REAL TIME LANDSLIDE AND FLOOD

MONITORING USING IOT

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

RAJARAJESWARI. S (810719106008)

AJAY KUMAR. K (810719106002)

GUNASEKARAN. S (810719106005)

ADITHYA. P (810719106001)

in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CARE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, TRICHY-09

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

APRIL 2023

i
 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “REAL TIME LANDSLIDE AND FLOOD

MONITORING USING IOT” is the bonafide work of RAJARAJESWARI. S

(810719106008), AJAY KUMAR. K (810717106002), GUNASEKARAN. S

(810719106005), ADITHYA. P (810719106001), who carried out the project work under

my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Dr.J.JEYARANI., M.E.,Ph.D., MS. M.SHIVA SHANKARI M.E., (Ph.D)

Associate Professor, Assistant Professor,

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR

Department of ECE, Department of ECE,

CARE College of Engineering, CARE College of Engineering,

27, Thayanur, 27, Thayanur,

Tiruchirappalli - 620009 Tiruchirappalli - 620009

Submitted for the ANNA UNIVERSITY project viva-voce held on______________ at

CARE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, Trichy-620009.

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I thank the almighty for his blessings on me to complete this

project work successfully.

With profound sense of gratitude, I sincerely thank Shri. B.

PRATIVE CHEND, CEO and the management for having provided the
necessary infrastructure required for the completion of the project.

I also extend my sincere gratitude to Dr.S.Shanthi, Principal for

being supportive and mentoring throughout the project duration.

With profound sense of gratitude, I sincerely thank Dr. J.

JEYARANI M.E., Ph.D., Head of the Department, Electronics and
Communication Engineering for her encouragement towards the
completion of the project.

With immense pleasure I express my hearty thanks to my project

coordinator Mrs. M. SHIVA SHANKARI M.E.,(Ph.D) Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering for their encouragement and
valuable guidance with keen interest towards the completion of the project.

I convey my thanks to all Teaching and Non-Teaching staff

members of the college who rendered their cooperation by all means for
completing this project. Also, I thank my parents and friends who were
very supportive for completion of my project.

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 ABSTRACT

In this project a landslide monitoring system was built to detect the

movement and humidity of the soil that generally causes landslides. The
soil movement sensors utilize a sliding potentiometer that converts
distances into stresses and humidity sensors. Data from sensors processed
using a 10-bit Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) on the ESP32
microcontroller. The value of soil movement and humidity then sent
digitally via serial USB communication protocol. Through the website's
user interface, graphic data displaying the soil moisture and humidity are
displayed. These data can be downloaded as excel files. The results
obtained through the simulation that the system is able to measure the
movement of soil, soil moisture, and provide early warning through
buzzer and notification.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

NO. NO.
ABSTRACT iv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix
LIST OF FIGURES xi
LIST OF TABLES xiii
1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1. OVERVIEW 1

1.2. INTERNET OF THINGS 3

1.3. BENEFITS OF IOT 4

2. LITERATURE SURVEY 6

3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM 12

3.1. EXSISTING SYSTEM 12

3.2. DISADVANTAGES 13

4. SYSTEM DESIGN 14

4.1. PROPOSED SYSTEM 14

4.2. PROPOSED BLOCK DIAGRAM 15

4.3. LPWAN PROTOCOL AND CHIP SELECTION 16

1.1.1. LORA MODULE 17

1.1.2. MOISTURE SENSOR 17

1.1.3. RAIN SENSOR 18

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 1.1.4. MEMS SENSOR 18

1.1.5. NODE MCU-ESP-32 19

1.1.6. FLOAT SWITCH 20

1.1.7. VIBRATION SENSOR 20

1.1.8. LCD DISPLAY 21

1.1.9. BUZZER 22

1.1.10. POWER SUPPLY 22

4.4. ADVANTAGES 22

4.5. APPLICATIONS 23

5. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 25

1.1. HARDWARE REQUIRED 25

1.2. SOFTWARE REQUIRED 25

6. SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION 26

6.1 ARDUINO SOFTWARE (IDE) 26

6.1.1. WRITING SKETCHES 27

6.1.2. LIBRARIES 28

6.1.3. THIRD-PARTY HARDWARE 29

6.1.4. SERIAL MONITOR 29

6.1.5. PREFERENCES 29

6.1.6. BOARDS 29

6.2 STARTED WITH THE ARDUINO 30

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 1.1.1. OPEN YOUR FIRST SKETCH 31

1.1.2. SELECT YOUR BOARD TYPE

AND PORT 31

1.1.3. UPLOAD AND RUN YOUR

FIRST SKETCH 32

6.3 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION 33

1.1.1. POWER SUPPLY 33

1.1.2. TRANSFORMER 33

1.1.3. RECTIFIER 36

1.1.4. BRIDGE RECTIFIER 36

1.1.5. BASIC OPERATION 36

1.1.6. IC VOLTAGE REGULATORS 37

1.1.7. THREE-TERMINAL VOLTAGE 38

REGULATORS

1.1.8. 78XX SERIES 39

1.1.9. 79XX SERIES 39

6.4 POSITIVE VOLTAGE REGULATORS 40

IN 7800 SERIES

6.5 LCD (LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY) 40

1.1.1. DYNAMIC SCATTERING TYPE 41

1.1.2. FIELD EFFECT TYPE 42

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 1.1.3. FEATURES OF LCD 43

1.1.4. ADVANTAGES OF LCD 43

1.1.5. PIN DESCRIPTION 44

7 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 45

1.1. MONITORING SYSTEM 45

2. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 48

2.1. CONCLUSION 48

2.2. FUTHER ENHANCEMENT 48

APPENDIX 49

REFERENCES 57

viii
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

IOT Internet of things

WSM Wireless sensor network

ROM Read-Only Memory

RAM Random Access Memory

USB Universal serial bus

IDE Integrated development environment

VSM Virtual system modelling

PC Personal computer

AC Alternate current

DC Direct current

ix
x
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURES NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

4.2.1 Block Diagram of Flood Monitoring 16

System

4.3.1.1 Lora Module 17

4.3.2.1 Moisture Sensor 18

4.3.3.1 Rain Sensor 18

4.3.4.1 Mems Sensor 19

4.3.5.1 Node Mcu-Esp-32 19

4.3.6.1 Float Switch 20

4.3.7.1 Vibration Sensor 21

4.3.8.1 Lcd Display 21

4.3.9 Buzzer 22

6.1.1 Arduino Ide 26

6.1.1.1 Arduino Ide Tool Icon 28

6.2.1 Arduino Nano Interface 30

6.2.1.1 Select the Nano Processor Type 31

6.2.2. Select Board Type 32

6.2.3.1 Upload to Nano 32

xi
6.3.1.1 5v Power Supply 33

6.3.2.1 An Ideal Step-Down Transformer 35

6.3.4.1 Bridge Rectifier 36

6.3.5.1 Operation of Bridge Rectifier 37

6.3.7.1 Three-Terminal Voltage Regulators 38

6.5.1 Lcd Display 40

6.5.2.1 Schematic Arrangement in Liquid Crystal 43

7.1.1 LoRa and ESP -32 module 45

7.1.2 Lcd Displaying Output 45

7.1.3 Variation Graph 46

7.1.4 Alert Message in Mail 46

7.1.5 Data Sheet 47

7.1.6 Map View 47

xii
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

6.4 Positive voltage regulators in 0

7800 series

6.6 Pin description 0

xiii
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW

Landslides or land movements in some cases do not occur

spontaneously, but there are indications such as land movement. The
above signs can actually be converted into an early warning system that is
expected to assist in monitoring the indication of landslides. Various
landslide monitoring systems have been developed using various sensors.
Monitoring landslides with Geocode system using GPS sensors that
spread at a distance of at least 5 km is able to monitor the behaviour of
avalanche. Monitoring of landslide potential is also done through
condition of water content in soil with resistivity method.

Parameters used are water content, water potential and resistivity

measurement used in predicting sensors. Monitoring of landslides has also
been done using fibre-optic that is distributed remotely. And has a
measurement resolution level within 1 meter. Landslide monitoring for
disaster mitigation using corner reflector and satellite SAR interferometry
in large landslide cases. Early warning system of landslides using
microcontroller in sensor node to read data from vibration sensor and then
transfer data through WIFI module to master node. Landslide mapping
and monitoring done by using radar and optical remote sensing. Landslide
monitoring system using extensimeter sensor and temperature sensor
provide measuring range along 1023 mm with measuring accuracy of 1
mm. From several studies conducted there are the main parameters that
are used as an indication as landslide that is the shifting of soil, ground
water content. In this research using extensometer sensor that is
potentiometer and soil moisture sensor. This technique combines the use

1
of sensors performed for the measurement of continued ground
movement.

The Internet of things (IoT) is network of objects, in which the objects of

everyday life are embedded with microcontroller, sensors and software
that enables these objects to collect and communicate data with one
another and the users, becoming the essential part of the internet. The IoT
model, aims at making the Internet even more persistent. Furthermore, by
enabling easy access and communication with a wide range of devices
such as, for example, home appliances, surveillance cameras, monitoring
sensors and so on, the IoT is implemented for the development of
applications that makes use of the enormous amount and the data
generated by such objects provide services. This method finds application
in many different areas, such as home automate, mobile healthcare, traffic
management and many others.

Flood is one of major disaster which provides huge impact to

human social life. Whether it is flash or seasonal flood, both affect on
damaging properties and devastation on environment. Even worst,
inundation of the water due to flood causes death and damage agricultural
lands. Animals and people are caught in the flowing water current and are
unable to escape before rescue attempts are made. Although flooding was
an anomalous phenomenon in the past, it is now considered a life for
mankind that treats natural disaster. Flooding has always created
immense fear in countries across the world where people lost lives,
displaced people, agricultural land washed away in water, highways,
bridges, and homes. Therefore, , it is an precaution to have certain level
of advance warning to ensure safety precaution have been consider in
case of flood. Several individuals and organizations had to devote time

2
and allow the flood recovery plans to reduce the expense for the
affected sites and survivors as well.

Most of these projects involve a lot of resources and physical

power, such as rescue workers, surgeons, teachers, technicians, and so on.
The state has to spend a large amount of cash on numerous
restorations of physical structures in flood-infected places other than
the armed resources. If only an effective early flood warning
mechanism has been used, such casualties can be minimized and
sufficient steps can be taken within the available resources in the
shortest possible time to tackle the flooding scenario.

1.2 INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT)

Today, Internet application development demand is very high. So

IoT is a major technology by which we can produce various useful
internet applications. Basically, IoT is a network in which all physical
objects are connected to the internet through network devices or routers
and exchange data. IoT allows objects to be controlled remotely across
existing network infrastructure. IoT is a very good and intelligent
technique which reduces human effort as well as easy access to physical
devices. This technique also has autonomous control feature by which any
device can control without any human interaction.

“Things” in the IoT sense, is the mixture of hardware, software,

data, and services. “Things” can refer to a wide variety of devices such as
DNA analysis devices for environmental monitoring, electric clamps in
coastal waters, Arduino chips in home automation and many other. These
devices gather useful data with the help of various existing technologies
and share that data between other devices.
3
1.3 BENEFITS OF IOT

Since IoT allows devices to be controlled remotely across the

internet, thus it created opportunities to directly connect & integrate the
physical world to the computer-based systems using sensors and internet.
The interconnection of these multiple embedded devices will be resulting
in automation in nearly all fields and also enabling advanced applications.
This is resulting in improved accuracy, efficiency and economic benefit
with reduced human intervention. It encompasses technologies such as
smart grids, smart homes, intelligent transportation and smart cities. The
major benefits of IoT are:

Improved Customer Engagement – IoT improves customer

experience by automating the action. For e.g. any issue in the car will be
automatically detected by the sensors. The driver, as well as the
manufacturer, will be notified about it. Till the time driver reaches the
service station, the manufacturer will make sure that the faulty part is
available at the service station.

Technical Optimization – IoT has helped a lot in improving

technologies and making them better. The manufacturer can collect data
from different car sensors and analyze them to improve their design and
make them much more efficient.

Reduced Waste – Our current insights are superficial, but IoT

provides real-time information leading to effective decision making &
management of resources. For example, if a manufacturer finds fault in
multiple engines, he can track the manufacturing plant of those engines and
can rectify the issue with manufacturing belt.

Nowadays, we are surrounded by lots of IoT enabled devices which

are continuously emitting data and communicating through multiple
devices. Moving ahead, let’s discuss the required hardware for building an

4
IoT application. We will also look at the IoT devices which we are using in
our day to day life.

In a wireless sensor network (WSN) for real-time monitoring to

detect landslides is used. In a site-specific early warning and monitoring
system for rainfall-induced landslides as developed. The proposed device
consists of six sensor nodes and one rainfall station that continuously sense
large amounts of data such as soil moisture, pore-water pressure (PWP),
movement status, and rainfall. To predict failure and provide early warning,
a number of mechanical and electrical devices are used. In the active
slopes in an area is monitored by the use of sensors for water volume
contend and tilt micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) based sensors.
For communication between different sensors, a wireless communication
module is used. A real time filed analysis was done so as to evaluate the
applicability of the tilt based sensors by embedding the sensors in the soil
to measure the angles of tilt and soil moisture content. For evaluation the
data collected from the sensors was compared with those from observation
and collected rainfall data. Explored in the study was the relationship
between change in volumetric water content, rainfall, and tilt rate.

This project presents an LPWAN sensor node that collects data from
the environment and can transmit the latter to the cloud every minute under
overcast lighting conditions. The measured transmission rate is higher
compared with publications. The presented sensor node supports a large
variety of low-power sensors such as moisture sensor, MEMS sensor and
rain sensor; the range of applications is thus considerable. As an example,
when equipped with a temperature and humidity sensor, agricultural
monitoring, habitat monitoring, or even climate monitoring can be
achieved; another application is the measurement of the vibrations of a
bridge in the field of structural health monitoring, using accelerometers.

5
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Motong Sun; Yingxu Lai, “Intrusion Detection System Based on

In-Depth Understandings of Industrial Control Logic”, 2022.

In industrial control systems (ICSs), intrusion detection is a vital task.

Conventional intrusion detection systems (IDSs) rely on manually designed
rules. These rules heavily depend on professional experience, thereby
making it challenging to represent the increasingly complicated industrial
control logic. Although deep learning-based approaches provide better
accuracy than other methods, they can only provide alerts. However, they
cannot provide administrators with detailed information. In this study, we
propose the logic understanding IDS (LU-IDS), which is a rule-based IDS
with in-depth understandings of industrial control logic. Our proposed LU-
IDS uses a specially designed deep learning-based model to capture
features automatically and carry out attack classification. More
importantly, it analyzes the knowledge learned from the classification of
attacks to understand the abnormal industrial control logic and generate
rules. The experimental results indicate that our proposed LU-IDS
demonstrates excellent performance on intrusion detection. The rules
generated by our proposed LU-IDS can be used to successfully detect all
types of attacks on two public datasets.

6
2.2 Chunjie Zhou; Bowen Hu, “A Unified Architectural Approach for
Cyberattack-Resilient Industrial Control Systems”, 2021.

With the rapid development of functional requirements in the emerging

Industry 4.0 era, modern industrial control systems (ICSs) are no longer
isolated islands, making them more vulnerable to various cyberattack
threats. Cyberattacks on ICSs may have disruptive consequences, such as
significant social and economic losses. To proactively address the security
issue of ICSs, this article presents a unified architectural approach from the
perspectives of cyberthreats on ICSs, security-related ICS technologies,
and methods for ICSs. It incorporates secure networks, secure control
systems, secure physical processes, and their interactions seamlessly into a
unified framework. To increase the resistance of ICSs against intrusions,
the network security in our architectural approach is to secure the data in
motion through the integration of secure network architecture, secure
industrial network protocols, and secure end-to-end communications. The
protection of control systems in our architectural approach is risk-based
and hierarchical and encompasses prevention- and tolerance-centric
defenses. It provides a layer-by-layer defense so that an acceptable level of
cybersecurity risk is achieved and maintained. Aiming to maintain the
stable operation of physical ICS processes, the secure control in our
architectural approach implements a security process against process-aware
attacks through a resilient safety control scheme. The global and systematic
architectural approach presented in this article for the ICS cybersecurity
will help facilitate the design and implementation of cyberattack-resilient
ICSs in the networked world. For further development of ICS security
technologies, emerging challenges are identified and discussed to motivate
future research efforts.

7
2.3 Chaoxu Mu; Ke Wang, “Learning Control Supported by Dynamic
Event Communication Applying to Industrial Systems”, 2020.

For the practical control system, the controller is normally implemented on

a digital platform with a time-triggered scheme. This scheme maybe
produces redundant control and resources wasting, and hence, an event-
triggered scheme is gradually favored. In this article, the robust learning
control scheme is proposed aiming at a class of disturbed control systems,
in which the system information is processed by a novel dynamic event
communication. First, the robust optimal control problem with external
disturbances is redescribed as a zero-sum differential game, and with
integral reinforcement learning, a model-independent weight tuning law is
devised for a critic neural network. Then, in order to further reduce the
computational burden, an additional dynamic variable is put forward to
incorporate the past triggering information. The application of a single-link
joint arm system demonstrates that the proposed scheme can guarantee
learning performance and robust control effect, along with larger triggering
intervals. Finally, the load frequency control problem of single-area power
system is studied. On one hand, the comparative results of five control
schemes reveal that the dynamic event scheme can achieve the better
frequency response at the lowest information transmission rate. On the
other hand, the advantages of the proposed method are illustrated by
comparing with other three event-triggered schemes.

8
2.4 Derui Ding; Qing-Long Han, “A Survey on Model-Based
Distributed Control and Filtering for Industrial Cyber-Physical
Systems”, 2019.

Industrial cyber-physical systems (CPSs) are large-scale, geographically

dispersed, and life-critical systems, in which lots of sensors and actuators
are embedded and networked together to facilitate real-time monitoring and
closed-loop control. Their intrinsic features in geographic space and
resources put forward to urgent requirements of reliability and scalability
for designed filtering or control schemes. This paper presents a review of
the state-of-the-art of distributed filtering and control of industrial CPSs
described by differential dynamics models. Special attention is paid to
sensor networks, manipulators, and power systems. For real-time
monitoring, some typical Kalman-based distributed algorithms are
summarized and their performances on calculation burden and
communication burden, as well as scalability, are discussed in depth. Then,
the characteristics of non-Kalman cases are further disclosed in light of
constructed filter structures. Furthermore, the latest development is
surveyed for distributed cooperative control of mobile manipulators and
distributed model predictive control in industrial automation systems. By
resorting to droop characteristics, representative distributed control
strategies classified by controller structures are systematically summarized
for power systems with the requirements of power sharing and voltage and
frequency regulation. In addition, distributed security control of industrial
CPSs is reviewed when cyber-attacks are taken into consideration. Finally,
some challenges are raised to guide the future research.

9
2.5 Mingyuan Gao; Ping Wang, “Self-Powered ZigBee Wireless Sensor
Nodes for Railway Condition Monitoring”, 2018.

A track-borne energy transducer is a smart device for harvesting energy of

trains or rail transportation systems. In this paper, the authors extend this
application through introducing a self-powered ZigBee wireless sensor
node. The proposed hardware prototype consists of a ZigBee coordinator at
road-side and a series of sensors (Accelerometer, temperature sensor,
humidity sensor, and infrared detector) connected to a ZigBee end device at
rail-side. The ZigBee end device is powered by the magnetic levitation
energy harvester and communicated wirelessly with the ZigBee
coordinator. The magnetic levitation oscillator is selected due to its broad-
band response characteristics. The results indicate a peak–peak output
voltage of 2.3 V under the condition that the vehicle travels over the rail-
borne device at the speed of 105 km/h.

2.6 Alessandro Sabato; Christopher Niezrecki, “Wireless MEMS-

Based Accelerometer Sensor Boards for Structural Vibration
Monitoring: A Review”, 2017.

Monitoring and analysing the integrity of structures and machinery is

important for economic, operational, and mission critical reasons. In recent
years, there has been growing interest in performing structural health
monitoring (SHM) by monitoring structural dynamic response via micro
electro-mechanical system accelerometers. In addition, the possibility of
embedding these devices within a wireless sensor network and allowing
measured data to be wirelessly transmitted has contributed to the
development of many new applications not possible just a few years ago.
These sensors, for use in SHM applications, need to detect low-amplitude

10
and low frequency vibrations, operations which are not always feasible
with the conventional low-cost sensor boards. Since the late 1990s, several
accelerometer board prototypes have been proposed for achieving accurate
vibration monitoring. This paper presents a summary review of the systems
developed in the ten years following 2006 with particular emphasis on the
sensing characteristics, performances, and applications of the designed
sensor boards for micro vibration detection and analysis.

2.7 Kan Zheng; Shaohang Zhao, “Design and Implementation of

LPWA-Based Air Quality Monitoring System”, 2016.

Increasing attention has been paid to air quality monitoring with a rapid
development in industry and transportation applications in the modern
society. However, the existing air quality monitoring systems cannot
provide satisfactory spatial and temporal resolutions of the air quality
information with low costs in real time. In this paper, we propose a new
method to implement the air quality monitoring system based on state-of-
the-art Internet-of-Things (IoT) techniques. In this system, portable sensors
collect the air quality information timely, which is transmitted through a
low power wide area network. All air quality data are processed and
analyzed in the IoT cloud. The completed air quality monitoring system,
including both hardware and software, is developed and deployed
successfully in urban environments. Experimental results show that the
proposed system is reliable in sensing the air quality, which helps reveal
the change patterns of air quality to some extent.

11
 CHAPTER 3

DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM

3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM

The conventional system developed a remote real-time data

analysing and processing system based on GSM-SMS. Also describes a
networked embedded greenhouse monitoring and control based on simple
embedded web servers and connecting sensors and actuators using 1-wire
protocol. Gill et al. proposed Zigbee based home automation system that
can control and monitor various home appliances. The existing system
consists of four devices, a safety sensor; light switch, radiator valve and
Zigbee remote control have been integrated and evaluated with the home
automation system.

This system designed and developed a Zigbee based smart sensing platform
for monitoring environmental parameters such as relative humidity,
pressure, temperature and sunlight. These units collectively send the sensor
data wirelessly to a central station, which collects the data, stores and
displays them into a database. Also the facility of adding few more sensors
and a few more stations has been provided in the proposed system. Ahonen
et al. monitored the environment of a greenhouse using a wireless sensor
network and evaluated the network using collected data. Li et al. designed a
remote monitoring system for the greenhouse environment. In this system
the gathered real time data is transmitted to the remote server by using
wireless module GPRS and CDMA IX. Sun et al. designed an embedded
database system for temperature and humidity control in the greenhouse
environment. Kang et al. designed and developed an automatic greenhouse
environment monitoring and control system and studied the development of
environmental monitoring sensor nodes and a monitoring system in
greenhouse environment.
12
Compared to the existing related research works, in this project, we
propose an energy efficient solar based environmental monitoring, alerting
and controlling system using ZigBee based IoT communication.

 Traditionally, environmental safety monitoring and automation

systems were typically designed to meet the requirements of a single
monitoring application.
 The existing application has already gone beyond the interconnection
of a few large back-end systems, and more and more underground
physical devices make the state of objects and their surroundings
seamlessly accessible to software systems.

3.1 DISADVANTAGES

 Users to identify the levels for safety alarming, and possibly to adjust
monitoring and control rules to ensure the coal mine safety
 A few large back-end systems, and more and more underground
physical devices

13
 CHAPTER 4

SYSTEM DESIGN

4.1 PROPOSED SYSTEM

Currently available safety monitoring and control systems that focus

on the real-time information collection are useful, but cannot meet the user
needs fully with a very high usage obstacle and often requires a complex
operation definition and configuration for monitoring and control
automation applications, and cannot meet the demand for ad-hoc services
by the end users.

Wired network monitoring systems have assisted the mine safety

significantly, but it is not idea for all types of mining environment.

Real-time monitoring systems may assist in monitoring and control

over the mining environment. LoRa technology offers its most of the
advantages ideal for the real-time monitoring system. Thus, the primary
objective of this project is decided to design an efficient real-time
monitoring system so that various leaked mine gases could be identified at
times and preventive measures could be devised accordingly.

The sensor is the soil moisture sensor used to detect the percentage
of water content in the soil. Simulation testing system monitoring is done in
the lab scale for continuous movement slowly and continuously
spontaneously.

14
 Warning levels are given using different colour LED indications to
provide alert levels, careful levels and hazard levels. Hazard level will be
added alarm as a sign of potential landslide occurs. Spontaneous movement
for ground shifts will be directly indicated as the highest level of danger so
that the alarm will immediately sound. System Monitoring of this landslide
can be monitored using a computer and can be directly viewed through a
web page on a computer connected via a USB port.

4.2 PROPOSED BLOCK DIAGRAM

Sensor network nodes are objects which are installed in the

monitoring areas of wireless sensor network, in order to measure various
physical data and finish the specified task. Improvement in growth of
various environments depends on various environmental parameters such
as, temperature, relative humidity, light intensity, air quality, etc. Little
changes in any of these parameters can cause problems like formation of
improper growth of monitoring, etc.

The proposed solar based wireless sensor network consists of

transmitter section and the receiver-monitoring section. The block diagram
of the proposed transmitter section is shown in fig.

The monitoring section consists of a receiver and a Laptop with

application language. The block diagram of monitoring section is shown in
fig.

15
 LoRa Module

Landslide Monitoring
Power Supply

Moisture Sensor

Rain Sensor

Buzzer
MEMS Sensor
ESP32
LP
Notification
WAN
Flood Monitoring

Float Switch

LCD Display To PC

Level Switch

IoT Thingspeak
GUI Visualization GUI Analysis
Website

FIGURE 4.2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF FLOOD MONITORING

SYSTEM

4.3 LPWAN PROTOCOL AND CHIP SELECTION

During the development of the electronic board, the NB-IoT

protocol was not yet deployed in our country, so it was not considered for
implementing this work. While the network coverage of LoRa or Zigbee is
satisfactory in our country, connectivity issues were encountered using the
available evaluation kit.

16
4.3.1 LoRa module

LoRa module provides fanatical long-range spectrum for establishing

intercommunication and reliable interference security with low power
consumption. This made the automation system more robust. A
microcontroller and an antenna were integrated with a Printed Circuit Board
(PCB).

FIGURE 4.3.1.1 LORA

4.3.2 Moisture sensor

Moisture sensors measure the volumetric water content in soil. Since the
direct gravimetric measurement of free soil moisture requires removing,
drying, and weighing of a sample, soil moisture sensors measure the
volumetric water content indirectly by using some other property of the soil,
such as electrical resistance, dielectric constant, or interaction with neutrons,
as a proxy for the moisture content. The relation between the measured
property and soil moisture must be calibrated and may vary depending on
environmental factors such as soil type, temperature, or electric conductivity.
Reflected microwave radiation is affected by the soil moisture and is used for

17
remote sensing in hydrology and agriculture. Portable probe instruments can
be used by farmers or gardeners.

FIGURE 4.3.2.1 MOISTURE SENSOR

4.3.3 Rain sensor

A rain sensor is one kind of switching device which is used to detect the
rainfall. It works like a switch and the working principle of this sensor is,
whenever there is rain, the switch will be normally closed. The rain sensor
module/board is shown below. Basically, this board includes nickel coated
lines and it works on the resistance principle. This sensor module permits to
gauge moisture through analog output pins & it gives a digital output while
moisture threshold surpasses.

FIGURE 4.3.3.1 RAIN SENSOR

18
4.3.4 MEMS sensor

MEMS technology sensors are low-cost, high-precision inertial sensors that

can be used to serve a wide variety of industry applications. MEMS, or Micro
Electro-Mechanical System, are a chip-based technology where sensors are
composed of a suspended mass between a pair of capacitive plates. When the
sensor is tilted, a difference in electrical potential is created by this suspended
mass. The created difference is then measured as a change in capacitance.

FIGURE 4.3.4.1 MEMS SENSOR

4.3.5 NODE MCU-Esp-32

With the NodeMCU-ESP32, comfortable prototyping is possible with simple

programming via Arduino IDE and the breadboard-compatible design. This
board has 2.4 GHz dual-mode Wifi wireless connection. In addition, a 512
KB SRAM and a 16MB memory are integrated on the microcontroller
development board. The board has 21 pins for interface connection, including
I2C, SPI, UART, DAC and ADC.

19
 FIGURE 4.3.5.1 NODE MCU ESP-32

4.3.6 Float switch

The Anti-Corrosion Water Level Sensor with Ball Float Switch is a device
used to sense the level of liquid within a tank, it may actuate a pump, an
indicator, an alarm, or another device. Use them in hydroponics, saltwater
tank, water tank, aquariums for power head control, filtration, heating or
whatever your project may be.

FIGURE 4.3.6.1 FLOAT SWITCH

4.3.7 Vibration sensor

Vibration sensors are piezoelectric accelerometers that sense vibration. They

are used for measuring fluctuating accelerations or speeds or for normal
vibration measurement. Maintenance professionals use the sensors in order to
predict the maintenance of the machinery, to reduce overall costs and increase
the performance of the machinery. Examples of applications where the
vibration sensors are used: process control systems, aerial navigation and
underwater-applications. Frequency range from 0.2 up to 2500 Hz. The
operating temperature of these sensors is between -50°C and +85°C.

20
FIGURE 4.3.7.1 VIBRATION
SENSOR

4.3.8 LCD display

This is a white on green display having 16 characters and 2 rows with high
brightness backlight. 16 x 2 LCD is ready to use with micro-controllers as a
digital input. LCD used to display the prototype sensors data display, and any
data that requires a simple display.

21
 FIGURE 4.3.8.1 LCD DISPLAY

4.3.9 Buzzer

The buzzer in this circuit is used when microcontroller provides high signal,
i.e. when a fall is greater, the circuit will be completed and the buzzer will
start alarming.

FIGURE 4.3.9.1 BUZZER

4.3.10 Power supply

The power supply module was required to supply regulated 5V dc to the

circuit while plugged to the mains. The components include Step down
transformer, Voltage regulator, Capacitors and Diodes.

4.4 ADVANTAGES

 Accessibility: Accessible information is easy to get, available at a

reasonable cost, presented in a format that people can access, and
transparent to the intended audience.
 Accuracy: Accurate information describes whatever it was designed to
measure correctly, at the current state of the art.

22
 Coherence: Coherent information uses standard methods, classifications,
and concepts, and can be combined within a shared analytical framework
with other related information collected at other times.
 Ease of interpretation: Ease of interpretation is typically achieved by
making supplementary information available that helps explain the
accuracy of the statistical information; the methods of data collection and
processing; and the underlying classifications, variables, and concepts.
 Relevance: Relevant information elucidates issues that are important to
users.
 Timeliness: Timely information is available as soon and as close in time
to measurement as possible.
 The main objective is to reduce the power consumption as much as
possible so as to extend the lifetime of the monitor while keeping all
relevant data. Our lightweight mashup middleware can reduce the costs
efficiently to create safety monitoring and control automation applications

 A lightweight mashup middleware for monitoring and control middleware

which is easy to use and install for engineers reduce the costs of coal mine
safety monitoring and control automation main contribution to coal mines
for better and safer working environments.

Although none of these factors is controlling when it comes to

assessing an environmental monitoring application, all may influence an
assessment of its quality.

4.5 APPLICATIONS

Environmental monitoring is central to understanding how the quality

of our environment is changing. Information gathered through
environmental monitoring is essential for data-driven decision-making. Of

23
course this affects policymakers, but this also affects many organizations
and individuals outside the government:

 Public health officials and other healthcare providers need

information about both short-term and long-term environmental
impacts. For example, the short-term environmental issue of poor
air quality affects the ability to treat patients with asthma and the
need to issue smog advisories. The long-term environmental issue
of toxic substances in groundwater may also be relevant to
healthcare workers.
 Municipal engineers must know about potential toxins in water
sources so they can treat them, and potential water level maximums
so they can design flood control systems. Insurance actuaries also
need to understand environmental risk.
 First responders must understand the nature of toxic events so they
know how to respond and treat survivors, and how to use safety
equipment effectively.
 Farmers need to understand nutrient levels in surface water so they
can assist with runoff management while keeping their land fertile.
 Industrial concerns must monitor the environmental effects they
have on their surroundings to ensure regulatory compliance and
worker safety.

24
 CHAPTER 5

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

5.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

 ESP32
 Lora
 Vibration sensor
 Float Sensor
 MEMS Sensor
 Rain Sensor
 LCD display
 GSM
 Power Supply
 Buzzer

5.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

 ARDUINO IDE
 MATLAB

25
 CHAPTER 6

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

6.1 ARDUINO SOFTWARE (IDE)

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino

Software (IDE) - contains a text editor for writing code, a message area, a
text console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions and a series of
menus. It connects to the Arduino hardware to upload programs and
communicate with them.

26
 6.1.1 ARDUINO IDE

6.1.1 Writing Sketches

Programs written using Arduino Software (IDE) are called sketches.

These sketches are written in the text editor and are saved with the file
extension .ino. The editor has features for cutting/pasting and for
searching/replacing text. The message area gives feedback while saving
and exporting and also displays errors. The console displays text output by
the Arduino Software (IDE), including complete error messages and other
information. The bottom righthand corner of the window displays the
configured board and serial port. The toolbar buttons allow you to verify

27
and upload programs, create, open, and save sketches, and open the serial
monitor.

 Verify Checks your code for errors compiling it.

 Upload Compiles your code and uploads it to the configured board.
See uploading below for details. Note: If you are using an external
programmer with your board, you can hold down the "shift" key on
your computer when using this icon. The text will change to "Upload
using Programmer"
 New Creates a new sketch.
 Open Presents a menu of all the sketches in your sketchbook.
Clicking one will open it within the current window overwriting its
content.
 Save Saves your sketch.
 Serial Monitor Opens the serial monitor.

6.1.1.1 ARDUINO IDE TOOL ICON

Additional commands are found within the five menus: File, Edit,
Sketch, Tools, Help. The menus are context sensitive, which means only
those items relevant to the work currently being carried out are available.

6.1.2 Libraries

28
 Libraries provide extra functionality for use in sketches, e.g. working
with hardware or manipulating data. To use a library in a sketch, select it
from the Sketch > Import Library menu. This will insert one or more
#include statements at the top of the sketch and compile the library with
your sketch. Because libraries are uploaded to the board with your sketch,
they increase the amount of space it takes up. If a sketch no longer needs a
library, simply delete its #include statements from the top of your code.

There is a list of libraries in the reference. Some libraries are

included with the Arduino software. Others can be downloaded from a
variety of sources or through the Library Manager. Starting with version
1.0.5 of the IDE, you do can import a library from a zip file and use it in an
open sketch. See these instructions for installing a third-party library.

6.1.3 Third-Party Hardware

Support for third-party hardware can be added to the hardware

directory of your sketchbook directory. Platforms installed there may
include board definitions (which appear in the board menu), core libraries,
bootloaders, and programmer definitions. To install, create the hardware
directory, then unzip the third-party platform into its own sub-directory.
(Don't use "arduino" as the sub-directory name or you'll override the built-
in Arduino platform.) To uninstall, simply delete its directory.

6.1.4 Serial Monitor

This displays serial sent from the Arduino board over USB or serial
connector. To send data to the board, enter text and click on the "send"
button or press enter. Choose the baud rate from the drop-down menu that
matches the rate passed to Serial.begin in your sketch. Note that on
29
Windows, Mac or Linux the board will reset (it will rerun your sketch)
when you connect with the serial monitor. Please note that the Serial
Monitor does not process control characters; if your sketch needs a
complete management of the serial communication with control characters,
you can use an external terminal program and connect it to the COM port
assigned to your Arduino board

6.1.5 Preferences

Some preferences can be set in the preferences dialog (found under

the Arduino menu on the Mac, or File on Windows and Linux). The rest
can be found in the preferences file, whose location is shown in the
preference dialog.

6.1.6 Boards

The board selection has two effects: it sets the parameters (e.g. CPU
speed and baud rate) used when compiling and uploading sketches; and sets
and the file and fuse settings used by the burn bootloader command. Some
of the board definitions differ only in the latter, so even if you've been
uploading successfully with a particular selection you'll want to check it
before burning the bootloader.

Arduino Software (IDE) includes the built in support for the boards
in the following list, all based on the AVR Core. The Boards Manager
included in the standard installation allows to add support for the growing
number of new boards based on different cores like Arduino Due, Arduino
Zero, Edison, Galileo and so on

6.2 STARTED WITH THE ARDUINO

The Arduino Nano is a small, complete, and breadboard-friendly

board based on the ESP-32. It offers the same connectivity and specs of the
UNO board in a smaller form factor.

30
 6.2.1 ARDUINO NANO INTERFACE

The Arduino Nano is programmed using the Arduino Software

(IDE), our Integrated Development Environment common to all our boards
and running both online and offline. For more information on how to get
started with the Arduino Software visit the Getting Started page.

6.2.1 Open your first sketch

 Open the LED blink example sketch: File > Examples > 01.Basics > Blink.

31
 6.2.1.1 SELECT THE NANO PROCESSOR TYPE

6.2.2 Select your board type and port

 Select Tools > Board > Arduino AVR Boards > Arduino Nano.

NOTE: We have updated the Nano board with a fresh bootloader.

Boards sold by us from January 2018 have this new bootloader, while
boards manufactured before that date have the old bootloader. First, check
that Tools > Board > Boards Manager shows you have the Arduino
AVR Boards 1.16.21 or later installed. If you get an error while uploading
or you are not sure which bootloader you have, try each Tools > Processor
menu option until your board gets properly programmed.

Select the serial device of the board from the Tools | Serial Port
menu. This is likely to be COM3 or higher (COM1 and COM2 are usually
reserved for hardware serial ports). To find out, you can disconnect your
board and re-open the menu; the entry that disappears should be the
Arduino board. Reconnect the board and select that serial port.

6.2.2.1 SELECT BOARD TYPE

32
6.2.3 Upload and Run your first Sketch

To upload the sketch to the Arduino Nano, click the Upload button in
the upper left to load and run the sketch on your board:

6.2.3.1 UPLOAD TO NANO

Wait a few seconds - you should see the RX and TX LEDs on the
board flashing. If the upload is successful, the message "Done uploading."
will appear in the status bar.

6.3 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

6.3.1 Power Supply

A power supply (sometimes known as a power supply unit or PSU)

is a device or system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an
output load or group of loads. The term is most commonly applied to
electrical energy supplies, less often to mechanical ones, and rarely to
others.

This circuit is a small +5V power supply, which is useful when

experimenting with digital electronics. Small inexpensive wall transformers
with variable output voltage are available from any electronics shop and
supermarket. Those transformers are easily available, but usually their
voltage regulation is very poor, which makes then not very usable for

33
digital circuit experimenter unless a better regulation can be achieved in
some way. The following circuit is the answer to the problem.

6.3.1.1 5V POWER SUPPLY

6.3.2 Transformer

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one

circuit to another through inductively coupled wires. A changing current in
the first circuit (the primary) creates a changing magnetic field; in turn, this
magnetic field induces a changing voltage in the second circuit (the
secondary). By adding a load to the secondary circuit, one can make
current flow in the transformer, thus transferring energy from one circuit to
the other. The secondary induced voltage VS is scaled from the primary VP
by a factor ideally equal to the ratio of the number of turns of wire in their
respective windings:

By appropriate selection of the numbers of turns, a transformer thus

allows an alternating voltage to be stepped up — by making N S more than
NP or stepped down, by making it less.

A key application of transformers is to reduce the current before

transmitting electrical energy over long distances through wires. Most
34
wires have resistance and so dissipate electrical energy at a rate
proportional to the square of the current through the wire. By transforming
electrical power to a high-voltage, and therefore low-current form for
transmission and back again afterwards, transformers enable the economic
transmission of power over long distances. Consequently, transformers
have shaped the electricity supply industry, permitting generation to be
located remotely from points of demand. All but a fraction of the world's
electrical power has passed through a series of transformers by the time it
reaches the consumer.

Transformers are some of the most efficient electrical 'machines',

with some large units able to transfer 99.75% of their input power to their
output. Transformers come in a range of sizes from a thumbnail-sized
coupling transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge gigavolt-
ampere-rated units used to interconnect portions of national power grids.
All operate with the same basic principles, though a variety of designs exist
to perform specialized roles throughout home and industry.

The transformer is based on two principles: first, that an electric

current can produce a magnetic field (electromagnetism) and, second, that a
changing magnetic field within a coil of wire induces a voltage across the
ends of the coil (electromagnetic induction). By changing the current in the
primary coil, one changes the strength of its magnetic field; since the
secondary coil is wrapped around the same magnetic field, a voltage is
induced across the secondary.

35
 6.3.2.1 AN IDEAL STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER

A simplified an ideal step-down transformer design is shown in the

above figure. A current passing through the primary coil creates a magnetic
field. The primary and secondary coils are wrapped around a core of very
high magnetic permeability, such as iron; this ensures that most of the
magnetic field lines produced by the primary current are within the iron
and pass through the secondary coil as well as the primary coil.

6.3.3 Rectifier

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current

(AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which
flows in only one direction. The process is known as rectification.
Rectifiers are used as components of power supplies and as detectors of
radio signals. Mainly there are three types of rectifiers i.e. half wave
rectifier, full wave rectifier and Bridge Rectifier.

6.3.4 Bridge Rectifier

36
 A diode bridge is an arrangement of four (or more) diodes in a bridge
circuit configuration that provides the same polarity of output for either
polarity of input. When used in its most common application, for
conversion of an alternating current (AC) input into a direct current (DC)
output, it is known as a bridge rectifier. A bridge rectifier provides full-
wave rectification from a two-wire AC input, resulting in lower cost and
weight as compared to a rectifier with a 3-wire input from a transformer
with a center-tapped secondary winding. The essential feature of a diode
bridge is that the polarity of the output is the same regardless of the polarity
at the input.

37
 6.3.4.1 BRIDGE RECTIFIER

6.3.5 Basic operation

According to the conventional model of current flow, current is

defined to be positive when it flows through electrical conductors from the
positive to the negative pole. In actuality, free electrons in a conductor
nearly always flow from the negative to the positive pole. In the vast
majority of applications, however, the actual direction of current flow is
irrelevant. Therefore, in the discussion below the conventional model is
retained.

6.3.5.1 OPERATION OF BRIDGE RECTIFIER

In each case, the upper right output remains positive and lower right
output negative. Since this is true whether the input is AC or DC, this
circuit not only produces a DC output from an AC input, it can also provide
what is sometimes called "reverse polarity protection". That is, it permits

38
normal functioning of DC-powered equipment when batteries have been
installed backwards, or when the leads (wires) from a DC power source
have been reversed, and protects the equipment from potential damage
caused by reverse polarity.

6.3.6 IC Voltage Regulators

Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator

IC units contain the circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier,
control device, and overload protection all in a single IC. Although the
internal construction of the IC is somewhat different from that described
for discrete voltage regulator circuits, the external operation is much the
same. IC units provide regulation of either a fixed positive voltage, a fixed
negative voltage, or an adjustable set voltage. A power supply can be built
using a transformer connected to the ac supply line to step the ac voltage to
desired amplitude, then rectifying that ac voltage, filtering with a capacitor
and RC filter, if desired, and finally regulating the dc voltage using an IC
regulator. The regulators can be selected for operation with load currents
from hundreds of milliamperes to tens of amperes, corresponding to power
ratings from milliwatts to tens of watts.

6.3.7 Three-Terminal Voltage Regulators

6.3.7.1 THREE-TERMINAL VOLTAGE REGULATORS

Figure shows the basic connection of a three-terminal voltage

regulator IC to a load. The fixed voltage regulator has an unregulated dc
input voltage, Vi, applied to one input terminal, a regulated output dc

39
voltage, Vo, from a second terminal, with the third terminal connected to
ground. For a selected regulator, IC device specifications list a voltage
range over which the input voltage can vary to maintain a regulated output
voltage over a range of load current. The specifications also list the amount
of output voltage change resulting from a change in load current (load
regulation) or in input voltage (line regulation). The series 78 regulators
provide fixed regulated voltages from 5 to 24 V. Figure shows how one
such IC, a 7805, is connected to provide voltage regulation with output
from this unit of +5V dc. An unregulated input voltage V is filtered by
capacitor C1 and connected to the IC’s IN terminal. The IC’s OUT terminal
provides a regulated + 12V which is filtered by capacitor C2 (mostly for
any high-frequency noise). The third IC terminal is connected to ground
(GND). While the input voltage may vary over some permissible voltage
range, and the output load may vary over some acceptable range, the output
voltage remains constant within specified voltage variation limits. These
limitations are spelled out in the manufacturer’s specification sheets. There
are two types of voltage regulator they are 78xx series and 79xx series.

6.3.8 78xx series

There are common configurations for 78xx ICs, including 7805 (5

V), 7806 (6 V), 7808 (8 V), 7809 (9 V), 7810 (10 V), 7812 (12 V), 7815
(15 V), 7818 (18 V), and 7824 (24 V) versions. The 7805 is the most
common, as its regulated 5-volt supply provides a convenient power source
for most TTL components.

Less common are lower-power versions such as the LM78Mxx series

(500 mA) and LM78Lxx series (100 mA) from National Semiconductor.
Some devices provide slightly different voltages than usual, such as the
LM78L62 (6.2 volts) and LM78L82 (8.2 volts) as well as the
STMicroelectronics L78L33ACZ (3.3 volts).

6.3.9 79xx series

40
 The 79xx devices have a similar "part number" to "voltage output"
scheme, but their outputs are negative voltage, for example 7905 is -5 V
and 7912 is -12 V. The 7912 has been a popular component in ATX power
supplies, and 7905 was popular component in ATX before -5 V was
removed from the ATX specification.

6.4 Positive Voltage Regulators in 7800 series

IC Output Voltage (V) Vi (V)

Part

7805 +5 7.3
7806 +6 8.3
7808 +8 10.5
7810 +10 12.5
7812 +12 13.6
7815 +15 17.7
7818 +18 21.0
7824 +24 27.1

6.5 LCD (LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY)

41
 6.5.1 LCD DISPLAY

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module

and find a wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic
module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits.

A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there
are 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel
matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data. The
command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD, The
data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD

The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the

LCD.Liquid crystal displays are used for display of numeric and
alphanumeric character in dot matrix and segmental displays. The two
liquid crystal materials which are commonly used in display technology are
nematic and cholesteric whose schematic arrangement of molecules is
shown in fig. The most popular liquid crystal structure is the Nematic
Liquid Crystal (NLC). In this all the molecules align themselves
approximately parallel to a unique axis (director), while retaining the
complete translational freedom. The liquid is normally transparent, but if
subjected to a strong electric field, disruption of the well ordered crystal
structure takes place causing the liquid to polarize and turn opaque. The
removal of the applied electric field allows the crystal structure to regain its
original form and the materials become transparent.

42
 Based on the construction, LCD’s are classified into two types. They
are,

(i) Dynamic scattering type

(ii) Field effect type.

6.5.1 Dynamic scattering type

The construction of the dynamic scattering liquid crystal cell is

shown in the fig. The display consists of two glass plates, each coated with
tin oxide (SnO2) on the inside with transparent electrodes separated by a
liquid crystal layer,5μA to 50 μA thick. The oxide coating on the front
sheet is etched to produce a single or multi- segment pattern of characters,
with each segment properly insulated from each other. A weak electric
field applied to liquid crystal tends to align molecule in the direction of the
field. As soon as the voltage exceeds certain threshold value, the domain
structure collapses and the appearance is changed. As the voltage grows

further, the flow becomes turbulent and the substance turns optically
homogenous. In this disordered state, the liquid crystal scatters light.

Thus, when the liquid is not activated, it is transparent. When the

liquid is activated, the molecular turbulence causes light to be scattered in
all directions and the cell appears bright. This phenomenon is called
dynamic scattering

6.5.2 Field effect type

The construction of the field effect LCD display is similar to that

of the dynamic scattering type, with the expectation that two thin polarizing
optical filters are placed at the inside of each glass sheet.

43
The LCD material is of twisted nematic type which twists the light (change
in direction of polarization) passing through the cell when the latter is not
energized. This allows light to pass through the optical filters and the cell
appears bright. When the cell is energized, no twisting of light takes place
and the cell appears dull.

Liquid crystal cells are of two types (i) transitive type (ii) reflective type.
In the transitive type cell both glass sheets are transparent so that the light
from the rear source is scattered in the forward direction when the cell is
activated. The reflecting type cell has a reflecting surface on one side of the
glass sheet. The incident light on the front surface of the cell is dynamically
scattered by an activated cell. Both types of cells appear quite bright when
activated even under ambient light conditions.

Liquid crystals consume small amount of energy, in a seven segment

display the current drawn is about 25 μA for dynamic scattering cells and
300 μA .

for field effect cells LCD’s require ac voltage supply. A typical voltage
supply to dynamic scattering LCD’s are normally used for seven-segmental
displays.

6.5.2.1 SCHEMATIC ARRANGEMENT IN LIQUID CRYSTAL

6.5.3 Features of LCD

44
  Operating voltage range is 3-20V ac.

 It has a slow decay time. Response time is 50 to 200 ms.

 Viewing angle is 100 degree.

 Invisible in darkness. Requires external illumination.

 Life time is limited to 50,000 hours due to chemical graduation.

6.5.4 Advantages of LCD

 The voltage required is small.

 They have low power consumption. A seven segment display requires

about 140 W (20 W per segment).

6.6 Pin Description

Pin
Function Name
No

1 Ground (0V) Ground

2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V 5.3V) Vcc

3 Contrast adjustment; through a VEE

variable resistor

4 Selects command register when Register

low; and data register when high Select

5 Low to write to the register; Read/write

High to read from the register

6 Sends data to data pins when a Enable

high to low pulse is given
45
 7 DB0

8 DB1

9 DB2

10 DB3
8-bit data pins
11 DB4

12 DB5

13 DB6

14 DB7

15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+

16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-

CHAPTER 7

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

7.1 Monitoring System

46
FIGURE 7.1.1 LORA AND ESP-32 MODULE

FIGURE 7.1.2 LCD DISPLAYING OUTPUT

FIGURE 7.1.3 VARIATION GRAPH

47
 FIGURE 7.1.4 ALERT MESSAGE IN MAIL

FIGURE 7.1.5 DATA SHEET

48
 FIGURE 7.1.6 MAP VIEW

CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

8.1 Conclusion

In this project, design and implementation of a ZigBee based energy

efficient environmental monitoring; alerting and controlling system for IoT
environmental monitoring is proposed. The proposed notation of
environmental monitoring using IoT was proposed to monitor the city from
the damages cost which may affect the living of the citizens. As a proof of
concept we implemented an IoT of a proposed system. We showed that our
system can access the data without any embedded system.

8.2 Future enhancement

A highly efficient PMU allows the use of harvestFed solar energy in

order to make the sensor node fully autonomous. The power consumption
of the device was measured in several different experiments. According to
experimental results, the transmission rate can be increased, although this
would violate the current message limitation imposed by RF module.
Future work will include the implementation of the others LPWAN
protocols once these are fully deployed in different environmental
scenarios, as some of these protocols do not have a daily message

49
 limitation. Also this proposed system of farming is user-friendly and highly
robust.

APPENDIX

CODE

#include <Wire.h>

#include <Adafruit_MPU6050.h>

#include <Adafruit_Sensor.h>

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

LiquidCrystal lcd(19, 18, 5, 17, 16, 4);

Adafruit_MPU6050 mpu;

//Moisture Level

int soil_moi,sensor_analog1;

const int sensor_pin1 = A0;

//Water Level
50
int water_level,sensor_analog2;

const int sensor_pin2 = A6;

//Rain

int rain_level,sensor_analog3;

const int sensor_pin3 = A3;

int lmtv= A7;

int lmt = 0;

int buzzer = 23;

float xx = 0;

float yy = 0;

void setup() {

// put your setup code here, to run once:

pinMode(sensor_pin1, INPUT);

pinMode(sensor_pin2, INPUT);

pinMode(sensor_pin3, INPUT);

pinMode(lmtv, INPUT);

51
pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT);

Serial.begin(9600);

lcd.begin(16, 2); //LCD Initialize

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print(" SWEAGE ");

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print(" MONITORING ");

delay(1000);

if (!mpu.begin()) {

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print(" MPU6050 Failed ");

while (1) {

delay(10);

delay(1000);

digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH);

//setupt motion detection

mpu.setHighPassFilter(MPU6050_HIGHPASS_0_63_HZ);
52
 mpu.setMotionDetectionThreshold(1);

mpu.setMotionDetectionDuration(20);

mpu.setInterruptPinLatch(true); // Keep it latched. Will turn off when

reinitialized.

mpu.setInterruptPinPolarity(true);

mpu.setMotionInterrupt(true);

delay(250);

digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW);

lcd.clear();

void loop() {

// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:

sensor_analog1 = analogRead(sensor_pin1);

soil_moi = ( 100 - ( (sensor_analog1/4095.00) * 100 ) );

sensor_analog2 = analogRead(sensor_pin2);

water_level = ( 100 - ( (sensor_analog2/4095.00) * 100 ) );

sensor_analog3 = analogRead(sensor_pin3);

rain_level = ( 100 - ( (sensor_analog3/4095.00) * 100 ) );

53
lmt = digitalRead(lmtv);

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("S:");

lcd.print(soil_moi);

lcd.print(" ");

lcd.setCursor(6,0);

lcd.print("R:");

lcd.print(rain_level);

lcd.print(" ");

lcd.setCursor(12,0);

lcd.print("W:");

lcd.print(water_level);

lcd.print(" ");

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("F:");

lcd.print(lmt);

lcd.print(" ");

54
Serial.print("123");

Serial.print(" ");

sensors_event_t a, g, temp;

mpu.getEvent(&a, &g, &temp);

xx = a.acceleration.x;

yy = a.acceleration.y;

lcd.setCursor(6,1);

lcd.print("X:");

lcd.print(xx);

lcd.print(" ");

lcd.setCursor(12,1);

lcd.print("Y:");

lcd.print(yy);

lcd.print(" ");

if(mpu.getMotionInterruptStatus()) {

/* Get new sensor events with the readings */

sensors_event_t a, g, temp;
55
 mpu.getEvent(&a, &g, &temp);

digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH);

// Serial.print(xx);

// Serial.print(" ");

// Serial.print(a.acceleration.y);

// Serial.print(" ");

// Serial.print(a.acceleration.z);

// Serial.print(" ");

else{

digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW);

Serial.print(soil_moi);

Serial.print(" ");

Serial.print(water_level);

Serial.print(" ");

Serial.print(rain_level);

Serial.print(" ");

Serial.print(lmt);

56
 Serial.print(" ");

Serial.print(xx);

Serial.print(" ");

Serial.print(yy);

Serial.println();

delay(750);

57
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