiographic exposure
3.3.1 Milliamperage – distance-time relationship
Thielsch, H. Defects and Failures in Pressure Vessels and Piping. 3.3.2 Reciprocity law
New York: R.E. Krieger Publishing. 1977.* 3.3.3 Photographic density
Welding Inspection Handbook. Miami, FL: American Welding 3.3.4 Inverse square law considerations
Society. Latest edition. 3.4 Characteristic (Hurter and Driffield) curve
3.5 Film speed and class descriptions
Note: Technical papers on much of the subject material can be 3.6 Selection of film for particular purpose
found in the journal of ASNT, Materials Evaluation. For specific
topics, see the index of Materials Evaluation, on the ASNT Web 4.0 Radiographic Image Quality
site (www.asnt.org). 4.1 Radiographic sensitivity
4.2 Radiographic contrast
4.3 Film contrast
* Available from the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.,
Columbus, OH. 4.4 Subject contrast
4.5 Definition
4.6 Film graininess and screen mottle effects
4.7 Image quality indicators (IQIs)
75
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 76
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l RT
5.0 Exposure Techniques – Radiography 3.3 Welding processes and associated discontinuities
5.1 Single-wall radiography 3.3.1 Submerged arc welding (SAW)
5.2 Double-wall radiography 3.3.2 Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
5.2.1 Viewing two walls simultaneously 3.3.3 Gas metal arc welding (GMAW)
5.2.2 Offset double-wall exposure single-wall viewing 3.3.4 Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
5.2.3 Elliptical techniques 3.3.5 Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW)
5.3 Panoramic radiography
5.4 Use of multiple-film loading Radiographic Evaluation and Interpretation
5.5 Specimen configuration
Course
76
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 77
IR
Thermal/Infrared Testing Topical Outlines
77
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 78
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l IR
Basic Thermal/Infrared Applications Course 3.2.5 Lambertian and non-Lambertian emitters (the
angular sensitivity of emissivity)
1.0 Detecting Thermal Anomalies Resulting from Differences 3.2.6 Effects of emissivity errors
in Thermal Resistance (Quasi-Steadystate Heat Flow) 3.3 Calculation of emissivity, reflectivity, and transmissivity
1.1 Large surface-to-ambient temperature difference (practical use of Kirchoff’s law)
1.2 Small surface-to-ambient temperature difference 3.4 Reflectivity problem
3.4.1 Quantifying effects of unavoidable reflections
2.0 Detecting Thermal Anomalies Resulting from Differences 3.4.2 Theoretical corrections
in Thermal Capacitance, Using System or Environmental 3.5 Transmissivity problem
Heat Cycles 3.5.1 Quantified effects of partial transmittance
3.5.2 Theoretical corrections
3.0 Detecting Thermal Anomalies Resulting from Differences
in Physical State 4.0 Resolution Tests and Calculations
4.1 IFOV, FOV, and MIFOV measurements and
calculations
4.0 Detecting Thermal Anomalies Resulting from Fluid Flow
4.2 MRTD measurements and calculations
Problems
4.3 Slit response function – measurement, calculations,
interpretations, and comparisons
5.0 Detecting Thermal Anomalies Resulting from Friction
4.4 Resolution versus lens and distance
4.5 Dynamic range
6.0 Detecting Thermal Anomalies Resulting from Non- 4.6 Data acquisition rate/data density
homogeneous Exothermic or Endothermic Conditions 4.7 Frame rate and field rate
4.8 Image data density
7.0 Field Quantification of Point Temperatures 4.8.1 Lines of resolution
7.1 Simple techniques for emissivity 4.8.2 IFOVs/line
7.2 Typical (high emissivity) applications 4.8.3 Computer pixels/line
7.3 Special problem of low emissivity applications
78
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 79
Intermediate Thermal/Infrared Applications 3.0 Radiosity – Basic Theory and Building Applications
Course 3.1 Blackbodies – theory and concepts
3.2 Emissivity problems
1.0 Temperature Measurement Applications 3.2.1 Blackbody, graybody, and non-graybody
1.1 Isotherms/alarm levels – personnel safety audits, etc. 3.2.2 Specular and diffuse emitters in building materials
1.2 Profiles 3.2.3 Lambertian and non-Lambertian emitters (the
angular sensitivity of emissivity)
2.0 Energy Loss Analysis Applications 3.2.4 Effects of emissivity errors
2.1 Conduction losses through envelopes 3.2.5 Calculation of emissivity, reflectivity, and
2.1.1 Basic envelope heat-flow quantification transmissivity (practical use of Kirchoff’s law)
2.1.2 Recognizing and dealing with wind effects 3.2.6 Quantifying effects of unavoidable reflections in
2.2 Mass-transfer heat exchange (air or other flows into or buildings
out of the system)
2.2.1 Location 4.0 Understanding Infrared Camera Specifications for
2.2.2 Quantification Buildings
4.1 Resolution tests and calculations
3.0 “Active” Applications 4.2 IFOV and FOV measurements and calculations
3.1 Insulation flaws 4.3 Resolution versus lens and distance
3.2 Delamination of composites 4.4 Dynamic range
3.3 Bond quality of coatings 4.5 Data acquisition rate/data density
3.4 Location of high heat-capacity components 4.6 Frame rate and field rate
79
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 80
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l IR
80
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 81
81
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 82
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l IR
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 83
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 84
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l IR
Primary Body of Knowledge References Guyer, E.C. Handbook of Applied Thermal Design. Philadelphia:
PA. Taylor & Francis. 1999.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 03.03, Nondestructive
Testing. Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Henderson, F.M. and A.J. Lewis, eds., R.A. Ryerson, ed. in chief.
Materials. Latest Edition.* Principles & Applications of Imaging Radar, Volume 2. New York:
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1998.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 04.06, Thermal
Insulation; Environmental Acoustics. Philadelphia, PA: American Holman, J.P. Experimental Methods for Engineers. New York:
Society for Testing and Materials. Latest Edition.* McGraw-Hill. 2000.
ASNT Level III Study Guide: Infrared and Thermal Testing. Holst, G.C. Common Sense Approach to Thermal Imaging Systems.
Columbus, OH: American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Winter Park, FL: SPIE Press and JCD Publishing Co. 2001.*
Latest edition.*
Holst, G.C. Testing and Evaluation of Infrared Imaging Systems,
Maldague, X.P.V., tech. ed., and P.O. Moore, ed. Nondestructive third edition. Winter Park, FL: SPIE Press and JCD Publishing Co.
Testing Handbook, third editon: Volume 3, Infrared and Thermal 1998.*
Testing. Columbus, OH: American Society for Nondestructive
Testing, Inc. 2001.* Incropera, F.P. and D.P. DeWitt. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass
Transfer, fifth edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2001.*
84
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 85
Jackson, M., ed. Earth Observing Platforms & Sensors, Volume 1.1. Thomas, R.A. The Thermography Monitoring Handbook, first edi-
New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2009. tion. Coxmoor Publishing Company. 1999.
Kaplan, H. Practical Applications of Infrared Thermal Sensing and Tipler, P.A. and RA. Liewellyn. Modern Physics, fifth edition. W.H.
Imaging Equipment, third edition. Tutorial Texts in Optical Freeman. 2007.
Engineering, Volume TT 75. Bellingham, WA: SPIE Press. 2007.
Von Baeyer, H.C. Warmth Disperses and Time Passes – The
Maldague, X.P.V. Theory and Practice of Infrared Technology for History of Heat. Modern Library. 1999.
Nondestructive Evaluation. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 2001.
Wolfe, W.L. and G.J. Zissis, eds. The Infrared Handbook. The
Manual for Thermographic Analysis of Building Enclosures. 149- Environmental Research Institute of Michigan (prepared for The
GP-2MP. Committee on Thermography. Canadian General Department of the Navy). 1985.
Standards Board. 1986.
Schlessinger, M. and I.J. Spiro. Infrared Technology Fundamentals, * Available from the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.,
Optical Engineering Series/46, second edition. CRC Press. 1994. Columbus, OH.
85
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 86
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l IR
86
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:12 AM Page 87
UT
Ultrasonic Testing Topical Outlines
Note: It is recommended that the trainee receive instruction in this 4.0 Basic Testing Methods
course prior to performing work in ultrasonics. 4.1 Contact
4.2 Immersion
1.0 Introduction 4.3 Air coupling
1.1 Definition of ultrasonics
1.2 History of ultrasonic testing Ultrasonic Technique Course
1.3 Applications of ultrasonic energy
1.4 Basic math review
1.0 Testing Methods
1.5 Responsibilities of levels of certification
1.1 Contact
1.1.1 Straight beam
2.0 Basic Principles of Acoustics
1.1.2 Angle beam
2.1 Nature of sound waves
1.1.3 Surface-wave and plate waves
2.2 Modes of sound-wave generation
1.1.4 Pulse-echo transmission
2.3 Velocity, frequency, and wavelength of sound waves
1.1.5 Multiple transducer
2.4 Attenuation of sound waves
1.1.6 Curved surfaces
2.5 Acoustic impedance
1.1.6.1 Flat entry surfaces
2.6 Reflection
1.1.6.2 Cylindrical and tubular shapes
2.7 Refraction and mode conversion
1.2 Immersion
2.8 Snell’s law and critical angles
1.2.1 Transducer in water
2.9 Fresnel and fraunhofer effects
1.2.2 Water column, wheels, etc.
1.2.3 Submerged test part
3.0 Equipment 1.2.4 Sound beam path – transducer to part
3.1 Basic pulse-echo instrumentation (A-scan, B-scan, C- 1.2.5 Focused transducers
scan, and computerized systems) 1.2.6 Curved surfaces
3.1.1 Electronics – time base, pulser, receiver, and 1.2.7 Plate waves
various monitor displays 1.2.8 Pulse-echo and through-transmission
3.1.2 Control functions 1.3 Comparison of contact and immersion methods
3.1.3 Calibration
3.1.3.1 Basic instrument calibration
2.0 Calibration (Electronic and Functional)
3.1.3.2 Calibration blocks (types and use)
2.1 Equipment
3.2 Digital thickness instrumentation
2.1.1 Monitor displays (amplitude, sweep, etc.)
3.3 Transducer operation and theory
2.1.2 Recorders
3.3.1 Piezoelectric effect
2.1.3 Alarms
3.3.2 Types of transducer elements
2.1.4 Automatic and semiautomatic systems
3.3.3 Frequency (transducer elements – thickness
2.1.5 Electronic distance/amplitude correction
relationships)
2.1.6 Transducers
3.3.4 Near field and far field
2.2 Calibration of equipment electronics
3.3.5 Beam spread
2.2.1 Variable effects
3.3.6 Construction, materials, and shapes
2.2.2 Transmission accuracy
3.3.7 Types (straight, angle, dual, etc.)
2.2.3 Calibration requirements
3.3.8 Beam-intensity characteristics
2.2.4 Calibration reflectors
3.3.9 Sensitivity, resolution, and damping
3.3.10 Mechanical vibration into part
3.3.11 Other type of transducers (Laser UT, EMAT, etc.)
87
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:12 AM Page 88
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l UT
88
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:12 AM Page 89
89
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:12 AM Page 90
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l UT
7.0 Procedures
2.0 Basic Principles of TOFD
7.1 Specific applications
2.1 Review of ultrasonic wave theory, refracted longitudinal
7.1.1 Material evaluations
waves
7.1.1.1 Base material scans
2.2 Introduction to TOFD concepts and theory
7.1.2 Weld inspections
2.3 Technique limitations
7.1.2.1 Detection and evaluation of fabrication
welding flaws
90
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:12 AM Page 91
7.1.2.2 Detection and evaluation of inservice 2.1.1.4 Display and recording methods, A-scan,
cracking B-scan, and C-scan and digital
7.1.2.3 Detection of volumetric loss such as weld 2.1.1.5 Sensitivity and resolution
root erosion and partial penetration weld 2.1.1.6 Gates, alarms, and attenuators
dimensional verifications 2.1.1.6.1 Basic instrument calibration
7.1.2.4 Geometric limitations 2.1.1.6.2 Calibration blocks
7.1.2.5 Cladding thickness and integrity 2.1.2 Digital thickness instrumentation
evaluations 2.1.3 Transducer operation and theory
7.1.3 Complex geometries 2.1.3.1 Piezoelectric effect
7.1.3.1 Transitions, nozzles, branch connections, 2.1.3.2 Types of transducer elements
tees, saddles, etc. 2.1.3.3 Frequency (transducer elements –
7.2 Data presentations thickness relationships)
7.2.1 Standard (A-scan, D-scan) 2.1.3.4 Near field and far field
7.2.2 Other (B-scan, C-scan) 2.1.3.5 Beam spread
7.3 Data evaluation 2.1.3.6 Construction, materials, and shapes
7.3.1 Codes/standards/specifications 2.1.3.7 Types (straight, angle, dual, etc.)
7.3.2 Flaw characterization 2.1.3.8 Beam intensity characteristics
7.3.3 Flaw dimensioning 2.1.3.9 Sensitivity, resolution, and damping
7.3.4 Geometry 2.1.3.10 Mechanical vibration into parts
7.3.5 Software tools 2.1.3.11 Other types of transducers (laser UT,
7.3.5.1 Linearization EMAT, etc.)
7.3.5.2 Lateral/back wall straightening and 2.1.4 Transducer operation/manipulations
removal 2.1.4.1 Tanks, bridges, manipulators, and
7.3.5.3 Synthetic aperture focusing technique squirters
(SAFT) 2.1.4.2 Wheels and special hand devices
7.3.5.4 Spectrum processing 2.1.4.3 Transfer devices for materials
7.3.5.5 Curved surface compensation 2.1.4.4 Manual manipulation
7.3.6 Parabolic cursor(s) 2.1.5 Resonance testing equipment
7.4 Reporting 2.1.5.1 Bond testing
7.4.1 Imaging outputs 2.1.5.2 Thickness testing
7.4.2 Onboard reporting tools 2.2 Materials
7.4.3 Plotting, ACAD, etc. 2.2.1 Couplants
2.2.1.1 Contact
2.2.1.1.1 Purpose and principles
Ultrasonic Testing Level III Topical Outline 2.2.1.1.2 Materials and their efficiency
2.2.1.2 Immersion
1.0 Principles/Theory
2.2.1.2.1 Purpose and principles
1.1 General
2.2.1.2.2 Materials and their efficiency
1.2 Principles of acoustics
2.2.1.3 Air coupling
1.2.1 Nature of sound waves
2.2.2 Calibration blocks
1.2.2 Modes of sound wave generation
2.2.3 Cables/connectors
1.2.3 Velocity, frequency, and wavelength of sound
2.2.4 Test specimen
waves
2.2.5 Miscellaneous materials
1.2.4 Attenuation of sound waves
1.2.5 Acoustic impedance
3.0 Techniques/Calibrations
1.2.6 Reflection
3.1 Contact
1.2.7 Refraction and mode-conversion
3.1.1 Straight beam
1.2.8 Snell’s law and critical angles
3.1.2 Angle beam
1.2.9 Fresnel and fraunhofer effects
3.1.3 Surface wave and plate waves
3.1.4 Pulse-echo transmission
2.0 Equipment/Materials
3.1.5 Multiple transducer
2.1 Equipment
3.1.6 Curved surfaces
2.1.1 Pulse-echo instrumentation
3.2 Immersion
2.1.1.1 Controls and circuits
3.2.1 Transducer in water
2.1.1.2 Pulse generation (spike, square wave, and
3.2.2 Water column, wheels, etc.
toneburst pulsers)
3.2.3 Submerged test part
2.1.1.3 Signal detection
3.2.4 Sound beam path – transducer to part
91
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:12 AM Page 92
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l UT
92
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:12 AM Page 93
93
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:12 AM Page 94
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l UT
94
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:12 AM Page 95
7.0 Procedures ASNT Questions & Answers Book: Ultrasonic Testing Method.
7.1 Specific applications Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
7.1.1 Material evaluations Inc. Latest edition.*
7.1.1.1 Base material scans Birks, A.S. and R.E. Green, Jr., tech. eds. P. Mclntire, ed.
7.1.2 Weld inspections Nondestructive Testing Handbook, second edition: Volume 7,
7.1.2.1 Detection and evaluation of fabrication Ultrasonic Testing. Columbus, OH: The American Society for
welding flaws Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 1991.*
7.1.2.2 Detection and evaluation of inservice
cracking Dube, N., ed. Introduction to Phased Array Ultrasonic Technology
7.1.2.3 Detection of volumetric loss such as weld Application: R/T Tech Guideline. Waltham, MA: Olympus NDT.
root erosion and partial penetration weld 2004.
dimensional verifications
7.1.2.4 Geometric limitations Dube, N. Advances in Phased Array Ultrasonic Technology
7.1.2.5 Cladding thickness and integrity Applications. Waltham, MA: Olympus NDT. 2007.
evaluations Marks, P.T. Ultrasonic Testing Classroom Training Book (PTP
7.1.3 Complex geometries Series). Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive
7.1.3.1 Transitions, nozzles, branch connections, Testing, Inc. 2015.*
tees, saddles, etc.
7.2 Data presentations Workman, G.L. and D. Kishoni, tech. eds., P.O. Moore, ed.
7.2.1 Standard (A-scan, D-scan) Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third edition: Volume 7,
7.2.2 Other (B-scan, C-scan) Ultrasonic Testing. Columbus, OH: The American Society for
7.3 Data evaluation Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2007.*
7.3.1 Codes/standards/specifications
7.3.2 Flaw characterization
* Available from the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.,
7.3.3 Flaw dimensioning Columbus, OH.
7.3.4 Geometry
7.3.5 Software tools
7.3.5.1 Linearization Limited Certification for Ultrasonic Digital
7.3.5.2 Lateral/back wall straightening and Thickness Measurement Topical Outline
removal
7.3.5.3 Synthetic aperture focusing technique 1.0 Principles/Theory
(SAFT) 1.1 General
7.3.5.4 Spectrum processing 1.2 Principles of acoustics
7.3.5.5 Curved surface compensation 1.2.1 Nature of sound waves
7.3.6 Parabolic cursor(s) 1.2.2 Modes of sound wave generation
7.4 Reporting 1.2.3 Velocity, frequency, and wavelength of sound
7.4.1 Imaging outputs waves
7.4.2 Onboard reporting tools 1.2.4 Attenuation/scattering of sound waves
7.4.3 Plotting, ACAD, etc.
2.0 Equipment/Materials
2.1 Equipment
2.1.1 Pulse-echo instrumentation
2.1.1.1 Pulse generation
2.1.1.2 Signal detection
2.1.1.3 Display and recording methods, A-scan,
B-scan, C-scan, and digital
2.1.1.4 Sensitivity and resolution
2.1.2 Digital thickness instrumentation
95
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:12 AM Page 96
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l UT
96
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:12 AM Page 97
VA
Vibration Analysis Topical Outlines
97
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:12 AM Page 98
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l VA
1.8 Number of averages (specifications) Vibration Analysis Testing Level III Topical
1.9 Averaging types and data collection methods Outline
1.10 Windows
1.11 Sensitivity The principles and theory section, or any other section, is not
1.12 Special transducers intended to be covered as a completely separate section. This cate-
1.13 Routes (data collection) and online systems gory just means that somewhere in the material for training it is
1.14 Transducer selections necessary to cover the basic theory and principles on those topics.
1.15 Transducer location
1.16 Types of data collection 1.0 Principles/Theory
1.17 Resonance testing The vibration data provides detailed information about the
1.18 Check (instrument) calibration condition of a machine and its components. Data can be
1.19 Codes, standards, and specifications processed and presented in different ways to help the analyst
in diagnosing specific problems. The section on principles
2.0 Signal Processing and theory provides the concepts of vibration analysis.
2.1 Windows/weighting 1.1 Physical concepts
2.1.1 Hanning 1.1.1 Sources of vibration
2.1.2 Uniform 1.1.2 Stiffness
2.2 Overlap 1.1.3 Mass
2.3 Filters 1.1.4 Damping
2.3.1 High pass 1.1.5 Phase
2.3.2 Low pass 1.1.6 Modes of vibration
2.3.3 Bandpass 1.1.7 Resonance
2.4 Sampling rate and size 1.2 Data presentation
2.5 Digital versus analog 1.2.1 Units of measurement of spectrum
1.2.2 Waveform
3.0 Data Presentation 1.2.3 Phase analysis
3.1 Scope and limitations of different testing methods 1.3 Sources of vibration
3.2 Waterfall/cascades 1.3.1 Reciprocating machinery analysis
3.3 Linear versus logarithmic 1.3.2 Specialty machine concepts
3.4 Trends 1.3.2.1 Nonlinear behavior
3.5 Changing units 1.4 Correction methods
3.6 True zoom and expansion 1.4.1 Absorbers
3.7 Order and/or frequency 1.4.2 Damping treatments
1.4.3 Changing mass
4.0 Problem Identification 1.4.4 Changing stiffness
4.1 Unbalance 1.4.5 Changing operating speed
4.2 Misalignment
4.3 Resonance 2.0 Equipment
4.4 Bearing defects This section under equipment includes instrumentation,
4.5 Looseness sensors, and cabling used in vibration analysis.
4.6 Bent shafts 2.1 Sensors
4.7 Gear defects 2.1.1 Attachments (brackets, connectors, sensor mounting)
4.8 Electrical defects 2.1.2 Cabling
4.9 Hydraulic/flow dynamics 2.2 Signal conditioning
4.10 Rubs 2.2.1 Averaging methods
4.11 Belts and couplings 2.2.2 Windows and weighting
4.12 Eccentricity 2.2.3 Triggering
2.2.4 Spectral and time-domain resolution
5.0 Reporting Methodology 2.3 Instruments
5.1 Technical reports 2.3.1 Portable, route-based data collector
5.2 Management-oriented reports 2.3.2 Online surveillance data collector
5.3 Oral reports 2.3.3 Unfiltered meter (i.e., vibration pen)
2.3.4 Multi-channel transient data recorder
6.0 Safety and Health 2.4 Equipment response to environments performance based
6.1 Mechanical 2.4.1 Temperature gradients
6.2 Electrical 2.4.2 Moisture
6.3 Environmental
98
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:12 AM Page 99
99
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:12 AM Page 100
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l VA
Goldman, S. Vibration Spectrum Analysis, second edition. New Taylor, J.I. The Bearing Analysis Handbook. Tampa, FL: Vibration
York: Industrial Press. 1999. Consultants. 2003.
Hydraulic Institute, Rotodynamic Pumps for Vibration Taylor, J.I. The Gear Analysis Handbook. Tampa, FL: Vibration
Measurement and Allowable Values (ANSI/HI 9.6.4-2009). Consultants. 2003.
Englewood, CO: HIS. 2009.
Taylor, J.I. The Vibration Analysis Handbook. Tampa, FL:
Jackson, C. Practical Vibration Primer. Gulf Publishing Co. 2012. Vibration Consultants. 2003.
Mitchell, J.S. An Introduction to Machinery Analysis and Wowk, V. Machinery Vibration: Balancing. McGraw-Hill. 1994.
Monitoring. Tulsa, OK: PenWell Publishing Co. 1993.
Wowk, V. Machinery Vibration: Measurement and Analysis.
Piersol, A. and T. Paez. Harris’ Shock and Vibration Handbook, McGraw-Hill. 1991.
sixth edition. McGraw-Hill Inc. 2009.
100
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:12 AM Page 101
VT
Visual Testing Topical Outlines
Visual Testing Level I Topical Outline 6.0 Visual Testing to Specific Procedures
6.1 Selection of parameters
Note: The guidelines listed below should be implemented using 6.1.1 Inspection objectives
equipment and procedures relevant to the employer’s industry. No 6.1.2 Inspection checkpoints
times are given for a specific subject; this should be specified in the 6.1.3 Sampling plans
employer’s written practice. Based upon the employer’s product, 6.1.4 Inspection patterns
not all of the referenced subcategories need apply. 6.1.5 Documented procedures
6.2 Test standards/calibration
1.0 Introduction 6.3 Classification of indications per acceptance criteria
1.1 Definition of visual testing 6.4 Reports and documentation
1.2 History of visual testing
1.3 Overview of visual testing applications Visual Testing Level II Topical Outline
The guidelines listed below should be implemented using equip-
2.0 Definitions
ment and procedures relevant to the employer’s industry. The
Standard terms and their meanings in the employer’s
employer should tailor the program to the company’s particular
industry
application area. Discontinuity cause, appearance, and how to best
3.0 Fundamentals visually detect and identify these discontinuities should be empha-
3.1 Vision sized. No times are given for a specific subject; this should be spec-
3.2 Lighting ified in the employer’s written practice. Depending upon the
3.3 Material attributes employer’s product, not all the referenced subcategories need
3.4 Environmental factors apply.
3.5 Visual perception
3.6 Direct and indirect methods 1.0 Introduction of Visual Testing and Remote Visual
Inspection
4.0 Equipment (as applicable) 1.1 History
4.1 Mirrors 1.2 Applications
4.2 Magnifiers 1.3 Advantages and limitations
4.3 Borescopes
4.4 Fiberscopes 2.0 Fundamentals
4.5 Videoprobes 2.1 Vision
4.6 Remote visual inspection systems 2.1.1 Anatomy of the eye and mechanics of vision
4.7 Light sources and special lighting 2.2 Vision limitations
4.8 Gages (welding, go/no-go, etc.) templates, scales, 2.2.1 Perceptions
micrometers, calipers, special tools, etc. 2.2.2 Orientation
4.9 Automated systems 2.2.3 Disorders
4.10 Computer-enhanced systems 2.3 Employer’s visual acuity examination methods
101
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:12 AM Page 102
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l VT
102
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:12 AM Page 103
103
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:12 AM Page 104
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l VT
4.7 Personnel (human factors) variables affecting test results Visual Testing, Level I, II, and III Training
4.8 Detection References
4.8.1 Interpretation Allgaier, M.W. and S. Ness, tech. eds., P. Mclntire and P.O. Moore,
4.8.2 Evaluation eds. Nondestructive Testing Handbook, second edition: Volume 8,
Visual and Optical Testing. Columbus, OH: The American Society
5.0 Procedures and Documentation for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 1993.
5.1 Hard copy – general applications
5.1.1 Mineral-based materials Allgaier, M.W. and R.E. Cameron, tech. eds., P.O. Moore, ed.
5.1.2 Organic-based materials Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third edition: Volume 9, Visual
5.1.3 Composite materials Testing. Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive
5.1.4 Metallic materials Testing, Inc. 2010.*
5.2 Photography – specific applications
ASNT Level II Study Guide: Visual Testing Method. Columbus,
5.2.1 Metal joining processes
OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc., Latest
5.2.2 Pressure vessels
edition.*
5.2.3 Pumps
5.2.4 Valves ASNT Level III Study Guide: Visual and Optical Testing Method.
5.2.5 Bolting Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
5.2.6 Castings Inc. Latest edition.*
5.2.7 Forgings
5.2.8 Extrusions Cary, H.B. and S. Helzer. Modern Welding Technology. Englewood
5.2.9 Microcircuits Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 2004.
5.3 Audio/video – requirements
Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Control: ASM Handbook,
5.3.1 Codes (AWS, ASME, etc.)
Volume 17. Metals Park, OH: ASM International. 1989.*
5.3.2 Standards (MIL-STD-, NAVSEA, etc.)
5.3.3 Specifications The Tools and Rules of Precision Measuring. Athol, MA: L.S.
5.3.4 Procedures (Level III exam specific) Starret Co. 1982.
5.4 Electronic and magnetic media
5.5 Personnel qualification and certification Welding Handbook, Volume 1. Miami, FL: American Welding
Society. Latest edition.
6.0 Safety and Health
Welding Inspection. Miami, FL: American Welding Society. Latest
6.1 Electrical shock
edition.
6.2 Mechanical hazards
6.3 Lighting hazards physiological deleterious effects of light
6.4 Chemicals contamination * Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.,
6.5 Radioactive materials Columbus, OH.
6.6 Explosive environments
104
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:12 AM Page 105
BASIC
Basic Topical Outlines
105
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:12 AM Page 106
106
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:12 AM Page 107
2.9 Ultrasonic Testing 3.0 Basic Materials, Fabrication, and Product Technology
2.9.1 Fundamentals 3.1 Fundamentals of material technology
2.9.1.1 Wave propagation 3.1.1 Properties of materials
2.9.1.1.1 Sound fields 3.1.1.1 Strength and elastic properties
2.9.1.1.2 Wave travel modes 3.1.1.2 Physical properties
2.9.1.1.3 Refraction, reflection, scattering, 3.1.1.3 Material properties testing
and attenuation 3.1.2 Origin of discontinuities and failure modes
2.9.1.2 Transducers and sound beam coupling 3.1.2.1 Inherent discontinuities
2.9.2 Ultrasonic testing 3.1.2.2 Process-induced discontinuities
2.9.2.1 Basic types of equipment 3.1.2.3 Service-induced discontinuities
2.9.2.2 Reference standards 3.1.2.4 Failures in metallic materials
2.9.2.3 Test result interpretation; discontinuity 3.1.2.5 Failures in nonmetallic materials
indications 3.1.3 Statistical nature of detecting and characterizing
2.9.2.4 System factors discontinuities
2.9.2.5 Applications 3.2 Fundamentals of fabrication and product technology
2.9.2.5.1 Flaw detection and evaluation 3.2.1 Raw materials processing
2.9.2.5.2 Thickness measurement 3.2.2 Metals processing
2.9.2.5.3 Bond evaluation 3.2.2.1 Primary metals
2.9.2.5.4 Process control 3.2.2.1.1 Metal ingot production
2.9.2.5.5 Castings 3.2.2.1.2 Wrought primary metals
2.9.2.5.6 Weldments 3.2.2.2 Castings
2.10 Visual Testing 3.2.2.2.1 Green sand molded
2.10.1 Fundamentals 3.2.2.2.2 Metal molded
2.10.1.1 Principles and theory of visual testing 3.2.2.2.3 Investment molded
2.10.1.2 Selection of correct visual technique 3.2.2.3 Welding
2.10.1.3 Equipment and materials 3.2.2.3.1 Common processes
2.10.2 Specific applications 3.2.2.3.2 Hard-surfacing
2.10.2.1 Metal joining processes 3.2.2.3.3 Solid-state
2.10.2.2 Pressure vessels 3.2.2.4 Brazing
2.10.2.3 Pumps 3.2.2.5 Soldering
2.10.2.4 Valves 3.2.2.6 Machining and material removal
2.10.2.5 Bolting 3.2.2.6.1 Turning, boring, and drilling
2.10.2.6 Castings 3.2.2.6.2 Milling
2.10.2.7 Forgings 3.2.2.6.3 Grinding
2.10.2.8 Extrusions 3.2.2.6.4 Electrochemical
2.10.2.9 Microcircuits 3.2.2.6.5 Chemical
2.10.3 Interpretation and evaluation 3.2.2.7 Forming
2.10.3.1 Codes and standards 3.2.2.7.1 Cold-working processes
2.10.3.2 Environmental factors 3.2.2.7.2 Hot-working processes
2.11 Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing 3.2.2.8 Powdered metal processes
2.11.1 Fundamentals 3.2.2.9 Heat treatment
2.11.1.1 Magnetic field principles 3.2.2.10 Surface finishing and corrosion
2.11.1.2 Magnetization by means of electric current protection
2.11.1.3 Flux leakage 3.2.2.10.1 Shot peening and grit blasting
2.11.2 Flux leakage inspection 3.2.2.10.2 Painting
2.11.2.1 Basic types of equipment and inspection 3.2.2.10.3 Plating
materials 3.2.2.10.4 Chemical conversion coatings
2.11.2.2 Types of discontinuities found by 3.2.2.11 Adhesive joining
magnetic flux leakage inspection 3.2.3 Nonmetals and composite materials processing
2.11.2.3 Sensors used in magnetic flux leakage 3.2.3.1 Basic materials processing and process
inspection control
2.11.3 Applications 3.2.3.2 Nonmetals and composites fabrication
2.11.3.1 Wire rope inspection 3.2.3.3 Adhesive joining
2.11.3.2 Pipe body inspection 3.2.4 Dimensional metrology
2.11.3.3 Tank floor/steel plate inspection 3.2.4.1 Fundamental units and standards
3.2.4.2 Gaging
3.2.4.3 Interferometry
107
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/31/16 2:06 PM Page 108
Basic Examination Training References Sadek, Hussein, Electromagnetic Testing Classroom Training Book
(PTP Series). Columbus, OH: The American Society for
Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2005.*
Personnel Qualification and Certification Programs
ASNT Level III Program Document (online on the Smith, Gordon, Magnetic Particle Testing Classroom Training Book
ASNT/Certification Web page).** (PTP Series). Columbus, OH: The American Society for
Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2015.*
ASNT Level III Study Guide: Basic, Columbus, OH: The American
Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Latest Edition.* Staton, Jean. Radiographic Testing Classroom Training Book (PTP
Series). Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive
ASNT Standard for Qualification and Certification of Testing, Inc. 2016.*
Nondestructive Testing Personnel, ANSI/ASNT CP-189, Columbus,
OH. American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Latest Workman, G.L., tech. ed., and P.O. Moore, ed. 2012.
edition.* Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third edition: Volume 10,
Nondestructive Testing Overview. Columbus, OH: The American
Harris, Darrell W., A Guide to Personnel Qualification and Society of Nondestructive Testing.
Certification. Columbus, OH: American Society for
Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2011.
Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A: Personnel Qualification Materials, Fabrication, and Product Technology
and Certification in Nondestructive Testing. Columbus, OH. Materials and Processes for NDT Technology, second edition.
American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Latest edition.* Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
Inc. 2016.*
108
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:12 AM Page 109
PdM
Predictive Maintenance Topical Outlines
PdM Basic Examination Level III Topical 1.2.7 Expiration, suspension, revocation, and
Outline reinstatement of employer certification
1.2.8 Employer recertification
The Basic Examination will cover three main topical areas: 1.2.9 Records
1.2.10 Referenced publications
1.0 Personnel qualification and certification programs 1.3 Level III Certification Program
Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A, 1.3.1 Scope
ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 and the ASNT Level III Program 1.3.2 Definitions
1.3.3 Certification outcome
2.0 General familiarity with PdM and reliability methods listed 1.3.4 Eligibility for examination
in this section 1.3.5 Qualification examinations
1.3.6 Examinations results
3.0 Machinery technology, common problems, and corrective 1.3.7 Certification
actions 1.3.8 Validity
The above topics are further subdivided into topical outlines 1.3.9 Recertification
below, followed by the reference materials used in the 1.3.10 Applicant rights
development of these outlines. 1.3.11 Program changes
1.3.12 Accommodation for disabilities
The PdM Basic examination and one or more PdM Method
examinations (either thermal/infrared testing or vibration 2.0 General Familiarity with Other PdM and Reliability
analysis) must be taken and passed to qualify for an ASNT Methods
PdM Level III Certificate. The endorsements on the ASNT 2.1 Maintenance and reliability methods (i.e., CM, PM,
Certificate will list the various methods the applicant passed. PdM, RCM, etc.)
2.1.1 Condition monitoring/predictive maintenance
1.0 Personnel qualification and certification programs 2.1.2 Preventative maintenance
1.1 Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A 2.1.3 Reliability centered maintenance
1.1.1 Scope 2.1.4 Root cause failure analysis
1.1.2 Definitions 2.1.5 Proactive maintenance
1.1.3 Nondestructive testing methods 2.2 Motor circuit evaluation/motor current analysis
1.1.4 Levels of qualification 2.3 Oil/lubrication analysis
1.1.5 Written practice 2.4 Thermal/infrared testing
1.1.6 Education, training, and experience for initial 2.4.1 Fundamentals
qualification 2.4.1.1 Principles and theory of thermal/infrared
1.1.7 Training programs testing
1.1.8 Examinations 2.4.1.2 Temperature measurement principles
1.1.9 Certification 2.4.1.3 Proper selection of thermal/infrared
1.1.10 Technical performance review technique
1.1.11 Interrupted service 2.4.1.4 Equipment/materials
1.1.12 Recertification 2.4.1.5 Temperature measurement equipment
1.1.13 Termination 2.4.1.6 Heat flux indicators
1.1.14 Reinstatement 2.4.1.7 Non-contact devices
1.2 ASNT Standard ANSI/ASNT CP-189 2.4.2 Applications
1.2.1 Scope 2.4.2.1 Contact temperature indicators
1.2.2 Definitions 2.4.2.2 Non-contact pyrometers
1.2.3 Levels of qualification 2.4.2.3 Line scanners
1.2.4 Qualification requirements 2.4.2.4 Thermal imaging
1.2.5 Qualification and certification 2.4.2.5 Heat flux indicators
1.2.6 Examinations 2.4.2.6 Exothermic or endothermic
investigations
109
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/31/16 2:07 PM Page 110
110
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:12 AM Page 111
Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A: Personnel Qualification Crawford, A.R. The Simplified Handbook of Vibration Analysis,
and Certification in Nondestructive Testing. Columbus, OH: The Volume I, Introduction to Vibration Analysis. Knoxville, TN: CSI.
American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Latest edition.* 1992.
Ruddock, R., Basic Infrared Thermography Principles, Reliability Eisenmann, R.C., Sr, and R.C. Eisenmann, Jr. Machinery
Web, Ft. Meyers, FL. 2012 Malfunction Diagnosis and Correction: Vibration Analysis and
Troubleshooting for Process Industries. Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Smith, R.K., Rules of Thumb for Maintenance and Reliability Prentice Hall Printers. 1997.
Engineers, Elsevier Inc., Burlington, MA. 2008
Fitch, F. and D. Troyer, Oil Analysis Basics, second edition. Tulsa,
Starry, K., and P.O. Moore, ed. Nondestructive Testing Handbook, OK: Noria Publishing. 2010.
third edition: Volume 10, Vibration Analysis. Columbus, OH:
American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2012.* Goldman, S. Vibration Spectrum Analysis, second edition. New
York: Industrial Press. 1999.
Taylor, J.I. The Vibration Analysis Handbook. Tampa, FL:
Vibration Consultants. 2003. Logan, E. Jr., and R. Roy. Handbook of Turbomachinery, second
edition. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 2003.
* Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc., Mobley, R.K., Maintenance Fundamentals, second edition.
Columbus, OH. Burlington, MA: Elsevier, Inc. 2004.
** Available online at www.asnt.org.
Murphy, T. and A. Rienstra. Hear More – A Guide to Using
Machinery Technology, Problems and Ultrasound for Leak Detection and Condition Monitoring,
Reliability Web, Ft. Meyers, FL. 2010.
Corrective Actions Training References
Bannister, K.E., Lubrication for Industry, Industrial Press, New Nicholas, J., Motor Electrical Predictive Maintenance and Testing,
York, NY. 1996. 9th Edition, Reliability Web, Ft. Meyers, FL. 2014.
Bloch, H.P., Practical Machinery Management for Process Plants, Piersol, A. and T. Paez. Harris’ Shock and Vibration Handbook,
Volume 1: Improving Machinery Reliability, third edition. sixth edition. McGraw-Hill Inc. 2009.
Burlington, MA: Elsevier, Inc. 1998.
Ruddock, R., Basic Infrared Thermography Principles, Reliability
Bloch, H.P., and F.K. Geitner. Practical Machinery Management Web, Ft. Meyers, FL. 2010
for Process Plants, Volume 2: Machinery Failure Analysis and
Schneider, H. Balancing Technology. Deer Park, NY: Schenck
Troubleshooting, fourth edition. Burlington, MA: Elsevier, Inc.
Trebel Corporation. 1991.
2012.
Smith, R. and R.K. Mobley. Rules of Thumb for Maintenance and
Bloch, H.P., and F.K. Geitner. Practical Machinery Management
Reliability Engineers, Elsevier Inc., Burlington, MA. 2008
for Process Plants, Volume 3: Machinery Component Maintenance
and Repair. Burlington, MA: Elsevier, Inc. 2005. Taylor, J.I. The Vibration Analysis Handbook. Tampa, FL:
Vibration Consultants. 2003.
Bloch, H.P., and F.K. Geitner. Practical Machinery Management
for Process Plants, Volume 4: Major Process Equipment Traister, J.E., Handbook of Electric Motors, Fairmont Press, Inc.
Maintenance and Repair, second edition. Gulf Professional Lilburn, GA. 1992.
Publishing Co. 1997.
111
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:12 AM Page 112
112
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:12 AM Page 113
APPENDIX A
Radiographic Safety
113
Co
2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:12 AM Page 114
12.0 State and Federal Regulations * Available from the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.,
12.1 Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and Columbus, OH.
Agreement States – authority
12.2 License reciprocity
12.3* Radioactive materials license requirements for
industrial radiography
12.4 Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA)
12.5 Qualification requirements for radiography personnel
12.6 Regulations for the control of radiation (state or NRC
as applicable)
12.7* Department of Transportation regulations for
radiographic source shipment
12.8 Regulatory requirements for X-ray machines (state
and federal as applicable)
114
Co
ISBN: 978-1-57117-375-1 ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016
Catalog No.: 2822
ASNT STANDARD
2016
EDITION
TOPICAL OUTLINES FOR
QUALIFICATION OF
NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING
PERSONNEL
The American Society for The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.
Nondestructive Testing, Inc. ASNT...Creating a Safer World!®