RP 1

P. Bhanumathi and S.
Greeshma, International Journal of Research in Engineering, IT and Social Sciences, ISSN 2250-
0588, Impact Factor: 6.565, Volume 12 Issue 07, July 2022, Page 419-429
Crime Data Analysis Using Machine Learning
P. Bhanumathi
1
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Master of Computer Applications, Narayana Engineering College, Gudur.
S. Greeshma
2
PG Scholar, Dept. of Master of Computer Applications, Narayana Engineering College, Gudur.
-----------------------------------------------------------***-------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - The criminal cases in India are increasing rapidly due to which number of cases pending
are also piling up. This continuous increase in the criminal cases is proving to be difficult to be classified
and to be solved. Recognizing the criminal activity patterns of a place is important in order to prevent it
from happening. The crime solving agencies can do a better work if they have a good idea of the pattern
of criminal activities that are happening in a particular area. This can be done by using machine learning
by employing different algorithms to find the patterns of the criminal activities in a particular area. This
paper uses crime data set and predicts the types of crimes in a particular area which helps in speeding
up the classification of criminal cases and proceed accordingly. This paper uses the data of past 18 years
that is collected from various trusted sources. Data pre-processing is as important as final prediction,
this paper used feature selection, removing null values and label encoding to clean and nourish the data.
This research gives an efficient machine leaning model for predicting the next criminal case
Key Words:: Pre-Processing, Machine Learning, Crime Data.
1. INTRODUCTION
At present, the criminal cases that are pending in India are rapidly increasing with the number of crimes
committed are increasing. To solve a case based upon a particular data there should be a thorough
investigation and analysis that is to be done internally [1]. With the amount of crime data that is present
in India currently the analysis and decision making of these criminal cases is too difficult for the
officials. Identifying this a major problem this paper concentrates on creating a solution for the decision
making of crime that is committed. Machine Learning is the branch of science where computers decide
without human intervention. In recent times Machine Learning is being used in various domains one of
the examples of such cases is automated or self-driving cars.
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
P. Bhanumathi and S. Greeshma, International Journal of Research in Engineering, IT and Social Sciences, ISSN 2250-
This crime data prediction is a domain where classification is applied. Classification is a supervised
prediction technique and it has been used in various domains like forecasting stock, medicinal area,
etc. [2].The main aim of this paper is to consider some algorithms which can be used to predict and
analyse the crime data and improve the accuracy of those models by data processing in order to obtain
better results. The purpose is to train the required model to predict the data using the training data set
by validation of the test data set [3]. The models which are being used here are Logistic Regression,
Decision Tree classification, Random Forest classification.
2. RELATED WORK
Data mining and machine learning have become a vital part of crime detection and prevention. In this
research, we use WEKA, an open source data mining software, to conduct a comparative study between
the violent crime patterns from the Communities and Crime Unnormalized Dataset provided by the
University of California-Irvine repository and actual crime statistical data for the state of Mississippi
that has been provided by neighborhoodscout.com. We implemented the Linear Regression, Additive
Regression, and Decision Stump algorithms using the same finite set of features, on the Communities
and Crime Dataset. Overall, the linear regression algorithm performed the best among the three selected
algorithms. The scope of this project is to prove how effective and accurate the machine learning
algorithms used in data mining analysis can be at predicting violent crime patterns. We introduce a
novel, robust data-driven regularization strategy called Adaptive Regularized Boosting (AR-Boost),
motivated by a desire to reduce overfitting. We replace AdaBoost’s hard margin with a regularized soft
margin that trades-off between a larger margin, at the expense of misclassification errors. Minimizing
this regularized exponential loss results in a boosting algorithm that relax es the weak learning
assumption further: it can use classifiers with error greater than 1 2 . This enables a natural extension to
multiclass boosting, and further reduces overfitting in both the binary and multiclass cases. We derive
bounds for training and generalization errors, and relate them to AdaBoost. Finally, we show empirical
results on benchmark data that establish the robustness of our approach and improved performance
overall. 1 Introduction Boosting is a popular method for improving the accuracy of a classifier. In
particular, AdaBoost [1] is considered the most popular form of boosting and it has been shown to
improve the performance of base learners both theoretically and empirically. The key idea behind
AdaBoost is that it constructs a strong classifier using a set of weak classifiers [2,3]. First limitation can
become severe in multiclass classification, where the error rate of random guessing rate less than 0.5,
which can be problematic in multiclass classification.

3. EXISTING SYSTEM
Many researchers have gone through this problem regarding the criminal cases being unsolved for a long
period. They proposed different crime prediction algorithms. In all these models the accuracy will surely
vary depending on the data set and the features or attributes we select during data pre-processing. In
Crime prediction done on the Mississippi crime data set where models like linear regression and Decision
stump model are used gave a result of 83%, 88% and 67% respectively [1]. Although these accuracies of
the predictions may vary accordingly because it is discovered that many machine learning algorithms are
implemented on data sets consisting of different places having distinctive features, so predictions are
changing in all cases
DISADVANTAGES OF EXISTING SYSTEM:
1. By this methodology they had less accuracy in prediction
3. PROPOSED SYSTEM
The proposed system is made on the basis of the research work that is done by going through various
such documentations. Nearly all of the crimes are predicting based on the location and the types of
crimes that are occurring in those areas. On surveying previous works, Linear Regression, Decision Tree
and Random Forest tend to give good accuracy so these models are used in this paper to predict crimes.
The dataset used in this paper is from data.world.com. The data set contains different types of crimes
that being committed in India according to the state and year respectively [4]. This paper takes types of
crimes as input and gives the area in which crimes are committed as output. The data pre-processing
involves data cleaning, feature selection, dropping null values, data scaling by normalizing and
standardizing. After data preprocessing the data is free of null values which m ay alter the accuracy of
the model significantly and feature selection is used to select only the required features that won’t affect
the accuracy of model. After data pre-processing the models chosen i.e., Logistic Regression, Decision
Tree and Random Forest are trained by splitting the data into as train and test data
ADVANTAGES OF PROPOSED SYSTEM:

1. We had a high accuracy in this model prediction methodology

5. FLOW CHART

6. SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
6.1MODULE DESCRIPTION:
1.Upload dataset : we get the sensor data from the Kaggle website.
2.Data Preprocessing : after getting the data we have to remove the unwanted data from the
dataset like null values, unwanted rows, unwanted columns.
3.Train and Test Model : after preprocessing the data we have to split the data into two parts
training data and testing data.
4.Run Algorithm : we have to test machine learning algorithms to find the best algorithm with
best accuracy by training the data and testing the data to algorithms.
5.Accuracy graph : Finally we plot the graph of all the algorithms with accuracy.
6.TESTING
6.1 SOFTWARE TESTING
Testing:
Testing is a process of executing a program with the aim of finding error. To make our
software perform well it should be error free. If testing is done successfully it will remove all
the errors from the software.
6.1.1 Types of Testing
1. White Box Testing

2. Black Box Testing
3. Unit testing
4. Integration Testing
5. Alpha Testing
6. Beta Testing
7. Performance Testing and so on

White Box Testing
Testing technique based on knowledge of the internal logic of an application's code and
includes tests like coverage of code statements, branches, paths, conditions. It is performed
by software developers
Black Box Testing
A method of software testing that verifies the functionality of an application without

having specific knowledge of the application's code/internal structure. Tests are based on
requirements and functionality.
Unit Testing
Software verification and validation method in which a programmer tests if individual

units of source code are fit for use. It is usually conducted by the development team.
Integration Testing
The phase in software testing in which individual software modules are combined and
tested as a group. It is usually conducted by testing teams.
Alpha Testing
Type of testing a software product or system conducted at the developer's site. Usually it
is performed by the end users.
Beta Testing
Final testing before releasing application for commercial purpose. It is typically done by
end- users or others.
Performance Testing
Functional testing conducted to evaluate the compliance of a system or component with
specified performance requirements. It is usually conducted by the performance engineer.

Black Box Testing

Blackbox testing is testing the functionality of an application without knowing the details
of its implementation including internal program structure, data structures etc. Test cases for
black box testing are created based on the requirement specifications. Therefore, it is also
called as specification-based testing. Fig.4.1 represents the black box testing:
Fig.:Black Box Testing
When applied to machine learning models, black box testing would mean testing machine learning
models without knowing the internal details such as features of the machine learningmodel, the algorithm
used to create the model etc. The challenge, however, is to verify the test outcome against the expected
values that are known beforehand.

7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
7.1 OUTPUT SCREENS
1. Visualization of crime against rape
2. Year wise ML Deploy

3. Model Comparison
8. CONCLUSION
It is clear that basic details of criminal activities in a neighborhood contain indicators that will be
employed by machine learning agents to classify a criminal activity given a location and date. The
training agent suffers from imbalanced categories of the dataset, it had been ready to overcome the
problem by oversampling and under-sampling the dataset. This paper presents a crime data
prediction by taking the types of crimes as input and giving are in which these crimes are committed
as output using Colab notebook having python as a core language and python provide inbuilt
libraries such as Pandas and Numpy through which the work will be completed faster and Scikit
provides all the processes of how to use different libraries providing by the python. Results of
prediction are different for different algorithms and the accuracy of Random Forest Classifier
found to be good with the accuracy of 95.122%.

9.REFERENCES
1. McClendon, Lawrence, and Natarajan Meghanathan. "Using machine learning algorithms to
analyze crime data." Machine Learning and Applications: An International Journal (MLAIJ) 2.1
(2015): 1-12.
2. Alkesh Bharati, Dr Sarvanaguru RA. K,” Crime Prediction and Analysis Using Machine Learning”
in International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume: 05 Issue: 09
| September 2018
3. McClendon, L., & Meghanathan, N. (2015). Using machine learning algorithms to analyze crime
data. Machine Learning and Applications: An International Journal (MLAIJ), 2(1), 1-12.
4. Chen, Hsinchun, et al. "Crime data mining: a general framework and some
examples." computer 37.4 (2004): 50-56.
5. Chen, H., Chungcdvsfdf, W., Xu, J. J., Wangsac, G., Qin, Y., & Chauascas, M. (2004). Crime data
mining: a general framework and some examples. computer, 37(4), 50-56.
6. Chen, Hsinchun, Wingyan Chung, Jennifer Jie Xu, Gang Wang, Yi Qin, and Michael Chau.
"Crime data mining: a general framework and some examples." computer 37, no. 4 (2004): 50-56.
7. Chen, H., Chungsasda, W., Xu, J.J., Wang, G., Qin, Y. and Chau, M., 2004. Crime data mining: a
general framework and some examples. computer, 37(4), pp.50-56.
8. Sathyadevan, Shiju. "Crime analysis and prediction using data mining." 2014 First International
Conference on Networks & Soft Computing (ICNSC2014). IEEE, 2014.
9. Sathyadevan, S. (2014, August). Crime analysis and prediction using data mining. In 2014 First
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11. Sathyadevan, S., 2014, August. Crime analysis and prediction using data mining. In 2014 First
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13. Nath, Shyam Varan. "Crime pattern detection using data mining." 2006 IEEE/WIC/ACM
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14. Nath, S. V. (2006, December). Crime pattern detection using data mining. In 2006
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P. Bhanumathi and S.

Crime Data Analysis Using Machine Learning

Key Words:: Pre-Processing, Machine Learning, Crime Data.

http://indusedu.org Page 419

http://indusedu.org Page 420

DISADVANTAGES OF EXISTING SYSTEM:

1. By this methodology they had less accuracy in prediction

ADVANTAGES OF PROPOSED SYSTEM:

http://indusedu.org Page 421

http://indusedu.org Page 422

training data and testing data.

6.1.1 Types of Testing

1. White Box Testing

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White Box Testing

Black Box Testing

A method of software testing that verifies the functionality of an application without

requirements and functionality.

Software verification and validation method in which a programmer tests if individual

http://indusedu.org Page 424

Black Box Testing

Fig.:Black Box Testing

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7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

7.1 OUTPUT SCREENS

1. Visualization of crime against rape

2. Year wise ML Deploy

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1. McClendon, Lawrence, and Natarajan Meghanathan. "Using machine learning algorithms to

in International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume: 05 Issue: 09

examples." computer 37.4 (2004): 50-56.

mining: a general framework and some examples. computer, 37(4), 50-56.

general framework and some examples. computer, 37(4), pp.50-56.

Conference on Networks & Soft Computing (ICNSC2014). IEEE, 2014.

http://indusedu.org Page 428

International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology Workshops.

IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology

Workshops (pp. 41-44). IEEE.

41-44. IEEE, 2006.

learning and knowledge discovery in databases. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2013.

http://indusedu.org Page 429

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