CRACK DEPTH MEASUREMENT USING ARDUINO

AND MOBILE APPLICATION

A PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED BY

VASUDEVAN M (16EUEC162)

AQIL NAZEER (16EUEC011)

GOWRISHANKAR B

(17EUEC507)

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

In

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SRI KRISHNA COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(An Autonomous Institution)
(Approved by AICTE and Affiliated to Anna University,
Chennai) ACCREDITED BY NAAC WITH “A” GRADE

1
APRIL 2018

2
 SRI KRISHNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(An Autonomous Institution)
(Approved by AICTE and Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)
ACCREDITED BY NAAC WITH “A” GRADE

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report “CRACK DEPTH MEASUREMENT
USING ARDUINO AND MOBILE APPLICATION” is the bonafide work of
VASUDEVAN M (16EUEC162)
AQIL NAZEER (16EUEC011)
GOWRISHANKAR B (17EUEC507)
who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
DR S SOPHIA , PhD., MS ANIE SELVA JOTHI, M.Tech.,
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
SRI KRISHNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING SRI KRISHNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY
KUNIYAMUTHUR KUNIYAMUTHUR
COIMBATORE - 641008 COIMBATORE - 641008

This project report submitted for the Autonomous Project Viva-voice

examination held on

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

If words are considered as the symbol of approval and token of acknowledgment,

then let words play the heralding role of thanking giving just to glorify or praise,
to exhibit deeply embedded feelings of gratitude.

We express our profound gratitude to Dr. J. JANET, PhD.., Principal, Sri

Krishna college of Engineering and Technology for the encouragement given by
her to take over this project.

We convey our heartiest thanks to Dr. S. SOPHIA, M.E. PhD.., Professor and
Head, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering for providing
facilities required to carry out the project.

We convey our thanks to our project guide Ms. ANIE SELVA JOTHI, M.Tech.,
Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
for her personal guidance and constant advice regarding this project.

We convey our thanks to all faculty members who rendered that help directly as
well as indirectly foe the completion of our project.

We also thank our friends for the strong support and inspiration they have
provided in the bringing out this volume.
 ABSTRACT

The core objective of the project is to develop a device to measure the depth
of cracks in dams and view the result through a customized mobile application.
The position and direction of the ultrasonic sensor which is used to measure the
depth of the crack can also be controlled through the mobile application. Remote
controlling is achieved with the help of blue-tooth which acts as a channel
between the device and the mobile application. This project will be useful in
“Collection of data in respect of dams in distress conditions”. Thus this project
can measure the depth of cracks in Dams which will aid in analyzing the
condition of dams and hence the information obtained will enable us to carry out
necessary corrective and preventive measures,especially in distress situations.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGENO

ABSTRACT 4
LIST OF FIGURES 7
LIST OF ABBREVATION 8
1 INTRODUCTION 9
1.1 Embedded system 9
1.2 Arduino UNO 10
1.3 Ultra-Sonic 11
1.4 Bluetooth 12
1.5 Mobile Application 13
2 LITERATURE SURVEY 14
2.1 Ultrasonic Radar 14
2.2 Non-contact Water Level Monitoring System 14
Implemented Using Lab-VIEW and Arduino
2.3 Arduino Based Ultrasonic Radar System using 15
Matlab

3 PROPOSED SYSTEM 16

3.1 Proposed technique 16

3.2 Advantages of proposed system 16
3.3 Block diagram 17
4 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION 18
4.1 Arduino UNO 18
4.1.1 Features 18
4.1.1.1 Technical Specifications 18
4.1.1.2 Power Supply for the Arduino UNO 19
4.1.2 Pin Details 20
 4.1.2.1 Power Pins 21
4.1.2.2 Memory 21
4.1.2.3 Input and Output 22
4.1.3 Communication 22
4.1.4 Programming 23
4.1.5 Automatic (Software) Reset 23
4.2 Ultra-Sonic Sensor 24
4.3 Bluetooth Module HC-05 25
4.4 Servo Motor 27
4.5 Smart Phone 28
5 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION 29
5.1 Android Operating System 29
5.2 Arduino IDE 31
5.3 Processing IDE 33
6 RESULT 34
7 CONCLUSION 35
8 REFERENCE 36
8.1 WEBSITE LINKS 36
8.2 BOOKS 36
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

NO. NO.
1.1 AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM 10
1.2 ARDUINO UNO 11
1.3 FREQUENCY RANGE OF ULTRA-SOUND 12
3.1 THE OVERALL BLOCK DIAGRAM 17
4.1 OVERVIEW OF THE ARDUINO UNO 20
4.2 CLEARER VIEW OF THE ARDUINO UNO 20
4.3 ULTRA-SONIC SENSOR(HC-SR04) 25
4.4 BLUETOOTH MODULE(HC-05) 26
4.5 BLUETOOTH MODULE WITH ARDUINO UNO 26
4.6 SERVO MOTOR 90G 27
5.1 ANDROID OS LOGO 31
5.2 ARDUINO IDE LOGO 32
6.1 HARDWARE SETUP 34
6.2 SOFTWARE APPLICATION RESULTS 34
 LIST OF ABBREVIATION

ACRONYM EXPANSION
WI-Fi Trademarked term meaning
“IEEE 802.11x”
IDE Integrated Development Environment
MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MP3/MPEG-3 Moving Picture Experts Group
FTDI Future Technology Devices International
USB Universal Serial Bus
UHF Ultra High Frequency
ISM Band Industrial, Scientific and Medical Band
PIC Programmable Intelligent Computer
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
AVR Advanced Virtual RISC
SRAM Static Random Access Memory
EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable
Read-Only Memory
GND Ground
UART Universal Asynchronous
Receiver-Transmitter
TTL Transistor-Transistor Logic
SMS Short Message Service
HTML Hyper Text Markup Language
APK Android Package
GNU A Recursive Acronym for “GNU’s”
MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology
RGB Red, Green and Blue
RGBA Red Green Blue Alpha
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1EMBEDDED SYSTEM

An embedded system on a plug-in card with processor, memory, power

supply, and external interfaces. An embedded system is an computer system with
a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electrical system, often with
real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device
often including hardware and mechanical parts. Embedded systems control many
devices in common use today. Ninety-eight percent of all microprocessors are
manufactured as components of embedded systems. Examples of properties of
typical embedded computers when compared with general-purpose counterparts
are low power consumption, small size, rugged operating ranges, and low per-
unit cost. This comes at the price of limited processing resources, which make
them significantly more difficult to program and to interact with. However, by
building intelligence mechanisms on top of the hardware, taking advantage of
possible existing sensors and the existence of a network of embedded units, one
can both optimally manage available resources at the unit and network levels as
well as provide augmented functions, well beyond those available. For example,
intelligent techniques can be designed to manage power consumption of
embedded systems. Modern embedded systems are often based on micro
controllers (i.e. CPU s with integrated memory or peripheral interfaces),but
ordinary microprocessors (using external chips for memory and peripheral
interface circuits) are also common, especially in more-complex systems. In
either case, the processor(s) used may be types ranging from general purpose to
those specialized in certain class of computations, or even custom designed for
the application at hand. A common standard class of dedicated processors is the
digital signal processor (DSP). Since the embedded system is dedicated to
specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it to reduce the size and cost of the
product and increase the reliability and performance. Some embedded systems
are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale. Embedded systems
range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players, to large
stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, and largely complex
systems like hybrid vehicles, MRI, and avionics. Complexity varies from low,
with a single micro-controller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals
and networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure.

Figure 1.1-An Embedded System

1.2 ARDUINO UNO

The Arduino UNO is a widely used open-source micro-controller board
based on the ATmega328P micro-controller and developed by Arduino.cc. The
board is equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may
be interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and other circuits. The board
features 14 Digital pins and 6 Analog pins. It is programmable with the Arduino
IDE (Integrated Development Environment) via a type B USB cable. It can be
powered by a USB cable or by an external 9 volt battery, though it accepts
voltages between 7 and 20 volts. The hardware reference design is distributed
under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and is available
on the Arduino website. Layout and production files for some versions of the
hardware are also available. "Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark
the release of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0. The Uno board is the first in a series
of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform. The
10
ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes pre-programmed with a boot-loader that
allows to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware
programmer.It communicates using the original STK500 protocol. The Uno also
differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial
driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2)
programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

Figure 1.2-Arduino UNO

1.3 ULTRASONIC
Ultrasound is sound waves with frequencies higher than the upper audible
limit of human hearing. Ultrasound is no different from 'normal' (audible) sound
in its physical properties, except in that humans cannot hear it. This limit varies
from person to person and is approximately 20 kilohertz (20,000 hertz) in healthy
young adults. Ultrasound devices operate with frequencies from 20 kHz up to
several gigahertz. Ultrasound is used in many different fields. Ultrasonic devices
are used to detect objects and measure distances. Ultrasound imaging or
Sonography is often used in medicine. In the nondestructive testing of products
and structures, ultrasound is used to detect invisible flaws. Industrially,
ultrasound is used for cleaning, mixing, and to accelerate chemical processes.
Animals such as bats and porpoises use ultrasound for locating prey and
obstacles.Scientist are also studying ultrasound using graphene diaphragms as a
method of communication.

Figure 1.3-Frequency Range of Ultra-Sound

1.4 BLUETOOTH
Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short
distances (using short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to
2.485 GHz) from fixed and mobile devices, and building personal area networks
(PAN s). Invented by telecom vendor Ericsson in 1994, it was originally
conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables. Bluetooth is managed
by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), which has more than 30,000
member companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking,
and consumer electronics.The IEEE standardized Bluetooth as IEEE 802.15.1,
but no longer maintains the standard. The Bluetooth SIG oversees development
of the specification, manages the qualification program, and protects the
trademarks.A manufacturer must meet Bluetooth SIG standards to market it as a
Bluetooth device. A network of patents apply to the technology, which are
licensed to individual qualifying devices.
1.5 MOBILE APPLICATION
A mobile app is a computer program designed to run on a mobile device
such as a phone/tablet or watch. Mobile applications often stand in contrast to
desktop applications which run on desktop computers, and with web applications
which run in mobile web browsers rather than directly on the mobile device. In
2009, technology columnist David Pogue said that newer smart-phones could be
nicknamed "app phones" to distinguish them from earlier less-sophisticated
smart-phones.The term "app", which is short for "software application", has since
become very popular: In 2010, it was listed as "Word of the Year" by the
American Dialect Society.Most mobile devices are sold with several apps
bundled as pre-installed software, such as a web browser, email client, calendar,
mapping program, and an app for buying music, other media, or more apps.
Some pre-installed apps can be removed by an ordinary uninstall process, thus
leaving more storage space for desired ones. Where the software does not allow
this, some devices can be rooted to eliminate the undesired apps.Developing apps
for mobile devices requires considering the constraints and features of these
devices. Mobile devices run on battery and have less powerful processors than
personal computers and also have more features such as location detection and
cameras. Developers also have to consider a wide array of screen sizes, hardware
specifications and configurations because of intense competition in mobile
software and changes within each of the platforms (although these issues can be
overcome with mobile device detection).
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 ULTRASONIC RADAR

The authors propose a radar made with the ultrasonic sensor type HC -
SR04, developed for Arduino. The novelty added by this paper is the
development of specific libraries aiming to interface the sensor produced for
Arduino with the micro controller PIC 18F, manufactured by Microchip. We
have taken into account the temperature influence on the ultrasound. The radar
can detect objects located at distances between 2 cm and 4 meters and displays
the value of distance to the object. The object detection is performed inside an
angle of 180 degrees. The motion sensor that covers this angle uses a stepper
motor. Data are presented on a LCD display, the motor movement being
synchronized with the browsing of the radar screen. Synchronization is made by
programming the timers of the micro controller. These timers generate
interruptions at preset moments, correlated with the completion of a specific area
of the graphic display.

2.2 Non-contact Water Level Monitoring System Implemented Using Lab-

VIEW and Arduino

This paper shows non-contact water level monitoring system implemented

using Lab-VIEW and Arduino. Water depth of the tank is measured by
Ultrasonic sensor. Hence the water level present in the tank is known. Depending
on the sensor reading Lab-VIEW program sends the data to Arduino and through
Arduino board the pump is switched ON if the water level in the upper tank is
low and pump is switched OFF if the water level is completely filled in the upper
tank. The input to Arduino board is from ultrasonic sensor. Arduino read the
height and reports the water depth of the tank and the same is displayed in Lab-
VIEW front panel. Advantage of this over other existing automatic system is it
provides non-contact water level measurement using ultrasonic sensor, but
existing automatic system using SS(stainless steel) sensor which is a contact type
water level sensor and also these sensors quickly corroded by some chemicals.
The same is present in Lab-VIEW using the graphical user interface for
visualization, Lab-VIEW communicate with add on devices like Arduino,
ultrasonic sensor, pump through maker hub.

2.3 Arduino Based Ultrasonic Radar System using Matlab

Radio detection and ranging, that is, RADAR is a radio wave technique to
determine the scope of the object, angle or speed. It is object detection
technology. It is used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, missiles, motor vehicles,
weather formation and terrain. The proposed "Ultrasonic Radar System" uses an
ultrasonic module that includes an ultrasonic transmitter and receiver as well as
an AVR micro-controller ATmega128. It works by launching a short pulse at the
ear audible frequency, after that micro-controller listens for echoes. The
information about the distance to the object is given at the time elapsed during
transmission to the echo reception. Here, the objective is to design an ultrasonic
radar system by plotting its graph with the help of Matlab to identify the location
of the object and its angle in the unauthorized area.
 CHAPTER 3

PROPOSED SYSTEM

3.1 PROPOSED TECHNIQUE

This is an interesting project in which we explore the power of an Arduino
and Android to create a device which uses Arduino and Ultra Sonic Sensor to
broadcast the obtained information to a mobile application (Android) using
Bluetooth. Safety and Security has been our primary concern since ages. Hence
let us make an economic device which will be able to measure the depth of
cracks which can be applied over a wide range. For example we can measure the
safety of buildings, dams etc., through the obtained information. This device
measures the depth of cracks with the help of Ultrasonic Sensor and hence can
work even during night times. Also we are mounting the US (Ultra Sonic) sensor
over a servo motor, this servo motor can be either be set to rotate automatically to
scan the area or can be rotated manually using our Mobile app, so that we can
focus the ultrasonic sensor in our required direction and sense the crack present
over there. All the information sensed by the US sensor will be broadcast-ed to
our Smart phone using Bluetooth Module (HC-05).

3.2 ADVANTAGES OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

 Reduce man power

 Depth Measurement of cracks

 User-Friendly Interface

 Remote Controllable

 Low Cost

 Accurate Measurement
 3.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM

ULTRASONIC SENSOR

ANDROID

APPLICATION

(SMART PHONE)
ARDUINO SERVO MOTOR

UNO

BLUETOOTH MODULE (HC-05)

Figure 3.1 : The overall block diagram

 CHAPTER 4
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

4.1 Arduino UNO

4.1.1 Features:
The Arduino UNO is a widely used open-source micro-controller board
based on the ATmega328P micro-controller and developed by Arduino.cc. The
board is equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may
be interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and other circuits. The board
features 14 Digital pins and 6 Analog pins. It is programmable with the Arduino
IDE (Integrated Development Environment) via a type B USB cable. It can be
powered by a USB cable or by an external 9 volt battery, though it accepts
voltages between 7 and 20 volts.
4.1.1.1 Technical specifications
 Micro-controller: ATmega328P
 Operating Voltage: 5v
 Input Voltage: 7-20v
 Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
 Analog Input Pins: 6
 DC Current per I/O Pin: 20 mA
 DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA
 Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by boot-loader
 SRAM: 2 KB
 EEPROM: 1 KB
 Clock Speed: 16 MHz
 Length: 68.6 mm
 Width: 53.4 mm
 Weight: 25 g
4.1.1.2 Power supply for the Arduino
Modern Arduino Uno boards allow the board to have more than one source
of power to be connected simultaneously. An intelligent switching circuitry
ensures that the highest available voltage is selected and sent to the on board
voltage regulator and eventually powers up the board.
We can power up the Arduino using power supplied from the computer via a
USB cable and/or by using external power sources.
 Using USB cable
The USB port of the Arduino Uno can be connected to a desktop/laptop. If
the connection is enumerated, i.e. the computer recognizes the device, the current
supplied to the board is 500mA at 5V. If the connection is not enumerated,
100mA is supplied at 5V.
Using an AC to DC adapter plugged into the barrel connector
The barrel connector can be supplied an input of 7-12V. This is regulated to 5V
by the on-board voltage regulator, and the board is powered on.
 Using 5V input
It is possible to power up the Arduino using the 5V and GND pins, provided that
the input given is steady and regulated 5V. The 5V pin bypasses the voltage
regulator and all the safety measures present on the Arduino Uno, so if the input
exceeds 5V (5.5 is the maximum upper limit), the board can be damaged. It is
generally advised to avoid powering up the Arduino Uno using this method.
 Using batteries greater than 5V
Connect a 9V battery with the positive terminal connected to the Vin pin and the
negative terminal connected to the GND pin. The Vin port allows an input
between 7 and 12 Volts, but we recommend to use a 9V battery. Depending on
your application you can input 12V too but make sure the current values stay
around 500mA.
 Figure 4.1 : Overview of the Arduino UNO

4.1.2 PIN DETAILS

Figure 4.2 : Clearer view of the Arduino UNO

20
4.1.2.1 Power pins
 VIN: The input voltage to the Arduino/Genuino board when it's using an
external power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or
other regulated power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if
supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.
 5V: This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The
board can be supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 20V),
the USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-20V). Supplying
voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage the
board.
 3V3: A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum
current draw is 50 mA.
 GND: Ground pins.
4.1.2.2 Memory
There are three pools of memory in the micro-controller used on Avr-based
Arduino boards :
 Flash memory (program space), is where the Arduino sketch is stored.
 SRAM (static random access memory) is where the sketch creates and
manipulates variables when it runs.
 EEPROM is memory space that programmers can use to store long-term
information.
Flash memory and EEPROM memory are non-volatile (the information
persists after the power is turned off). SRAM is volatile and will be lost when the
power is cycled.
The ATmega328 chip found on the UNO has the following amounts of memory:
Flash 32k bytes (of which .5k is used for the boot-loader)
SRAM 2k bytes
EEPROM 1k
byte
4.1.2.3 Input and Output
Each of the 14 digital pins and 6 Analog pins on the Uno can be used as an
input or output, using pinmode(),digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions.
They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive 20 mA as recommended
operating condition and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default)
of 20-50k ohm. A maximum of 40mA is the value that must not be exceeded on
any I/O pin to avoid permanent damage to the micro-controller.The Uno has 6
analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of
resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5
volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF
pin and the analogReference() function.
In addition, some pins have specialized functions:
 Serial: pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX)
TTL serial data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the
ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
 External Interrupts: pins 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger
an interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value.
 PWM(Pulse Width Modulation) 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 Can provide 8-bit
PWM output with the analogWrite() function.
 SPI(Serial Peripheral Interface): 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13
(SCK). These pins support SPI communication using the SPI library.
 TWI(Two Wire Interface): A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support
TWI communication using the Wire library.
 AREF(Analog REFerence: Reference voltage for the analog inputs.
4.1.3 COMMUNICATION
The Arduino/Genuino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating
with a computer, another Arduino/Genuino board, or other micro-controllers. The
ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial communication, which is available
on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the board channels this
serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to software on
the computer. The 16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no
external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is required. The
Arduino Software (IDE) includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual
data to be sent to and from the board. The RX and TX LED’s on the board will
flash when data is being transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and USB
connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1). A
Software-Serial library allows serial communication on any of the Uno digital
pins.
4.1.4 PROGRAMMING
The Arduino UNO can be programmed with the Arduino software. The
ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes pre-programmed with a boot-loader that
allows to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware
programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol. The Uno also
differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial
driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2)
programmed as a USB-to-serial converter. A program for Arduino hardware may
be written in any programming language with compilers that produce binary
machine code for the target processor. Atmel provides a development
environment for their 8-bit AVR and 32-bit ARM Cortex-M based micro-
controllers: AVR Studio (older) and Atmel Studio (newer).
4.1.5 AUTOMATIC (SOFTWARE) RESET
Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload,
the Arduino/Genuino Uno board is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by
software running on a connected computer. One of the hardware flow control
lines (DTR) of the ATmega8U2/16U2 is connected to the reset line of the
ATmega328 via a 100 nano farad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken
low), the reset line drops long enough to reset the chip. This setup has other
implications. When the Uno is connected to either a computer running Mac OS X
or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from software (via USB).
For the following half-second or so, the boot-loader is running on the Uno. While
it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of
new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board after a
connection is opened.
4.2 ULTRA-SONIC SENSOR

Ultrasonic sensors are a type of acoustic sensor divided into three broad
categories: transmitters, receivers and transceivers. Transmitters convert
electrical signals into ultrasound, receivers convert ultrasound into electrical
signals, and transceivers can both transmit and receive ultrasound.In a similar
way to radar and sonar, ultrasonic transducers are used in systems which evaluate
targets by interpreting the reflected signals. For example, by measuring the time
between sending a signal and receiving an echo the distance of an object can be
calculated. Passive ultrasonic sensors are basically microphones that detect
ultrasonic noise that is present under certain conditions. Ultrasonic probes and
ultrasonic baths apply ultrasonic energy to agitate particles in a wide range of
materials. Ultrasonic systems typically use a transducer which generates sound
waves in the ultrasonic range, above 18 kHz, by turning electrical energy into
sound, then upon receiving the echo turn the sound waves into electrical energy
which can be measured and displayed. The technology is limited by the shapes of
surfaces and the density or consistency of the material. Foam, in particular, can
distort surface level readings. This technology, as well, can detect approaching
objects and track their positions. Ultrasonic transducers convert AC into
ultrasound, as well as the reverse. Ultra-sonic, typically refers to piezoelectric
transducers or capacitive transducers Piezoelectric crystals change size and shape
when a voltage is applied; AC voltage makes them oscillate at the same
frequency and produce ultrasonic sound. Capacitive transducers use electrostatic
fields between a conductive diaphragm and a backing plate. The beam pattern of
a transducer can be determined by the active transducer area and shape, the
ultrasound wavelength, and the sound velocity of the propagation medium. The
diagrams show the sound fields of an unfocused and a focusing ultrasonic
transducer in water, plainly at differing energy levels. Since piezoelectric
materials generate a voltage when force is applied to them, they can also work as
ultrasonic detectors. Some systems use separate transmitters and receivers, while
others combine both functions into a single piezoelectric transceiver.

Figure 4.3-UltraSonic Sensor(HC-SR04)

4.3.BLUETOOTH MODULE HC-05

HC‐05 module is an easy to use Bluetooth SPP (Serial Port Protocol)

module,designed for transparent wireless serial connection setup.The HC-05
Bluetooth Module can be used in a Master or Slave configuration, making it a
great solution for wireless communication.This serial port blue-tooth module is
fully qualified Bluetooth V2.0+EDR (Enhanced Data Rate) 3Mbps Modulation
with complete 2.4GHz radio transceiver and base band. It uses CSR Blue-core 04‐
External single chip Bluetooth system with CMOS technology and with AFH
(Adaptive Frequency Hopping Feature). The Bluetooth module HC-05 is a
MASTER/SLAVE module.By default the factory setting is SLAVE.The Role of
the module (Master or Slave) can be configured only by AT COMMANDS.The
slave modules cannot initiate a connection to another Bluetooth device, but can
accept connections.Master module can initiate a connection to other devices.The
user can use it simply for a serial port replacement to establish connection
between MCU and GPS, PC to your embedded project, etc

Figure 4.4-Bluetooth Module(HC-05)

As we know that Vcc and Gnd of the module goes to Vcc and Gnd of
Arduino.The TXD pin goes to RXD pin of Arduino and RXD pin goes to TXD
pin of Arduino i.e(digital pin 0 and 1).The user can use the on board Led.But
here,Led is connected to digital pin 12 externally for betterment of the process.

Figure 4.5- Bluetooth Module with Arduino UNO

4.4. SERVO MOTOR

It is tiny and lightweight with high output power. This servo can rotate
approximately 180 degrees (90 in each direction), and works just like the
standard kinds but smaller. You can use any servo code, hardware or library to
control these servos.It comes with a 3 horns (arms) and hardware.

Specifications

Operating voltage: 4.8 V (~5V)

Operating speed: 0.1 s/60 degree

Stall torque: 1.8 kg f·cm

Dead band width: 10 µs

Temperature range: 0 ºC – 55 ºC

To connect SG90 micro servo motor to Arduino Uno we require the following
soft wares Arudino Uno and Arduino IDE(1.0.6V). The SG90 micro servo motor
has 3 wire interface in which the connections should made as follows:

Red wire-5V

Brown wire-

Ground

Yellow wire-digital pin 9

Figure 4.6-Servo Motor 90g
4.5 SMART PHONE

A smart phone is a hand-held personal computer with a mobile operating

system and an integrated mobile broadband cellular network connection for voice,
SMS, and Internet data communication; most if not all smartphones also support
WI-Fi. Smartphones are typically pocket-sized, as opposed to tablet computers,
which are much larger. They are able to run a variety of software components,
known as “apps”. Most basic apps (e.g. event calendar, camera, web browser)
come pre-installed with the system, while others are available for download from
official sources like the Google Play Store or Apple App Store. Apps can receive
bug fixes and gain additional functionality through software updates; similarly,
operating systems are able to update. Modern smartphones have a touchscreen
color display with a graphical user interface that covers the front surface and
enables the user to use a virtual keyboard to type and press onscreen icons to
activate "app" features. Mobile payment is now a common theme among st most
smartphones.
 CHAPTER 5

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

5.1 ANDROID OPERATING SYSTEM

Android is a mobile operating system founded by Andy Rubin, now owned

and developed by Google, and backed by an industry consortium known as the
Open Handset Alliance. It is a Linux-based open source platform with optional
proprietary components, including a suite of flagship software for Google
services, and the application and content storefront Google Play. Android was
officially introduced via the release of its inaugural device, the HTC Dream (T-
Mobile G1) on 20 October 2008. As an open source product, Android has also
been the subject of third-party development. Development groups have used the
Android source code to develop and distribute their own modified versions of the
operating system, such as CyanogenMod (now Lineage OS), to add features to
the OS and provide newer versions of Android to devices that no longer receive
official updates from their vendor.Forked versions of Android have also been
adopted by other vendors, such as Amazon.com, who used its "Fire OS" on a
range of tablets and the Fire Phone. As it is a non-proprietary platform that has
shipped on devices covering a wide range of market segments, Android has seen
significant adoption. Gartner Research estimated that 325 million Android
smartphones were sold during the fourth quarter of 2015, leading all other
platforms. Samsung Electronics, who produces Android devices, was also the top
smart phone vendor across all platforms in the same period of time. Android is
the top-selling smart phone OS in 2016.Android Pay is available on Android
software. Applications ("apps"), which extend the functionality of devices, are
written using the Android software development kit (SDK) and, often, the Java
programming language. Java may be combined with C/C++, together with a
choice of non-default run times that allow better C++ support. The Go
programming language is also supported, although with a limited set of
application programming interfaces (API). In May 2017, Google announced
support for Android app development in the Kotlin programming language. The
SDK includes a comprehensive set of development tools, including a debugger,
software libraries, a handset emulator based on QEMU, documentation, sample
code, and tutorials. Initially, Google's supported integrated development
environment (IDE) was Eclipse using the Android Development Tools (ADT)
plugin; in December 2014, Google released Android Studio, based on Intelligent
idea, as its primary IDE for Android application development. Other
development tools are available, including a native development kit (NDK) for
applications or extensions in C or C++, Google App Inventor, a visual
environment for novice programmers, and various cross platform mobile web
applications frameworks. In January 2014, Google unveiled an framework based
on Apache Cord-ova for porting Chrome HTML 5 web applications to Android,
wrapped in a native application shell. Android has a growing selection of third-
party applications, which can be acquired by users by downloading and installing
the application's APK (Android application package) file, or by downloading
them using an application store program that allows users to install, update, and
remove applications from their devices. Google Play Store is the primary
application store installed on Android devices that comply with Google's
compatibility requirements and license the Google Mobile Services
software.Google Play Store allows users to browse, download and update
applications published by Google and third-party developers; as of July 2013,
there are more than one million applications available for Android in Play Store.
As of July 2013, 50 billion applications have been installed. Some carriers offer
direct carrier billing for Google Play application purchases, where the cost of the
application is added to the user's monthly bill. As of May 2017, there are over
one billion active users a month for G mail, Android, Chrome, Google Play and
Maps. Due to the open nature of Android, a number of third-party application
30
marketplaces also exist for Android, either to provide a substitute for devices that
are not allowed to ship with Google Play Store, provide applications that cannot
be offered on Google Play Store due to policy violations, or for other reasons.
Examples of these third-party stores have included the Amazon App store, Get
Jar, and Slide Me. F-Droid, another alternative marketplace, seeks to only
provide applications that are distributed under free and open source licenses.

Figure 5.1- Android OS Logo

5.2 ARDUINO IDE

The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-
platform application (for Windows, mac-Os, Linux) that is written in the
programming language Java. It originated from the IDE for the languages
Processing and Wiring. It includes a code editor with features such as text
cutting and pasting, searching and replacing text, automatic indenting, brace
matching, and syntax highlighting, and provides simple one-click
mechanisms to compile and upload programs to an Arduino board. It also
contains a message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common
functions and a hierarchy of operation menus. The source code for the IDE is
released under the GNU General Public License, version 2. The Arduino IDE
supports the languages C and C++ using special rules of code structuring.
The Arduino IDE supplies a software library from the Wiring project, which
provides many common input and output procedures. User-written code only
requires two basic functions, for starting the sketch and the main program
loop, that are compiled and linked with a program stub main() into an
executable cyclic executive program with the GNU tool chain, also included
with the IDE distribution. A program written with the Arduino IDE is called
a sketch.Sketches are saved on the development computer as text files with
the file extension .ino. Arduino Software (IDE) pre-1.0 saved sketches with
the extension .pde.
A minimal Arduino C/C++ program consist of only two functions:
1) setup(): This function is called once when a sketch starts after power-up
or reset. It is used to initialize variables, input and output pin modes, and
other libraries needed in the sketch.[59]
2) loop(): After setup() has been called, function loop() is executed
repeatedly in the main program. It controls the board until the board is
powered off or is reset.

Figure 5.2- Arduino IDE Logo

5.3 PROCESSING IDE
Processing is an open-source computer programming language and
integrated development environment (IDE) built for the electronic arts, new
media art, and visual design communities with the purpose of teaching non-
programmers the fundamentals of computer programming in a visual context.
The Processing language builds on the Java language, but uses a simplified
syntax and a graphics user interface. The project was initiated in 2001 by
Ryan Hopkins and Casey Reas and Ben Fry, both formerly of the Aesthetics
and Computation Group at the MIT Media Lab. Processing includes a
sketchbook, a minimal alternative to an integrated development environment
(IDE) for organizing projects. Every Processing sketch is actually a subclass
of the P-Applet Java class (formerly a subclass of Java's built-in Applet)
which implements most of the Processing language's features. When
programming in Processing, all additional classes defined will be treated as
inner classes when the code is translated into pure Java before compiling.
This means that the use of static variables and methods in classes is
prohibited unless Processing is explicitly told to code in pure Java mode.
Processing also allows for users to create their own classes within the P-
Applet sketch. This allows for complex data types that can include any
number of arguments and avoids the limitations of solely using standard data
types such as: int (integer), char (character), float (real number), and color
(RGB, RGBA, hex).
 CHAPTER 6
RESULT

HARDWARE RESULT

Figure 6.1- Hardware Setup

SOFTWARE RESULT

Figure 6.2-Software Application Results

 CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
Thus the device can measure the depth of cracks in Dams which will aid
in analyzing the condition of dams and hence the information obtained will
enable us to carry out necessary corrective and preventive measures,especially in
distress situations. On further improvement the Remote Control Distance can be
improved by alternative modes of Communication and the Sensor can be tailor-
made for the specific purpose. The device can also be custom-made into a Mini-
Robot to self analyze the Dams for cracks and to store the obtained data which
can be processed according to the need.
 CHAPTER 8
REFERENC
E

8.1 WEBSITE LINKS

[1] https://www.arduino.cc/
[2] https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7781400/
[3] https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8081947/
[4] https://www.ijraset.com/fileserve.php?FID=7058
[5] https://processing.org/reference/environment/

8.2 BOOKS
[1] ‘Arduino For Dummies’ by “John Nussey”.
[2] ‘Rapid Android Development’ by “Daniel Sauter ”.
[3] ‘Android Application Development in 24 Hours, Sams Teach Yourself 4th
Edition’,by “Carmen Delessio, Lauren Darcey and Shane Conder”.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO

ABSTRACT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF
ABBREVATION
1 INTRODUCTION

2 LITERATURE SURVEY

3 EXISTING SYSTEM

4 PROPOSED SYSTEM

5 TOOLS DESCRIPTION

6 ALGORITHM

7 RESULTS

8 BENCHMARKING/
CONTRASTING
9 CONCLUSION

10 REFERENCE